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Choudhary AK, Servaes S, Slovis TL, Palusci VJ, Hedlund GL, Narang SK, Moreno JA, Dias MS, Christian CW, Nelson MD, Silvera VM, Palasis S, Raissaki M, Rossi A, Offiah AC. Consensus statement on abusive head trauma in infants and young children. Pediatr Radiol 2018; 48:1048-1065. [PMID: 29796797 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-018-4149-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abusive head trauma (AHT) is the leading cause of fatal head injuries in children younger than 2 years. A multidisciplinary team bases this diagnosis on history, physical examination, imaging and laboratory findings. Because the etiology of the injury is multifactorial (shaking, shaking and impact, impact, etc.) the current best and inclusive term is AHT. There is no controversy concerning the medical validity of the existence of AHT, with multiple components including subdural hematoma, intracranial and spinal changes, complex retinal hemorrhages, and rib and other fractures that are inconsistent with the provided mechanism of trauma. The workup must exclude medical diseases that can mimic AHT. However, the courtroom has become a forum for speculative theories that cannot be reconciled with generally accepted medical literature. There is no reliable medical evidence that the following processes are causative in the constellation of injuries of AHT: cerebral sinovenous thrombosis, hypoxic-ischemic injury, lumbar puncture or dysphagic choking/vomiting. There is no substantiation, at a time remote from birth, that an asymptomatic birth-related subdural hemorrhage can result in rebleeding and sudden collapse. Further, a diagnosis of AHT is a medical conclusion, not a legal determination of the intent of the perpetrator or a diagnosis of murder. We hope that this consensus document reduces confusion by recommending to judges and jurors the tools necessary to distinguish genuine evidence-based opinions of the relevant medical community from legal arguments or etiological speculations that are unwarranted by the clinical findings, medical evidence and evidence-based literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arabinda Kumar Choudhary
- Department of Radiology, Nemours AI duPont Hospital for Children, 1600 Rockland Road, Wilmington, DE, 19803, USA.
| | - Sabah Servaes
- Department of Radiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Thomas L Slovis
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - Gary L Hedlund
- Department of Medical Imaging, Primary Children's Hospital, Intermountain Healthcare, Department of Radiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Sandeep K Narang
- Division of Child Abuse Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Mark S Dias
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Pediatrics, Penn State Health Children's Hospital, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Cindy W Christian
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Abuse and Neglect Prevention, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marvin D Nelson
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Susan Palasis
- Pediatric Neuroradiology, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Scottish Rite Campus, Department of Radiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Maria Raissaki
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Heraklion, University of Crete, Crete, Greece
| | - Andrea Rossi
- Neuroradiology Unit, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Amaka C Offiah
- Paediatric Musculoskeletal Imaging, Academic Unit of Child Health, Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Western Bank, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Slovis TL, Levin TL, Joshi A. Walter E. Berdon, MD (1930-2017). Pediatr Radiol 2017; 47:1697-1699. [PMID: 28951941 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-017-3985-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Slovis
- Pediatric Imaging, Children's Hospital of Michigan, 3901 Beaubien Blvd., Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
| | - Terry L Levin
- Department of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Mamaroneck, NY, USA
| | - Aparna Joshi
- Pediatric Imaging, Children's Hospital of Michigan, 3901 Beaubien Blvd., Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
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Blumfield E, Moore MM, Drake MK, Goodman TR, Lewis KN, Meyer LT, Ngo TD, Sammet C, Stanescu AL, Swenson DW, Slovis TL, Iyer RS. Survey of gadolinium-based contrast agent utilization among the members of the Society for Pediatric Radiology: a Quality and Safety Committee report. Pediatr Radiol 2017; 47:665-673. [PMID: 28283728 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-017-3807-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) have been used for magnetic resonance (MR) imaging over the last three decades. Recent reports demonstrated gadolinium retention in patients' brains following intravenous administration. Since gadolinium is a highly toxic heavy metal, there is a potential for adverse effects from prolonged retention or deposition, particularly in children. For this reason, the Society (SPR) for Pediatric Radiology Quality and Safety committee conducted a survey to evaluate the current status of GBCAs usage among pediatric radiologists. OBJECTIVE To assess the usage of GBCAs among SPR members. MATERIALS AND METHODS An online 15-question survey was distributed to SPR members. Survey questions pertained to the type of GBCAs used, protocoling workflow, requirement of renal function or pregnancy tests, and various clinical indications for contrast-enhanced MRI examinations. RESULTS A total of 163 survey responses were compiled (11.1% of survey invitations), the majority of these from academic institutions in the United States. Ninety-four percent reported that MR studies are always or usually protocoled by pediatric radiologists. The most common GBCA utilized by survey respondents were Eovist (60.7%), Ablavar (45.4%), Gadovist (38.7%), Magnevist (34.4%) and Dotarem (32.5%). For several clinical indications, survey responses regarding GBCA administration were concordant with American College of Radiology (ACR) Appropriateness Criteria, including seizures, headache and osteomyelitis. For other indications, including growth hormone deficiency and suspected vascular ring, survey responses revealed potential overutilization of GBCAs when compared to ACR recommendations. CONCLUSION Survey results demonstrate that GBCAs are administered judiciously in children, yet there is an opportunity to improve their utilization with the goal of reducing potential future adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einat Blumfield
- Department of Radiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Jacobi Medical Center, 1400 Pelham Parkway, South Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
| | - Michael M Moore
- Department of Radiology, Penn State Hershey Children's Hospital, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Mary K Drake
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Thomas R Goodman
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kristopher N Lewis
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | | | - Thang D Ngo
- Department of Medical Imaging, Nemours Children's Hospital, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Christina Sammet
- Department of Radiology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Arta Luana Stanescu
- Department of Radiology, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David W Swenson
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Thomas L Slovis
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Ramesh S Iyer
- Department of Radiology, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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Offiah AC, Servaes S, Adamsbaum CS, Argyropoulou MI, Halliday KE, Jaspan T, Owens CM, Raissaki M, Rosendahl K, Stoodley N, Van Rijn RR, Callahan MJ, Chung T, Donaldson JS, Jaramillo D, Slovis TL, Strouse PJ. Initial response of the European Society of Paediatric Radiology and Society for Pediatric Radiology to the Swedish Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Assessment of Social Services' document on the triad of shaken baby syndrome. Pediatr Radiol 2017; 47:369-371. [PMID: 28233046 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-017-3808-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amaka C Offiah
- Academic Unit of Child Health, University of Sheffield, Room C4, Stephenson Wing Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TH, UK.
| | - Sabah Servaes
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Catherine S Adamsbaum
- Pediatric Radiology Department, Bicêtre Hospital Paris Sud University, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Tim Jaspan
- Neuroradiology, University Hospital, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Maria Raissaki
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Karen Rosendahl
- Department of Paediatric Radiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Neil Stoodley
- Paediatric Neuroradiology, Frenchay Hospital, Bristol, UK
| | - Rick R Van Rijn
- Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael J Callahan
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Taylor Chung
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, USCF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - James S Donaldson
- Department of Medical Imaging, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Diego Jaramillo
- Department of Radiology, Nichlaus Children's Hospital, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Thomas L Slovis
- Diagnostic Imaging, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Peter J Strouse
- Section of Pediatric Radiology, C. S. Mott Children's Hospital, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Slovis TL, Strouse PJ, Strauss KJ. Radiation Exposure in Imaging of Suspected Child Abuse: Benefits versus Risks. J Pediatr 2015; 167:963-8. [PMID: 26354874 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.07.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Slovis
- Department of Radiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI
| | - Peter J Strouse
- Section of Pediatric Radiology, C. S. Mott Children's Hospital, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI.
| | - Keith J Strauss
- Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
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Zidan M, Thomas RL, Slovis TL. What you need to know about statistics, part II: reliability of diagnostic and screening tests. Pediatr Radiol 2015; 45:317-28. [PMID: 25726014 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-014-2944-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The foundation for the usefulness of any diagnostic test should be that it is both reliable and accurate in its clinical diagnosis. In this article we present the second of a two-part series on validity and reliability, discussing the assessment of reliability among raters of diagnostic tests and between diagnostics tests themselves. To examine reproducibility (reliability) among raters of diagnostic tests we present the calculation of two statistical procedures: (1) the kappa coefficient statistic when presented with categorical data for the presence or absence of a clinical diagnosis and (2) the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for continuously scaled data among raters. The accuracy among diagnostic tests (i.e. their interchangeability) can be evaluated by application of (1) a Bland-Altman plot procedure (with its 95% limits of agreement) and (2) the Passing-Bablok regression procedure (for the identification and evaluation of systematic and proportional differences). When deciding whether to select a diagnostic test one must evaluate its ability to provide more precise information than a gold standard test, and whether in clinical practice it would be more beneficial for patients to adopt it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwan Zidan
- Children's Research Center of Michigan, Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 3901 Beaubien Blvd., Detroit, MI, 48201, USA,
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Thomas RL, Zidan MA, Slovis TL. What you need to know about statistics Part I: validity of diagnostic and screening tests. Pediatr Radiol 2015; 45:146-52. [PMID: 25636704 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-014-2882-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The intent of this manuscript is to provide guidance and support to clinicians and investigators for reporting the results of screening and diagnostic tests. This article is the first of two parts addressing statistics in imaging research. In this part validity measures are discussed. In part II reliability measures will be discussed. In discussing validity, the following concepts will be introduced: (1) functions of diagnostic tests, (2) statistical characteristics of diagnostic tests and application of validity measures, (3) power and sample size for testing the sensitivity and specificity of the diagnostic test, (4) statistical versus clinical significance and (5) characteristics of a useful diagnostic test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald L Thomas
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Research Center of Michigan, Pediatric Prevention Research Unit, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 3901 Beaubien Blvd., Detroit, MI, 48201, USA,
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Hintz SR, Barnes PD, Bulas D, Slovis TL, Finer NN, Wrage LA, Das A, Tyson JE, Stevenson DK, Carlo WA, Walsh MC, Laptook AR, Yoder BA, Van Meurs KP, Faix RG, Rich W, Newman NS, Cheng H, Heyne RJ, Vohr BR, Acarregui MJ, Vaucher YE, Pappas A, Peralta-Carcelen M, Wilson-Costello DE, Evans PW, Goldstein RF, Myers GJ, Poindexter BB, McGowan EC, Adams-Chapman I, Fuller J, Higgins RD. Neuroimaging and neurodevelopmental outcome in extremely preterm infants. Pediatrics 2015; 135:e32-42. [PMID: 25554820 PMCID: PMC4279063 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2014-0898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extremely preterm infants are at risk for neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI). Early cranial ultrasound (CUS) is usual practice, but near-term brain MRI has been reported to better predict outcomes. We prospectively evaluated MRI white matter abnormality (WMA) and cerebellar lesions, and serial CUS adverse findings as predictors of outcomes at 18 to 22 months' corrected age. METHODS Early and late CUS, and brain MRI were read by masked central readers, in a large cohort (n = 480) of infants <28 weeks' gestation surviving to near term in the Neonatal Research Network. Outcomes included NDI or death after neuroimaging, and significant gross motor impairment or death, with NDI defined as cognitive composite score <70, significant gross motor impairment, and severe hearing or visual impairment. Multivariable models evaluated the relative predictive value of neuroimaging while controlling for other factors. RESULTS Of 480 infants, 15 died and 20 were lost. Increasing severity of WMA and significant cerebellar lesions on MRI were associated with adverse outcomes. Cerebellar lesions were rarely identified by CUS. In full multivariable models, both late CUS and MRI, but not early CUS, remained independently associated with NDI or death (MRI cerebellar lesions: odds ratio, 3.0 [95% confidence interval: 1.3-6.8]; late CUS: odds ratio, 9.8 [95% confidence interval: 2.8-35]), and significant gross motor impairment or death. In models that did not include late CUS, MRI moderate-severe WMA was independently associated with adverse outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Both late CUS and near-term MRI abnormalities were associated with outcomes, independent of early CUS and other factors, underscoring the relative prognostic value of near-term neuroimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan R. Hintz
- Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Palo Alto, California
| | - Patrick D. Barnes
- Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Palo Alto, California
| | - Dorothy Bulas
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Radiology, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Thomas L. Slovis
- Department of Pediatric Imaging, Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | | | - Lisa A. Wrage
- Social, Statistical, and Environmental Sciences Unit, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Abhik Das
- Social, Statistical, and Environmental Sciences Unit, RTI International, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Jon E. Tyson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical School–Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - David K. Stevenson
- Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Palo Alto, California
| | - Waldemar A. Carlo
- Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama–Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Michele C. Walsh
- Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies & Children’s Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Abbot R. Laptook
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Bradley A. Yoder
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Krisa P. Van Meurs
- Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Palo Alto, California
| | - Roger G. Faix
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Wade Rich
- Departments of Neonatology, and,Pediatrics, University of California–San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Nancy S. Newman
- Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies & Children’s Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Helen Cheng
- Social, Statistical, and Environmental Sciences Unit, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Roy J. Heyne
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Betty R. Vohr
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | | | - Yvonne E. Vaucher
- Pediatrics, University of California–San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Athina Pappas
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | | | - Deanne E. Wilson-Costello
- Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies & Children’s Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Patricia W. Evans
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical School–Houston, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Gary J. Myers
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Brenda B. Poindexter
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Elisabeth C. McGowan
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Floating Hospital for Children, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ira Adams-Chapman
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Janell Fuller
- University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico; and
| | - Rosemary D. Higgins
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Offiah AC, Andronikou S, Avni F, Daltro P, Donnelly LF, Jaramillo D, Kim IO, Nievelstein RAJ, Owens CM, Slovis TL, van Rijn R, Lee EY. Expert opinion: what are the greatest challenges and barriers to applying evidence-based and practical approaches to preclinical and clinical research in the field of pediatric radiology? Pediatr Radiol 2014; 44:1209-12. [PMID: 25246190 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-014-3047-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amaka C Offiah
- Academic Unit of Child Health, Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TH, UK,
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Dunoski B, Slovis TL. Update in pediatric imaging. Adv Pediatr 2014; 61:75-125. [PMID: 25037125 DOI: 10.1016/j.yapd.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Dunoski
- Children's Hospital of Michigan, 3901 Beaubien Drive, Detroit, MI 48301, USA; Children's Mercy Hospital, 2401 Gillham Road, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Thomas L Slovis
- Children's Hospital of Michigan, 3901 Beaubien Drive, Detroit, MI 48301, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Slovis
- Department of Pediatric Imaging, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 3901 Beaubien Blvd., Detroit, MI, 48201, USA,
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12
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Mody SS, Slovis TL. Craniosynostosis--another look. Pediatr Radiol 2013; 43:657-8. [PMID: 23584206 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-013-2689-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Swati S Mody
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, 3901 Beaubien Blvd., Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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Linet MS, Slovis TL, Miller DL, Kleinerman R, Lee C, Rajaraman P, Berrington de Gonzalez A. Cancer risks associated with external radiation from diagnostic imaging procedures. CA Cancer J Clin 2012; 62:75-100. [PMID: 22307864 PMCID: PMC3548988 DOI: 10.3322/caac.21132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The 600% increase in medical radiation exposure to the US population since 1980 has provided immense benefit, but increased potential future cancer risks to patients. Most of the increase is from diagnostic radiologic procedures. The objectives of this review are to summarize epidemiologic data on cancer risks associated with diagnostic procedures, describe how exposures from recent diagnostic procedures relate to radiation levels linked with cancer occurrence, and propose a framework of strategies to reduce radiation from diagnostic imaging in patients. We briefly review radiation dose definitions, mechanisms of radiation carcinogenesis, key epidemiologic studies of medical and other radiation sources and cancer risks, and dose trends from diagnostic procedures. We describe cancer risks from experimental studies, future projected risks from current imaging procedures, and the potential for higher risks in genetically susceptible populations. To reduce future projected cancers from diagnostic procedures, we advocate the widespread use of evidence-based appropriateness criteria for decisions about imaging procedures; oversight of equipment to deliver reliably the minimum radiation required to attain clinical objectives; development of electronic lifetime records of imaging procedures for patients and their physicians; and commitment by medical training programs, professional societies, and radiation protection organizations to educate all stakeholders in reducing radiation from diagnostic procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha S Linet
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-7238, USA.
| | - Thomas L Slovis
- Chief, Pediatric Radiology, Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI
| | - Donald L Miller
- Acting Chief, Diagnostic Devices Branch, Division of Mammography Quality and Radiation Program Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Ruth Kleinerman
- Epidemiologist, Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Choonsik Lee
- Investigator, Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Preetha Rajaraman
- Investigator, Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Amy Berrington de Gonzalez
- Senior Investigator, Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
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Abstract
In the last decade, there has been recognition of the effects of low-dose radiation in children. A critical mass of scientists, health care providers and manufacturers of radiation-producing imaging equipment has come together to educate ordering physicians to request only indicated examinations and radiologists to achieve low-dose examinations with diagnostic images. The forces that caused these changes will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Slovis
- Department of Pediatric Imaging, Children's Hospital of Michigan, 3901 Beaubien Blvd., Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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Abstract
Sedation and anesthesia for pediatric imaging departments has changed dramatically for the following reasons: (1) radiologists have stopped sedating patients; (2) the majority of sedations are not for CT (because of the speed of the procedure) but for MR, which lasts 45 min or greater; (3) a cadre of services--pediatricians, emergency medicine physicians, hospitalists and intensivists, as well as anesthesiologists--can provide the services. These changes have significantly influenced the type of agents utilized for sedation and anesthesia and, most important, have created operational issues for MR departments. Nevertheless, it is important for each imaging department to create a uniform approach to sedation, taking into account patient expectations, efficiency of through-put, facilities and personnel available, and institutional costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Slovis
- Department of Pediatric Imaging, Children's Hospital of Michigan, 3901 Beaubien Blvd, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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Slovis TL, Campbell JB. R. Parker Allen, MD (March 13, 1919–October 1, 2010). Pediatr Radiol 2011; 41:1075-6. [PMID: 21938794 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-011-2162-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Slovis TL. The pediatric radiologist approaching retirement. Pediatr Radiol 2010; 40:491-2. [PMID: 20225110 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-009-1523-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Retirement can be defined as a new stage of an active lifestyle. It is a unique chapter in life that can be fun and rewarding, if steps are taken to plan the process. Key factors to take into consideration during this process are family, friends, finances, and professional interests. With proper planning, rather than withdrawing from an active life, retirees can embrace their new lifestyle with a fresh perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Slovis
- Department of Pediatric Imaging, Children's Hospital of Michigan, 3901 Beaubien Blvd., Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan D Voss
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Chapman S, Slovis TL. Response to Galaznik, Cohen & Scheimberg, and Rorke-Adams & Christian. Pediatr Radiol 2009; 39:770-1. [PMID: 19565234 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-009-1298-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2009] [Accepted: 04/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Slovis TL. A job well done. Pediatr Radiol 2009; 39:99. [PMID: 19083215 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-008-1087-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2008] [Accepted: 11/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Slovis
- Department of Pediatric Imaging, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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Abstract
Pulmonary deposition of inhaled drugs in ventilated neonates has not been studied in vivo. The objective of this study was to evaluate pulmonary delivery of gadopentetate dimeglumine (Gd-DTPA) following nebulization in ventilated piglets using magnetic resonance imaging. Seven ventilated piglets (5 +/- 2 d old, weight 1.8 +/- 0.5 kg) were scanned in the Bruker/Siemens 4T magnetic resonance scanner using T1 weighted spin-echo sequence. Aerosols of Gd-DTPA were generated continuously using the MiniHeart jet nebulizer. Breath-hold coronal images were obtained before and every 10 min during aerosolized Gd-DTPA for 90 min. Signal intensity (SI) changes over the lungs, kidneys, liver, skeletal muscle, and heart were evaluated. A significant increase in SI was observed in the lungs, kidney, and liver at 10, 20, and 40 min respectively after start of aerosol. At the end of 90 min, the SI increased by 95%, 101%, and 426% over the right lung, left lung, and kidney, respectively. A much smaller increase in SI was observed over the liver. In conclusion, we have demonstrated effective pulmonary aerosol delivery within 10 min of contrast nebulization in ventilated piglets. Contrast visualization in the kidneys within 20 min of aerosol initiation reflects alveolar absorption, glomerular filtration and renal concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beena G Sood
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, 4H42, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Slovis
- Pediatric Imaging, Children's Hospital of Michigan, 3901 Beaubien Blvd., Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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Slovis TL. Wilms tumour minisymposium. Pediatr Radiol 2008; 38:1. [PMID: 18026722 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-007-0698-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2007] [Accepted: 10/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Kaste S, Laningham F, Stazzone M, Brown SD, Emery K, Newman B, Racadio J, Estroff J, Brill P, Mendelson KL, Slovis TL, Frush D. Safety in pediatric MR and cardiac CT: results of a membership survey of the Society for Pediatric Radiology-2006. Pediatr Radiol 2007; 37:409-12. [PMID: 17325823 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-007-0430-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2007] [Accepted: 01/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sue Kaste
- Department of Radiological Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 332 N. Lauderdale, MS 752, Memphis, TN 38105-2794, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E Willis
- Texas Children's Hospital, Edward B Singleton Diagnostic Imaging Services, 6621 Fannin (MC 2-2521), Houston, TX 77030-2399, USA.
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Willis CE, Slovis TL. The ALARA Concept in Pediatric CR and DR: Dose Reduction in Pediatric Radiographic Exams—a White Paper Conference Executive Summary. Radiology 2005. [DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2342041831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Slovis TL, Berdon WE. Jack O. Haller, MD. Radiology 2004. [DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2333042550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Burgess K, Slovis TL. The gold standard: PACS alchemy and the gold standard. Pediatr Radiol 2004; 34:931-2. [PMID: 15517237 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-004-1296-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2004] [Accepted: 06/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Willis CE, Slovis TL. The ALARA concept in radiographic dose reduction. Radiol Technol 2004; 76:150-2. [PMID: 15587617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
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Willis CE, Slovis TL. The ALARA concept in pediatric CR and DR: dose reduction in pediatric radiographic exams--a white paper conference executive summary. Pediatr Radiol 2004; 34 Suppl 3:S162-4. [PMID: 15558256 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-004-1264-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C E Willis
- Texas Children's Hospital, Edward B Singleton Diagnostic Imaging Services, 6621 Fannin (MC 2-2521), Houston, TX 77030-2399, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack O Haller
- Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Slovis
- Department of Pediatric Imaging, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI 48201-2196, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Slovis
- Department of Radiology and Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Beaubien Boulevard 3901, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Slovis
- Department of Pediatric Imaging, Children's Hospital of Michigan, 3901 Beaubien Boulevard, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Ment LR, Bada HS, Barnes P, Grant PE, Hirtz D, Papile LA, Pinto-Martin J, Rivkin M, Slovis TL. Practice parameter: neuroimaging of the neonate: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the Practice Committee of the Child Neurology Society. Neurology 2002; 58:1726-38. [PMID: 12084869 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.58.12.1726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The authors reviewed available evidence on neonatal neuroimaging strategies for evaluating both very low birth weight preterm infants and encephalopathic term neonates. IMAGING FOR THE PRETERM NEONATE Routine screening cranial ultrasonography (US) should be performed on all infants of <30 weeks' gestation once between 7 and 14 days of age and should be optimally repeated between 36 and 40 weeks' postmenstrual age. This strategy detects lesions such as intraventricular hemorrhage, which influences clinical care, and those such as periventricular leukomalacia and low-pressure ventriculomegaly, which provide information about long-term neurodevelopmental outcome. There is insufficient evidence for routine MRI of all very low birth weight preterm infants with abnormal results of cranial US. IMAGING FOR THE TERM INFANT Noncontrast CT should be performed to detect hemorrhagic lesions in the encephalopathic term infant with a history of birth trauma, low hematocrit, or coagulopathy. If CT findings are inconclusive, MRI should be performed between days 2 and 8 to assess the location and extent of injury. The pattern of injury identified with conventional MRI may provide diagnostic and prognostic information for term infants with evidence of encephalopathy. In particular, basal ganglia and thalamic lesions detected by conventional MRI are associated with poor neurodevelopmental outcome. Diffusion-weighted imaging may allow earlier detection of these cerebral injuries. RECOMMENDATIONS US plays an established role in the management of preterm neonates of <30 weeks' gestation. US also provides valuable prognostic information when the infant reaches 40 weeks' postmenstrual age. For encephalopathic term infants, early CT should be used to exclude hemorrhage; MRI should be performed later in the first postnatal week to establish the pattern of injury and predict neurologic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Ment
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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