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Takács-Lovász K, Aczél T, Borbély É, Szőke É, Czuni L, Urbán P, Gyenesei A, Helyes Z, Kun J, Bölcskei K. Hemokinin-1 induces transcriptomic alterations in pain-related signaling processes in rat primary sensory neurons independent of NK1 tachykinin receptor activation. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1186279. [PMID: 37965042 PMCID: PMC10641776 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1186279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The tachykinin hemokinin-1 (HK-1) is involved in immunological processes, inflammation, and pain. Although the neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R) is described as its main target, several effects are mediated by currently unidentified receptor(s). The role of HK-1 in pain is controversial, depending on the involvement of peripheral and central sensitization mechanisms in different models. We earlier showed the ability of HK-1 to activate the trigeminovascular system, but the mechanisms need to be clarified. Therefore, in this study, we investigated HK-1-induced transcriptomic alterations in cultured rat trigeminal ganglion (TRG) primary sensory neurons. HK-1 was applied for 6 or 24 h in 1 μM causing calcium-influx in these neurons, 500 nM not inducing calcium-entry was used for comparison. Next-generation sequencing was performed on the isolated RNA, and transcriptomic changes were analyzed to identify differentially expressed (DE) genes. Functional analysis was performed for gene annotation using the Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and Reactome databases. NK1R and Neurokinin receptor 2 (NK2R) were not detected. Neurokinin receptor 3 (NK3R) was around the detection limit, which suggests the involvement of other NKR isoforms or other receptors in HK-1-induced sensory neuronal activation. We found protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) as DE genes in calcium signaling. The transmembrane protein anthrax toxin receptor 2 (ANTXR2), a potential novel pain-related target, was upregulated. Acid-sensing ion channel 1; 3 (Asic1,3), N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) glutamate receptors decreased, myelin production and maintenance related genes (Mbp, Pmp2, Myef2, Mpz) and GNDF changed by HK-1 treatment. Our data showed time and dose-dependent effects of HK-1 in TRG cell culture. Result showed calcium signaling as altered event, however, we did not detect any of NK receptors. Presumably, the activation of TRG neurons is independent of NK receptors. ANTXR2 is a potential new target, PAR-1 has also important role in pain, however their connection to HK-1 is unknown. These findings might highlight new targets or key mediators to solve how HK-1 acts on TRG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina Takács-Lovász
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School and Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Timea Aczél
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School and Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Éva Borbély
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School and Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- National Laboratory for Drug Research and Development, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Éva Szőke
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School and Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- National Laboratory for Drug Research and Development, Budapest, Hungary
- Hungarian Research Network, PTE HUN-REN Chronic Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lilla Czuni
- Szentágothai Research Centre, Bioinformatics Research Group, Genomics and Bioinformatics Core Facility, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Péter Urbán
- Szentágothai Research Centre, Bioinformatics Research Group, Genomics and Bioinformatics Core Facility, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Attila Gyenesei
- Szentágothai Research Centre, Bioinformatics Research Group, Genomics and Bioinformatics Core Facility, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Helyes
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School and Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- National Laboratory for Drug Research and Development, Budapest, Hungary
- Hungarian Research Network, PTE HUN-REN Chronic Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
- PharmInVivo Ltd., Pécs, Hungary
| | - József Kun
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School and Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Szentágothai Research Centre, Bioinformatics Research Group, Genomics and Bioinformatics Core Facility, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Kata Bölcskei
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School and Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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Aczél T, Benczik B, Ágg B, Körtési T, Urbán P, Bauer W, Gyenesei A, Tuka B, Tajti J, Ferdinandy P, Vécsei L, Bölcskei K, Kun J, Helyes Z. Disease- and headache-specific microRNA signatures and their predicted mRNA targets in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in migraineurs: role of inflammatory signalling and oxidative stress. J Headache Pain 2022; 23:113. [PMID: 36050647 PMCID: PMC9438144 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-022-01478-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Migraine is a primary headache with genetic susceptibility, but the pathophysiological mechanisms are poorly understood, and it remains an unmet medical need. Earlier we demonstrated significant differences in the transcriptome of migraineurs' PBMCs (peripheral blood mononuclear cells), suggesting the role of neuroinflammation and mitochondrial dysfunctions. Post-transcriptional gene expression is regulated by miRNA (microRNA), a group of short non-coding RNAs that are emerging biomarkers, drug targets, or drugs. MiRNAs are emerging biomarkers and therapeutics; however, little is known about the miRNA transcriptome in migraine, and a systematic comparative analysis has not been performed so far in migraine patients. METHODS We determined miRNA expression of migraineurs' PBMC during (ictal) and between (interictal) headaches compared to age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers. Small RNA sequencing was performed from the PBMC, and mRNA targets of miRNAs were predicted using a network theoretical approach by miRNAtarget.com™. Predicted miRNA targets were investigated by Gene Ontology enrichment analysis and validated by comparing network metrics to differentially expressed mRNA data. RESULTS In the interictal PBMC samples 31 miRNAs were differentially expressed (DE) in comparison to healthy controls, including hsa-miR-5189-3p, hsa-miR-96-5p, hsa-miR-3613-5p, hsa-miR-99a-3p, hsa-miR-542-3p. During headache attacks, the top DE miRNAs as compared to the self-control samples in the interictal phase were hsa-miR-3202, hsa-miR-7855-5p, hsa-miR-6770-3p, hsa-miR-1538, and hsa-miR-409-5p. MiRNA-mRNA target prediction and pathway analysis indicated several mRNAs related to immune and inflammatory responses (toll-like receptor and cytokine receptor signalling), neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, also confirmed by mRNA transcriptomics. CONCLUSIONS We provide here the first evidence for disease- and headache-specific miRNA signatures in the PBMC of migraineurs, which might help to identify novel targets for both prophylaxis and attack therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timea Aczél
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School & Szentágothai Research Centre, Molecular Pharmacology Research Group, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Bettina Benczik
- Cardiometabolic and MTA-SE System Pharmacology Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Bence Ágg
- Cardiometabolic and MTA-SE System Pharmacology Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tamás Körtési
- MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,Faculty of Health Sciences and Social Studies, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Péter Urbán
- Szentágothai Research Centre, Bioinformatics Research Group, Genomics and Bioinformatics Core Facility, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Witold Bauer
- Szentágothai Research Centre, Bioinformatics Research Group, Genomics and Bioinformatics Core Facility, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Attila Gyenesei
- Szentágothai Research Centre, Bioinformatics Research Group, Genomics and Bioinformatics Core Facility, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Bernadett Tuka
- MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,Faculty of Health Sciences and Social Studies, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - János Tajti
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Péter Ferdinandy
- Cardiometabolic and MTA-SE System Pharmacology Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Vécsei
- MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Kata Bölcskei
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School & Szentágothai Research Centre, Molecular Pharmacology Research Group, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - József Kun
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School & Szentágothai Research Centre, Molecular Pharmacology Research Group, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Szentágothai Research Centre, Bioinformatics Research Group, Genomics and Bioinformatics Core Facility, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Helyes
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School & Szentágothai Research Centre, Molecular Pharmacology Research Group, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary. .,PharmInVivo Ltd., Pécs, Hungary. .,Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti út 12, 7624, Pécs, Hungary.
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Kovács-Ábrahám Z, Aczél T, Jancsó G, Horváth-Szalai Z, Nagy L, Tóth I, Nagy B, Molnár T, Szabó P. Cerebral and Systemic Stress Parameters in Correlation with Jugulo-Arterial CO 2 Gap as a Marker of Cerebral Perfusion during Carotid Endarterectomy. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10235479. [PMID: 34884182 PMCID: PMC8658406 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10235479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraoperative stress is common to patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy (CEA); thus, impaired oxygen and metabolic balance may appear. In this study, we aimed to identify new markers of intraoperative cerebral ischemia, with predictive value on postoperative complications during CEA, performed in regional anesthesia. A total of 54 patients with significant carotid stenosis were recruited and submitted to CEA. Jugular and arterial blood samples were taken four times during operation, to measure the jugulo-arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure difference (P(j-a)CO2), and cortisol, S100B, L-arginine, and lactate levels. A positive correlation was found between preoperative cortisol levels and all S100B concentrations. In addition, they are positively correlated with P(j-a)CO2 values. Conversely, postoperative cortisol inversely correlates with P(j-a)CO2 and postoperative S100B values. A negative correlation was observed between maximum systolic and pulse pressures and P(j-a)CO2 after carotid clamp and before the release of clamp. Our data suggest that preoperative cortisol, S100B, L-arginine reflect patients' frailty, while these parameters postoperatively are influenced by intraoperative stress and injury. As a novelty, P(j-a)CO2 might be an emerging indicator of cerebral blood flow during CEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Kovács-Ábrahám
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (Z.K.-Á.); (I.T.); (B.N.); (T.M.)
| | - Timea Aczél
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary;
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Group & Centre for Neuroscience, János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Gábor Jancsó
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary;
| | - Zoltán Horváth-Szalai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary;
| | - Lajos Nagy
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Ildikó Tóth
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (Z.K.-Á.); (I.T.); (B.N.); (T.M.)
| | - Bálint Nagy
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (Z.K.-Á.); (I.T.); (B.N.); (T.M.)
| | - Tihamér Molnár
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (Z.K.-Á.); (I.T.); (B.N.); (T.M.)
| | - Péter Szabó
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (Z.K.-Á.); (I.T.); (B.N.); (T.M.)
- Correspondence:
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Aczél T, Körtési T, Kun J, Urbán P, Bauer W, Herczeg R, Farkas R, Kovács K, Vásárhelyi B, Karvaly GB, Gyenesei A, Tuka B, Tajti J, Vécsei L, Bölcskei K, Helyes Z. Identification of disease- and headache-specific mediators and pathways in migraine using blood transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis. J Headache Pain 2021; 22:117. [PMID: 34615455 PMCID: PMC8493693 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-021-01285-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent data suggest that gene expression profiles of peripheral white blood cells can reflect changes in the brain. We aimed to analyze the transcriptome of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and changes of plasma metabolite levels of migraineurs in a self-controlled manner during and between attacks. METHODS Twenty-four patients with migraine were recruited and blood samples were collected in a headache-free (interictal) period and during headache (ictal) to investigate disease- and headache-specific alterations. Control samples were collected from 13 age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers. RNA was isolated from PBMCs and single-end 75 bp RNA sequencing was performed using Illumina NextSeq 550 instrument followed by gene-level differential expression analysis. Functional analysis was carried out on information related to the role of genes, such as signaling pathways and biological processes. Plasma metabolomic measurement was performed with the Biocrates MxP Quant 500 Kit. RESULTS We identified 144 differentially-expressed genes in PBMCs between headache and headache-free samples and 163 between symptom-free patients and controls. Network analysis revealed that enriched pathways included inflammation, cytokine activity and mitochondrial dysfunction in both headache and headache-free samples compared to controls. Plasma lactate, succinate and methionine sulfoxide levels were higher in migraineurs while spermine, spermidine and aconitate were decreased during attacks. CONCLUSIONS It is concluded that enhanced inflammatory and immune cell activity, and oxidative stress can play a role in migraine susceptibility and headache generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timea Aczél
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Molecular Pharmacology Research Group and Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti út 12, Pécs, H-7624, Hungary
| | - Tamás Körtési
- Department of Neurology, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged, H-6725, Hungary
- MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged, H-6725, Hungary
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Social Studies, University of Szeged, Temesvári krt. 31, Szeged, H-6726, Hungary
| | - József Kun
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Molecular Pharmacology Research Group and Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti út 12, Pécs, H-7624, Hungary
- Szentágothai Research Centre, Bioinformatics Research Group, Genomics and Bioinformatics Core Facility, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, Pécs, H-7624, Hungary
| | - Péter Urbán
- Szentágothai Research Centre, Bioinformatics Research Group, Genomics and Bioinformatics Core Facility, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, Pécs, H-7624, Hungary
| | - Witold Bauer
- Szentágothai Research Centre, Bioinformatics Research Group, Genomics and Bioinformatics Core Facility, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, Pécs, H-7624, Hungary
| | - Róbert Herczeg
- Szentágothai Research Centre, Bioinformatics Research Group, Genomics and Bioinformatics Core Facility, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, Pécs, H-7624, Hungary
| | - Róbert Farkas
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, Budapest, H-1089, Hungary
| | - Krisztián Kovács
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, Budapest, H-1089, Hungary
| | - Barna Vásárhelyi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, Budapest, H-1089, Hungary
| | - Gellért B Karvaly
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, Budapest, H-1089, Hungary
| | - Attila Gyenesei
- Szentágothai Research Centre, Bioinformatics Research Group, Genomics and Bioinformatics Core Facility, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, Pécs, H-7624, Hungary
| | - Bernadett Tuka
- Department of Neurology, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged, H-6725, Hungary
- MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged, H-6725, Hungary
| | - János Tajti
- Department of Neurology, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged, H-6725, Hungary
| | - László Vécsei
- Department of Neurology, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged, H-6725, Hungary
- MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged, H-6725, Hungary
| | - Kata Bölcskei
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Molecular Pharmacology Research Group and Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti út 12, Pécs, H-7624, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Helyes
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Molecular Pharmacology Research Group and Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti út 12, Pécs, H-7624, Hungary.
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Aczél T, Kun J, Szőke É, Rauch T, Junttila S, Gyenesei A, Bölcskei K, Helyes Z. Transcriptional Alterations in the Trigeminal Ganglia, Nucleus and Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in a Rat Orofacial Pain Model. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:219. [PMID: 29997476 PMCID: PMC6028693 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Orofacial pain and headache disorders are among the most debilitating pain conditions. While the pathophysiological basis of these disorders may be diverse, it is generally accepted that a common mechanism behind the arising pain is the sensitization of extra- and intracranial trigeminal primary afferents. In the present study we investigated gene expression changes in the trigeminal ganglia (TRG), trigeminal nucleus caudalis (TNC) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) evoked by Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA)-induced orofacial inflammation in rats, as a model of trigeminal sensitization. Microarray analysis revealed 512 differentially expressed genes between the ipsi- and contralateral TRG samples 7 days after CFA injection. Time-dependent expression changes of G-protein coupled receptor 39 (Gpr39), kisspeptin-1 receptor (Kiss1r), kisspeptin (Kiss1), as well as synaptic plasticity-associated Lkaaear1 (Lkr) and Neurod2 mRNA were described on the basis of qPCR results. The greatest alterations were observed on day 3 ipsilaterally, when orofacial mechanical allodynia reached its maximum. This corresponded well with patterns of neuronal (Fosb), microglia (Iba1), and astrocyte (Gfap) activation markers in both TRG and TNC, and interestingly also in PBMCs. This is the first description of up- and downregulated genes both in primary and secondary sensory neurones of the trigeminovascular system that might play important roles in neuroinflammatory activation mechanisms. We are the first to show transcriptomic alterations in the PBMCs that are similar to the neuronal changes. These results open new perspectives and initiate further investigations in the research of trigeminal pain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timea Aczél
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Szentágothai Research Centre and Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - József Kun
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Szentágothai Research Centre and Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- MTA-PTE Chronic Pain Research Group, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Éva Szőke
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Szentágothai Research Centre and Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- MTA-PTE Chronic Pain Research Group, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tibor Rauch
- Section of Molecular Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Sini Junttila
- Bioinformatics and Scientific Computing, Vienna Biocenter Core Facilities, Vienna, Austria
| | - Attila Gyenesei
- Szentágothai Research Centre and Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Bioinformatics and Scientific Computing, Vienna Biocenter Core Facilities, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kata Bölcskei
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Szentágothai Research Centre and Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Helyes
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Szentágothai Research Centre and Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- MTA-PTE Chronic Pain Research Group, Pécs, Hungary
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