1
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Hernandez-Benitez R, Wang C, Shi L, Ouchi Y, Zhong C, Hishida T, Liao HK, Magill EA, Memczak S, Soligalla RD, Fresia C, Hatanaka F, Lamas V, Guillen I, Sahu S, Yamamoto M, Shao Y, Aguirre-Vazquez A, Nuñez Delicado E, Guillen P, Rodriguez Esteban C, Qu J, Reddy P, Horvath S, Liu GH, Magistretti P, Izpisua Belmonte JC. Intervention with metabolites emulating endogenous cell transitions accelerates muscle regeneration in young and aged mice. Cell Rep Med 2024; 5:101449. [PMID: 38508141 PMCID: PMC10983034 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Tissue regeneration following an injury requires dynamic cell-state transitions that allow for establishing the cell identities required for the restoration of tissue homeostasis and function. Here, we present a biochemical intervention that induces an intermediate cell state mirroring a transition identified during normal differentiation of myoblasts and other multipotent and pluripotent cells to mature cells. When applied in somatic differentiated cells, the intervention, composed of one-carbon metabolites, reduces some dedifferentiation markers without losing the lineage identity, thus inducing limited reprogramming into a more flexible cell state. Moreover, the intervention enabled accelerated repair after muscle injury in young and aged mice. Overall, our study uncovers a conserved biochemical transitional phase that enhances cellular plasticity in vivo and hints at potential and scalable biochemical interventions of use in regenerative medicine and rejuvenation interventions that may be more tractable than genetic ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyna Hernandez-Benitez
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Altos Labs, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Chao Wang
- Altos Labs, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Lei Shi
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Evolution & Animal Models, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yasuo Ouchi
- Altos Labs, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA; Department of Regenerative Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Tomoaki Hishida
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wakayama Medical University, 25-1 Shichibancho, Wakayama 640-8156, Japan
| | - Hsin-Kai Liao
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Eric A Magill
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Rupa D Soligalla
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Chiara Fresia
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Estrella Nuñez Delicado
- Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia (UCAM), Campus de los Jerónimos, Nº 135 12, 30107 Guadalupe, Spain
| | | | | | - Jing Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | | | | | - Guang-Hui Liu
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Pierre Magistretti
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Altos Labs, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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2
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Tao Y, Lamas V, Du W, Zhu W, Li Y, Whittaker MN, Zuris JA, Thompson DB, Rameshbabu AP, Shu Y, Gao X, Hu JH, Pei C, Kong WJ, Liu X, Wu H, Kleinstiver BP, Liu DR, Chen ZY. Treatment of monogenic and digenic dominant genetic hearing loss by CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoprotein delivery in vivo. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4928. [PMID: 37582836 PMCID: PMC10427623 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40476-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in Atp2b2, an outer hair cell gene, cause dominant hearing loss in humans. Using a mouse model Atp2b2Obl/+, with a dominant hearing loss mutation (Oblivion), we show that liposome-mediated in vivo delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoprotein complexes leads to specific editing of the Obl allele. Large deletions encompassing the Obl locus and indels were identified as the result of editing. In vivo genome editing promotes outer hair cell survival and restores their function, leading to hearing recovery. We further show that in a double-dominant mutant mouse model, in which the Tmc1 Beethoven mutation and the Atp2b2 Oblivion mutation cause digenic genetic hearing loss, Cas9/sgRNA delivery targeting both mutations leads to partial hearing recovery. These findings suggest that liposome-RNP delivery can be used as a strategy to recover hearing with dominant mutations in OHC genes and with digenic mutations in the auditory hair cells, potentially expanding therapeutics of gene editing to treat hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Tao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate Program in Speech and Hearing Bioscience and Technology and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Eaton-Peabody Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, 243 Charles St., Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Veronica Lamas
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate Program in Speech and Hearing Bioscience and Technology and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Eaton-Peabody Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, 243 Charles St., Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Wan Du
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate Program in Speech and Hearing Bioscience and Technology and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Eaton-Peabody Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, 243 Charles St., Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Wenliang Zhu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate Program in Speech and Hearing Bioscience and Technology and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Eaton-Peabody Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, 243 Charles St., Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Yiran Li
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate Program in Speech and Hearing Bioscience and Technology and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Eaton-Peabody Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, 243 Charles St., Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, Ann Harbor, MI, USA
| | - Madelynn N Whittaker
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - John A Zuris
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David B Thompson
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Arun Prabhu Rameshbabu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate Program in Speech and Hearing Bioscience and Technology and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Eaton-Peabody Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, 243 Charles St., Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Yilai Shu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate Program in Speech and Hearing Bioscience and Technology and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Eaton-Peabody Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, 243 Charles St., Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- ENT Institute and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye & ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Xue Gao
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Johnny H Hu
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Charles Pei
- Eaton-Peabody Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, 243 Charles St., Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Wei-Jia Kong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xuezhong Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Benjamin P Kleinstiver
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - David R Liu
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Zheng-Yi Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate Program in Speech and Hearing Bioscience and Technology and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Eaton-Peabody Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, 243 Charles St., Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
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3
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Pendse ND, Lamas V, Pawlyk BS, Maeder ML, Chen ZY, Pierce EA, Liu Q. In Vivo Assessment of Potential Therapeutic Approaches for USH2A-Associated Diseases. Adv Exp Med Biol 2019; 1185:91-96. [PMID: 31884594 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-27378-1_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in USH2A gene account for most cases of Usher syndrome type II (USH2), characterized by a combination of congenital hearing loss and progressive vision loss. In particular, approximately 30% of USH2A patients harbor a single base pair deletion, c.2299delG, in exon 13 that creates a frameshift and premature stop codon, leading to a nonfunctional USH2A protein. The USH2A protein, also known as usherin, is an extremely large transmembrane protein (5202 aa), which limits the use of conventional AAV-mediated gene therapy; thus development of alternative approaches is required for the treatment of USH2A patients. As usherin contains multiple repetitive domains, we hypothesize that removal of one or more of those domains encoded by mutant exon(s) in the USH2A gene may reconstitute the reading frame and restore the production of a shortened yet adequately functional protein. In this study, we deleted the exon 12 of mouse Ush2a gene (corresponding to exon 13 of human USH2A) using CRISPR/Cas9-based exon-skipping approach and revealed that a shortened form of Ush2a that lacks exon 12 (Ush2a-∆Ex12) is produced and localized correctly in the cochlea. When the Ush2a-∆Ex12 allele is expressed on an Ush2a null background, the Ush2a-∆Ex12 protein can successfully restore the impaired hair cell structure and the auditory function in the Ush2a-/- mice. These results demonstrate that CRISPR/Cas9-based exon-skipping strategy holds a great therapeutic potential for the treatment of USH2A patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nachiket D Pendse
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Ocular Genomics Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Veronica Lamas
- Department of Otolaryngology and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Eaton Peabody Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Basil S Pawlyk
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Ocular Genomics Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Zheng-Yi Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Eaton Peabody Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric A Pierce
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Ocular Genomics Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Qin Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Ocular Genomics Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA.
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4
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Gao X, Tao Y, Lamas V, Huang M, Yeh WH, Pan B, Hu YJ, Hu JH, Thompson DB, Shu Y, Li Y, Wang H, Yang S, Xu Q, Polley DB, Liberman MC, Kong WJ, Holt JR, Chen ZY, Liu DR. Treatment of autosomal dominant hearing loss by in vivo delivery of genome editing agents. Nature 2017; 553:217-221. [PMID: 29258297 PMCID: PMC5784267 DOI: 10.1038/nature25164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 345] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although genetic factors contribute to almost half of all deafness cases,
treatment options for genetic deafness are limited1–5. We developed a genome editing approach to target a
dominantly inherited form of genetic deafness. Here we show that cationic
lipid-mediated in vivo delivery of Cas9:guide RNA complexes can
ameliorate hearing loss in a mouse model of human genetic deafness. We designed
and validated in vitro and in primary fibroblasts genome
editing agents that preferentially disrupt the dominant deafness-associated
allele in the Tmc1 (transmembrane channel-like 1) Beethoven
(Bth) mouse model, even though the mutant
Bth allele differs from the wild-type allele at only a
single base pair. Injection of Cas9:guide RNA:lipid complexes targeting the
Bth allele into the cochlea of neonatal
Bth/+ mice substantially reduced progressive
hearing loss. We observed higher hair cell survival rates and lower auditory
brainstem response (ABR) thresholds in injected ears compared with uninjected
ears or ears injected with complexes that target an unrelated gene. Enhanced
acoustic reflex responses were observed among injected compared to uninjected
Bth/+ animals. These findings suggest protein:RNA
complex delivery of target gene-disrupting agents in vivo as a
potential strategy for the treatment of some autosomal dominant hearing loss
diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA
| | - Yong Tao
- Department of Otolaryngology and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School and Eaton Peabody Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China
| | - Veronica Lamas
- Department of Otolaryngology and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School and Eaton Peabody Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Mingqian Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School and Eaton Peabody Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Wei-Hsi Yeh
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA.,Program in Speech and Hearing Bioscience and Technology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Bifeng Pan
- Departments of Otolaryngology and Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Yu-Juan Hu
- Department of Otolaryngology and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School and Eaton Peabody Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China
| | - Johnny H Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA
| | - David B Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Yilai Shu
- Department of Otolaryngology and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School and Eaton Peabody Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yamin Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
| | - Hongyang Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School and Eaton Peabody Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology & Head Neck Surgery, Key Lab of Hearing Impairment Science of Ministry of Education, Key Lab of Hearing Impairment Prevention and Treatment of Beijing City, Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, China
| | - Shiming Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology & Head Neck Surgery, Key Lab of Hearing Impairment Science of Ministry of Education, Key Lab of Hearing Impairment Prevention and Treatment of Beijing City, Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, China
| | - Qiaobing Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
| | - Daniel B Polley
- Department of Otolaryngology and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School and Eaton Peabody Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - M Charles Liberman
- Department of Otolaryngology and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School and Eaton Peabody Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Wei-Jia Kong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China
| | - Jeffrey R Holt
- Departments of Otolaryngology and Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Zheng-Yi Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School and Eaton Peabody Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - David R Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA
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5
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Lamas V, Arévalo JC, Juiz JM, Merchán MA. Acoustic input and efferent activity regulate the expression of molecules involved in cochlear micromechanics. Front Syst Neurosci 2015; 8:253. [PMID: 25653600 PMCID: PMC4299405 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2014.00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Electromotile activity in auditory outer hair cells (OHCs) is essential for sound amplification. It relies on the highly specialized membrane motor protein prestin, and its interactions with the cytoskeleton. It is believed that the expression of prestin and related molecules involved in OHC electromotility may be dynamically regulated by signals from the acoustic environment. However little is known about the nature of such signals and how they affect the expression of molecules involved in electromotility in OHCs. We show evidence that prestin oligomerization is regulated, both at short and relatively long term, by acoustic input and descending efferent activity originating in the cortex, likely acting in concert. Unilateral removal of the middle ear ossicular chain reduces levels of trimeric prestin, particularly in the cochlea from the side of the lesion, whereas monomeric and dimeric forms are maintained or even increased in particular in the contralateral side, as shown in Western blots. Unilateral removal of the auditory cortex (AC), which likely causes an imbalance in descending efferent activity on the cochlea, also reduces levels of trimeric and tetrameric forms of prestin in the side ipsilateral to the lesion, whereas in the contralateral side prestin remains unaffected, or even increased in the case of trimeric and tetrameric forms. As far as efferent inputs are concerned, unilateral ablation of the AC up-regulates the expression of α10 nicotinic Ach receptor (nAChR) transcripts in the cochlea, as shown by RT-Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). This suggests that homeostatic synaptic scaling mechanisms may be involved in dynamically regulating OHC electromotility by medial olivocochlear efferents. Limited, unbalanced efferent activity after unilateral AC removal, also affects prestin and β-actin mRNA levels. These findings support that the concerted action of acoustic and efferent inputs to the cochlea is needed to regulate the expression of major molecules involved in OHC electromotility, both at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Lamas
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Hearing, Institute for Neuroscience of Castilla y Leon, University of Salamanca Salamanca, Spain
| | - Juan C Arévalo
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Hearing, Institute for Neuroscience of Castilla y Leon, University of Salamanca Salamanca, Spain
| | - José M Juiz
- Facultad de Medicina de Albacete, Instituto de Investigación en Discapacidades Neurológicas (IDINE), Universidad de Castilla La Mancha Albacete, Spain
| | - Miguel A Merchán
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Hearing, Institute for Neuroscience of Castilla y Leon, University of Salamanca Salamanca, Spain
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