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van Putten R, Eyke NS, Baumgartner LM, Schultz VL, Filonenko GA, Jensen KF, Pidko EA. Automation and Microfluidics for the Efficient, Fast, and Focused Reaction Development of Asymmetric Hydrogenation Catalysis. ChemSusChem 2022; 15:e202200333. [PMID: 35470567 PMCID: PMC9401021 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202200333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Automation and microfluidic tools potentially enable efficient, fast, and focused reaction development of complex chemistries, while minimizing resource- and material consumption. The introduction of automation-assisted workflows will contribute to the more sustainable development and scale-up of new and improved catalytic technologies. Herein, the application of automation and microfluidics to the development of a complex asymmetric hydrogenation reaction is described. Screening and optimization experiments were performed using an automated microfluidic platform, which enabled a drastic reduction in the material consumption compared to conventional laboratory practices. A suitable catalytic system was identified from a library of RuII -diamino precatalysts. In situ precatalyst activation was studied with 1 H/31 P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and the reaction was scaled up to multigram quantities in a batch autoclave. These reactions were monitored using an automated liquid-phase sampling system. Ultimately, in less than a week of total experimental time, multigram quantities of the target enantiopure alcohol product were provided by this automation-assisted approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robbert van Putten
- Inorganic Systems EngineeringDepartment of Chemical EngineeringDelft University of TechnologyVan der Maasweg 92629HZDelftNetherlands
- Department of Chemical EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of Technology77 Massachusetts Avenue02139CambridgeMassachusettsUnited States
| | - Natalie S. Eyke
- Department of Chemical EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of Technology77 Massachusetts Avenue02139CambridgeMassachusettsUnited States
| | - Lorenz M. Baumgartner
- Department of Chemical EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of Technology77 Massachusetts Avenue02139CambridgeMassachusettsUnited States
| | - Victor L. Schultz
- Department of Chemical EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of Technology77 Massachusetts Avenue02139CambridgeMassachusettsUnited States
| | - Georgy A. Filonenko
- Inorganic Systems EngineeringDepartment of Chemical EngineeringDelft University of TechnologyVan der Maasweg 92629HZDelftNetherlands
| | - Klavs F. Jensen
- Department of Chemical EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of Technology77 Massachusetts Avenue02139CambridgeMassachusettsUnited States
| | - Evgeny A. Pidko
- Inorganic Systems EngineeringDepartment of Chemical EngineeringDelft University of TechnologyVan der Maasweg 92629HZDelftNetherlands
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Duvadie R, Pomberger A, Mo Y, Altinoglu EI, Hsieh HW, Nandiwale KY, Schultz VL, Jensen KF, Robinson RI. Photoredox Iridium–Nickel Dual Catalyzed Cross-Electrophile Coupling: From a Batch to a Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor via an Automated Segmented Flow Reactor. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Duvadie
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Alexander Pomberger
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yiming Mo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Erhan I. Altinoglu
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Profiling, Novartis Global Drug Development, 700 Main Street South, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Hsiao-Wu Hsieh
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kakasaheb Y. Nandiwale
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Victor L. Schultz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Klavs F. Jensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Richard I. Robinson
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis Hart
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Victor L. Schultz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Dale Thomas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Tim Kulesza
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Klavs F. Jensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Pomberger A, Mo Y, Nandiwale KY, Schultz VL, Duvadie R, Robinson RI, Altinoglu EI, Jensen KF. A Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor (CSTR) Cascade for Handling Solid-Containing Photochemical Reactions. Org Process Res Dev 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Pomberger
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yiming Mo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kakasaheb Y. Nandiwale
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Victor L. Schultz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Rohit Duvadie
- Global Discovery Chemistry - Chemical Technology Group, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Richard I. Robinson
- Global Discovery Chemistry - Chemical Technology Group, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Erhan I. Altinoglu
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Profiling, Novartis Global Drug Development, 700 Main Street South, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Klavs F. Jensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Zhang X, Green DE, Schultz VL, Lin L, Han X, Wang R, Yaksic A, Kim SY, DeAngelis PL, Linhardt RJ. Synthesis of 4-Azido-N-acetylhexosamine Uridine Diphosphate Donors: Clickable Glycosaminoglycans. J Org Chem 2017; 82:9910-9915. [PMID: 28813597 PMCID: PMC7558457 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Unnatural chemically modified nucleotide sugars UDP-4-N3-GlcNAc and UDP-4-N3-GalNAc were chemically synthesized for the first time. These unnatural UDP sugar products were then tested for incorporation into hyaluronan, heparosan, or chondroitin using polysaccharide synthases. UDP-4-N3-GlcNAc served as a chain termination substrate for hyaluronan or heparosan synthases; the resulting 4-N3-GlcNAc-terminated hyaluronan and heparosan were then successfully conjugated with Alexa Fluor 488 DIBO alkyne, demonstrating that this approach is generally applicable for labeling and detection of suitable glycosaminoglycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Dixy E. Green
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 940 Stanton L. Young Boulevard, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73126, United States
| | - Victor L. Schultz
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Lei Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Xiaorui Han
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Ruitong Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Alexander Yaksic
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - So Young Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Paul L. DeAngelis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 940 Stanton L. Young Boulevard, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73126, United States
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
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Schultz VL, Zhang X, Linkens K, Rimel J, Green DE, DeAngelis PL, Linhardt RJ. Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of 4-Fluoro-N-Acetylhexosamine Uridine Diphosphate Donors: Chain Terminators in Glycosaminoglycan Synthesis. J Org Chem 2017; 82:2243-2248. [PMID: 28128958 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b02929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Unnatural uridine diphosphate (UDP)-sugar donors, UDP-4-deoxy-4-fluoro-N-acetylglucosamine (4FGlcNAc) and UDP-4-deoxy-4-fluoro-N-acetylgalactosamine (4FGalNAc), were prepared using both chemical and chemoenzymatic syntheses relying on N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GlmU). The resulting unnatural UDP-sugar donors were then tested as substrates in glycosaminoglycan synthesis catalyzed by various synthases. UDP-4FGlcNAc was transferred onto an acceptor by Pastuerella multocida heparosan synthase 1 and subsequently served as a chain terminator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor L Schultz
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Xing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Kathryn Linkens
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Jenna Rimel
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Dixy E Green
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma Center for Medical Glycobiology , 940 Stanton L. Young Blvd., Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73126, United States
| | - Paul L DeAngelis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma Center for Medical Glycobiology , 940 Stanton L. Young Blvd., Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73126, United States
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York 12180, United States
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Abstract
Serum calcitriol concentrations in rats follow a biphasic pattern during reproduction, with elevated levels during late pregnancy, a decline after parturition, and a rise to even higher levels during peak lactation. We have previously shown that serum calcitriol in rats at peak lactation correlates significantly with, and appears to be regulated by, serum ionized Ca (Ca2+), with parathyroid hormone (PTH) serving a permissive role. We have extended this study by determining if serum calcitriol also correlates with serum Ca2+ during late pregnancy, when calcitriol levels are clearly elevated, and during early lactation, when only modest increases in serum calcitriol are observed. Analyses of data combined from nonmated, 21-day pregnant (P), and 1-day lactating rats (L) revealed a significant regression (p < 0.001) of calcitriol on Ca2+, but a nonsignificant regression (p = 0.34) of calcitriol on serum PTH. An even stronger correlation (p < 0.001) between calcitriol and Ca2+ was found for the combined data for 5-, 8-, and 14-day L rats. The partial correlation coefficient for calcitriol versus Ca2+, with PTH as the independent variable, was highly significant (p < 0.01) for the data from both combined groups. However, the coefficient for calcitriol versus PTH, with Ca2+ as the independent variable, was not significant (p > 0.05). Fetal weights (uterus and contents) correlated significantly with both maternal calcitriol and Ca2+ concentrations (p < 0.01), but not with maternal PTH levels. Litter weights for 14-day-old pups likewise correlated significantly with maternal calcitriol and Ca2+ (p < 0.001). We conclude that hypocalcemia, induced by the demands for Ca for fetal calcification and milk production, appears to be a controlling factor in serum calcitriol elevation in late pregnancy and throughout lactation, whereas PTH may be important for calcitriol synthesis without playing a direct regulatory role.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Boass
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
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Abstract
We have previously shown that the serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentration in lactating (L) rats is not suppressed by high serum Ca2+ to the same extent as in nonmated (NM) rats. To investigate further Ca2+ regulation of PTH secretion, parathyroid cells from NM rats and rats in late pregnancy and at peak lactation were dispersed and incubated for 2 h in medium containing 0.52-2.05 mM Ca2+. Medium PTH was assayed with a homologous immunoradiometric assay (IRMA). At the two highest Ca2+ levels (1.81 and 2.05 mM), medium PTH was significantly higher (p = 0.031) for cells from L rats than for cells from NM rats. In contrast, significantly less (p < 0.001) PTH was secreted for the L group versus the NM group at medium Ca2+ values of 1.27 and 1.46 mM. Estimated set points for L and NM groups were 1.17 mM and 1.35 mM, respectively, corresponding closely to the prevailing serum Ca2+ for these two groups. Consistent with the present in vitro data, high serum PTH (> 40 pg/ml) in L rats occurred only at serum Ca2+ values below 1.27 mM. Elevated serum PTH at lower serum Ca2+ levels was also seen in pregnant rats. Dispersed parathyroid cells from 20- to 21-day pregnant rats secreted significantly more PTH (p = 0.028) than cells from NM rats at all Ca2+ levels tested (1.1-1.6 mM). In conclusion, the relationship between extracellular Ca2+ and PTH secretion is altered in rats during late pregnancy and at peak lactation, perhaps as part of the adaptation to the demands for calcium for pre- and postnatal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Schultz
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
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Schultz VL, Boass A, Garner SC, Toverud SU. Several anesthetics, but not diethyl ether, cause marked elevation of serum parathyroid hormone concentration in rats. J Bone Miner Res 1995; 10:1298-302. [PMID: 7502700 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.5650100905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The effects of anesthetics on serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations were determined by a new homologous two-site immunoradiometric assay for rat PTH. Serum PTH concentrations (mean +/- SE) from ether-anesthetized rats (14.7 +/- 1.5 pg/ml, n = 22) were not significantly different from those of decapitated unanesthetized female rats (13.0 +/- 1.8 pg/ml, n = 21). Serum PTH concentrations in pg/ml (n = 4-14) for other anesthetics tested were: ketamine, 12.5 +/- 1.1; Na pentobarbital, 23.3 +/- 2.4; methoxyflurane (inhalation), 42.2 +/- 6.8; and xylazine combined with ketamine, 51.4 +/- 11.3 pg/ml. The latter two concentrations were significantly (p < 0.001) higher than the values for all other anesthetics and decapitation. Elevation of serum PTH induced by pentobarbital or ketamine + xylazine increased with time under anesthesia. Neither serum Ca2+ concentrations nor pH differed among any of the groups. We conclude that anesthesia induced by pentobarbital, methoxyflurane, or ketamine + xylazine in rats leads to a marked elevation of serum PTH levels that appears to be related to the duration of anesthesia and not due to any measurable fall in serum Ca2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Schultz
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
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Schultz VL, Garner SC, Lavigne JR, Toverud SU. Determination of bioactive rat parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations in vivo and in vitro by a 2-site homologous immunoradiometric assay. Bone Miner 1994; 27:121-32. [PMID: 7711520 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-6009(08)80214-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A new homologous 2-site assay for rat parathyroid hormone (IRMA), developed by Immutopics, Inc., has been evaluated and compared with a bone cell cAMP bioassay. Circulating PTH for adult rats assayed with this IRMA are in the range 10-15 pg/ml, and of the same order of magnitude as published values for biologically active PTH. The standard curve for the IRMA was linear over the range 3.4-240 pg/ml of rPTH 1-34, and serum samples diluted in parallel with the standard curve. The within-assay and between-assay coefficients of variation ranged from 5.2% (n = 18) to 7.6% (n = 24) and 8.3% (n = 16) to 26.4% (n = 10), respectively. Serum PTH values (mean +/- S.E.) for parathyroidectomized rats were 3.5 +/- 0.6 pg/ml (n = 18) versus 10.3 +/- 1.4 pg/ml (n = 16) for intact non-mated rats. Calcium injections suppressed circulating PTH by 50%. Lactating rats had serum PTH levels 5-fold higher and vitamin D deficient rats 60-fold higher than non-mated controls. PTH secreted from parathyroid cells in vitro was in the range 60-490 pg/ml as determined by the IRMA. These values represented 86.0 +/- 9.0% of the comparable bioassay values, indicating that the IRMA detects only bioactive PTH.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Schultz
- Dental Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599-7455
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