1
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Maisonneuve L, Smadi C, Llaurens V. Which cues are sexy? The evolution of mate preference in sympatric species reveals the contrasted effect of adaptation and reproductive interference. Evol Lett 2024; 8:283-294. [PMID: 38525034 PMCID: PMC10959492 DOI: 10.1093/evlett/qrad058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Mate preferences may target traits (a) enhancing offspring adaptation and (b) reducing heterospecific matings. Because similar selective pressures are acting on traits shared by different sympatric species, preference-enhancing offspring adaptation may increase heterospecific mating, in sharp contrast with the classical case of so-called "magic traits." Using a mathematical model, we study which and how many traits will be used during mate choice, when preferences for locally adapted traits increase heterospecific mating. In particular, we study the evolution of preference toward an adaptive versus a neutral trait in sympatric species. We take into account sensory trade-offs, which may limit the emergence of preference for several traits. Our model highlights that the evolution of preference toward adaptive versus neutral traits depends on the selective regimes acting on traits but also on heterospecific interactions. When the costs of heterospecific interactions are high, mate preference is likely to target neutral traits that become a reliable cue limiting heterospecific matings. We show that the evolution of preference toward a neutral trait benefits from a positive feedback loop: The more preference targets the neutral trait, the more it becomes a reliable cue for species recognition. We then reveal the key role of sensory trade-offs and the cost of choosiness favoring the evolution of preferences targeting adaptive traits, rather than traits reducing heterospecific mating. When sensory trade-offs and the cost of choosiness are low, we also show that preferences targeting multiple traits evolve, improving offspring fitness by both transmitting adapted alleles and reducing heterospecific mating. Altogether, our model aims at reconciling "good gene" and reinforcement models to provide general predictions on the evolution of mate preferences within natural communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Maisonneuve
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, Paris, France
| | - Charline Smadi
- Université Grenoble Alpes, INRAE, LESSEM, St-Martin-d’Héres, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Institut Fourier, Giéres, France
| | - Violaine Llaurens
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, Paris, France
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2
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Abstract
A genetic duplication event during evolution allowed male wood tiger moths to have either yellow or white patterns on their wings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violaine Llaurens
- Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS)ParisFrance
- Muséum national d'Histoire naturelleParisFrance
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3
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Puissant A, Chotard A, Condamine FL, Llaurens V. Convergence in sympatric swallowtail butterflies reveals ecological interactions as a key driver of worldwide trait diversification. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2303060120. [PMID: 37669385 PMCID: PMC10500277 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2303060120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ecological interactions can promote phenotypic diversification in sympatric species. While competition can enhance trait divergence, other ecological interactions may promote convergence in sympatric species. Within butterflies, evolutionary convergences in wing color patterns have been reported between distantly related species, especially in females of palatable species, where mimetic color patterns are promoted by predator communities shared with defended species living in sympatry. Wing color patterns are also often involved in species recognition in butterflies, and divergence in this trait has been reported in closely related species living in sympatry as a result of reproductive character displacement. Here, we investigate the effect of sympatry between species on the convergence vs. divergence of their wing color patterns in relation to phylogenetic distance, focusing on the iconic swallowtail butterflies (family Papilionidae). We developed an unsupervised machine learning-based method to estimate phenotypic distances among wing color patterns of 337 species, enabling us to finely quantify morphological diversity at the global scale among species and allowing us to compute pairwise phenotypic distances between sympatric and allopatric species pairs. We found phenotypic convergence in sympatry, stronger among distantly related species, while divergence was weaker and restricted to closely related males. The convergence was stronger among females than males, suggesting that differential selective pressures acting on the two sexes drove sexual dimorphism. Our results highlight the significant effect of ecological interactions driven by predation pressures on trait diversification in Papilionidae and provide evidence for the interaction between phylogenetic proximity and ecological interactions in sympatry, acting on macroevolutionary patterns of phenotypic diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agathe Puissant
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution et Biodiversité (UMR 7205 CNRS/Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle/Sorbonne Université/Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes/Université des Antilles), Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle–CP50, Paris75005, France
| | - Ariane Chotard
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution et Biodiversité (UMR 7205 CNRS/Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle/Sorbonne Université/Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes/Université des Antilles), Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle–CP50, Paris75005, France
| | - Fabien L. Condamine
- CNRS, Institut des Sciences de l’Évolution de Montpellier (Université de Montpellier), Montpellier34095, France
| | - Violaine Llaurens
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution et Biodiversité (UMR 7205 CNRS/Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle/Sorbonne Université/Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes/Université des Antilles), Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle–CP50, Paris75005, France
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4
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Chotard A, Llaurens V, Debat V. Patterns of morphological variation highlight the effect of natural selection on eyespots modularity in the butterfly Morpho telemachus. Evolution 2023; 77:384-393. [PMID: 36611289 DOI: 10.1093/evolut/qpac058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Morphological correlations can not only stem from developmental constraints but also from selective pressures. Butterfly eyespots are repeated wing color pattern elements, widespread across species. As developmental serial homologs, they are controlled by similar developmental pathways imposing correlations among eyespots: selection on a single eyespot may induce correlated responses in all eyespots. We study the variations in the ventral eyespots of Morpho telemachus, where two different selective regimes are likely to act: while most eyespots are always-visible, two eyespots are conditionally displayed: hidden at rest, they can be exposed when the butterflies are threatened, or during sexual interactions. We investigate how such contrasted selection across eyespots can alter the covariations imposed by their shared developmental origin. We quantified eyespots covariations within a large population of M. telemachus and compared the observed patterns to those found in M. helenor, where all eyespots are always-visible and thus probably affected by a similar selection regime. We found that M. telemachus conditionally displayed eyespots are less variable than always-visible eyespots and that these two eyespots form a separate variational module in this species, in contrast to M. helenor. Our results suggest that eyespots covariations were shaped by selection, highlighting how natural selection may promote the evolution of modularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Chotard
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Paris, France
| | - Violaine Llaurens
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Debat
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Paris, France
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5
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Bastide H, Saenko SV, Chouteau M, Joron M, Llaurens V. Dominance mechanisms in supergene alleles controlling butterfly wing pattern variation: insights from gene expression in Heliconius numata. Heredity (Edinb) 2023; 130:92-98. [PMID: 36522413 PMCID: PMC9905084 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-022-00583-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Loci under balancing selection, where multiple alleles are maintained, offer a relevant opportunity to investigate the role of natural selection in shaping genetic dominance: the high frequency of heterozygotes at these loci has been shown to enable the evolution of dominance among alleles. In the butterfly Heliconius numata, mimetic wing color variations are controlled by an inversion polymorphism of a circa 2 Mb genomic region (supergene P), with strong dominance between sympatric alleles. To test how differences in dominance observed on wing patterns correlate with variations in expression levels throughout the supergene region, we sequenced the complete transcriptome of heterozygotes at the prepupal stage and compared it to corresponding homozygotes. By defining dominance based on non-overlapping ranges of transcript expression between genotypes, we found contrasting patterns of dominance between the supergene and the rest of the genome; the patterns of transcript expression in the heterozygotes were more similar to the expression observed in the dominant homozygotes in the supergene region. Dominance also differed among the three subinversions of the supergene, suggesting possible epistatic interactions among their gene contents underlying dominance evolution. We found the expression pattern of the melanization gene cortex located in the P-region to predict wing pattern phenotype in the heterozygote. We also identify new candidate genes that are potentially involved in mimetic color pattern variations highlighting the relevance of transcriptomic analyses in heterozygotes to pinpoint candidate genes in non-recombining regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héloïse Bastide
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution et Biodiversité (UMR 7205 CNRS, MNHN, Sorbonne Université, Université des Antilles) Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle - CP50, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France.
- Laboratoire Évolution, Génomes, Comportement et Écologie, CNRS, IRD, Université Paris-Saclay - Institut Diversité, Écologie et Évolution (IDEEV), 12 route 128, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Suzanne V Saenko
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution et Biodiversité (UMR 7205 CNRS, MNHN, Sorbonne Université, Université des Antilles) Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle - CP50, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Chouteau
- CEFE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
- Laboratoire Ecologie, Evolution, Interactions Des Systèmes Amazoniens (LEEISA), USR 3456, Université De Guyane, CNRS Guyane, 275 route de Montabo, 97334, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Mathieu Joron
- CEFE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Violaine Llaurens
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution et Biodiversité (UMR 7205 CNRS, MNHN, Sorbonne Université, Université des Antilles) Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle - CP50, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France
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6
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Bastide H, López-Villavicencio M, Ogereau D, Lledo J, Dutrillaux AM, Debat V, Llaurens V. Genome assembly of 3 Amazonian Morpho butterfly species reveals Z-chromosome rearrangements between closely related species living in sympatry. Gigascience 2022; 12:giad033. [PMID: 37216769 PMCID: PMC10202424 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giad033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The genomic processes enabling speciation and species coexistence in sympatry are still largely unknown. Here we describe the whole-genome sequencing and assembly of 3 closely related species from the butterfly genus Morpho: Morpho achilles (Linnaeus, 1758), Morpho helenor (Cramer, 1776), and Morpho deidamia (Höbner, 1819). These large blue butterflies are emblematic species of the Amazonian rainforest. They live in sympatry in a wide range of their geographical distribution and display parallel diversification of dorsal wing color pattern, suggesting local mimicry. By sequencing, assembling, and annotating their genomes, we aim at uncovering prezygotic barriers preventing gene flow between these sympatric species. We found a genome size of 480 Mb for the 3 species and a chromosomal number ranging from 2n = 54 for M. deidamia to 2n = 56 for M. achilles and M. helenor. We also detected inversions on the sex chromosome Z that were differentially fixed between species, suggesting that chromosomal rearrangements may contribute to their reproductive isolation. The annotation of their genomes allowed us to recover in each species at least 12,000 protein-coding genes and to discover duplications of genes potentially involved in prezygotic isolation like genes controlling color discrimination (L-opsin). Altogether, the assembly and the annotation of these 3 new reference genomes open new research avenues into the genomic architecture of speciation and reinforcement in sympatry, establishing Morpho butterflies as a new eco-evolutionary model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuela López-Villavicencio
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution et Biodiversité (UMR 7205 CNRS/MNHN/SU/EPHE/UA), Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle–CP50, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Joanna Lledo
- GeT-PlaGe, Bât G2, INRAe, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan Cedex, France
| | - Anne-Marie Dutrillaux
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution et Biodiversité (UMR 7205 CNRS/MNHN/SU/EPHE/UA), Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle–CP50, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Vincent Debat
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution et Biodiversité (UMR 7205 CNRS/MNHN/SU/EPHE/UA), Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle–CP50, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Violaine Llaurens
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution et Biodiversité (UMR 7205 CNRS/MNHN/SU/EPHE/UA), Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle–CP50, 75005 Paris, France
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7
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Maisonneuve L, Elias M, Smadi C, Llaurens V. The limits of evolutionary convergence in sympatry: reproductive interference and historical constraints leading to local diversity in warning traits. Am Nat 2022; 201:E110-E126. [PMID: 37130234 DOI: 10.1086/723625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMutualistic interactions between defended species represent a striking case of evolutionary convergence in sympatry, driven by the increased protection against predators brought by mimicry in warning traits. However, such convergence is often limited: sympatric defended species frequently display different or imperfectly similar warning traits. The phylogenetic distance between sympatric species may indeed prevent evolution toward the exact same signal. Moreover, warning traits are also involved in mate recognition, so trait convergence might result in heterospecific courtship and mating. Here, we develop a mathematical model to investigate the strength and direction of the evolution of warning traits in defended species with different ancestral traits. Specifically, we determine the effect of phenotypic distances between ancestral trait states of sympatric defended species and of the costs of heterospecific sexual interactions on imperfect mimicry and trait divergence. Our analytical results confirm that reproductive interference and historical constraints limit the convergence of warning traits, leading to either complete divergence or imperfect mimicry. Our model reveals that imperfect mimicry evolves only when ancestral trait values differ between species because of historical constraints and highlights the importance of female and predator discrimination in the evolution of such imperfect mimicry. Our study thus provides new predictions on how reproductive interference interacts with historical constraints and may promote the emergence of novel warning traits, enhancing mimetic diversity.
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8
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Maisonneuve L, Smadi C, Llaurens V. Evolutionary origins of sexual dimorphism: Lessons from female-limited mimicry in butterflies. Evolution 2022; 76:2404-2423. [PMID: 36005294 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The striking female-limited mimicry observed in some butterfly species is a text-book example of sexually dimorphic trait submitted to intense natural selection. Two main evolutionary hypotheses, based on natural and sexual selection respectively, have been proposed. Predation pressure favoring mimicry toward defended species could be higher in females because of their slower flight, and thus overcome developmental constraints favoring the ancestral trait that limits the evolution of mimicry in males but not in females. Alternatively, the evolution of mimicry in males could be limited by female preference for non-mimetic males. However, the evolutionary origin of female preference for non-mimetic males remains unclear. Here, we hypothesize that costly sexual interactions between individuals from distinct sympatric species might intensify because of mimicry, therefore promoting female preference for non-mimetic trait. Using a mathematical model, we compare the evolution of female-limited mimicry when assuming either alternative selective hypotheses. We show that the patterns of divergence of male and female trait from the ancestral traits can differ between these selection regimes. We specifically highlight that divergence in female trait is not a signature of the effect of natural selection. Our results also evidence why female-limited mimicry is more frequently observed in Batesian mimics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Maisonneuve
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, CP 50, 57 rue Cuvier, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Charline Smadi
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INRAE, LESSEM, France, Saint-Martin-d'Hères, 38402.,Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Institut Fourier, Gières, 38610, France
| | - Violaine Llaurens
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, CP 50, 57 rue Cuvier, Paris, 75005, France
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Le Roy C, Silva N, Godoy-Diana R, Debat V, Llaurens V, Muijres FT. Divergence of climbing escape flight performance in Morpho butterflies living in different microhabitats. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:276180. [PMID: 35851402 PMCID: PMC9440751 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.243867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Habitat specialization can influence the evolution of animal movement in promoting divergent locomotor abilities adapted to contrasting environmental conditions, differences in vegetation clutter or predatory communities. While the effect of habitat on the evolution of locomotion and particularly escape performance has been well investigated in terrestrial animals, it remains understudied in flying animals. Here, we investigated whether specialization of Morpho butterfly species into different vertical strata of the Amazonian forest affects the performance of upward escape flight manoeuvres. Using stereoscopic high-speed videography, we compared the climbing flight kinematics of seven Morpho species living either in the forest canopy or in the understory. We show that butterflies from canopy species display strikingly higher climbing speed and steeper ascent angle compared with understory species. Although climbing speed increased with wing speed and angle of attack, the higher climb angle observed in canopy species was best explained by their higher body pitch angle, resulting in more upward-directed aerodynamic thrust forces. Climb angle also scales positively with weight-normalized wing area, and this weight-normalized wing area was higher in canopy species. This shows that a combined divergence in flight behaviour and morphology contributes to the evolution of increased climbing flight abilities in canopy species. Summary: Quantification of climbing flight kinematics among closely related butterfly species living in different strata reveals contrasted climbing flight ability, probably resulting from divergent flight behaviour and morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Le Roy
- 1 Department of Experimental Zoology, Wageningen University, 6709 PG Wageningen, the Netherlands
- 2 Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, CP50, 75005 Paris, France
- 3 Université Paris Cité, 12 rue de l’École de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Silva
- 2 Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, CP50, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Ramiro Godoy-Diana
- 4 Laboratoire de Physique et Mécanique des Milieux Hétérogènes (PMMH, UMR 7636), CNRS, ESPCI Paris Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris Cité, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Vincent Debat
- 2 Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, CP50, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Violaine Llaurens
- 2 Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, CP50, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Florian Titus Muijres
- 1 Department of Experimental Zoology, Wageningen University, 6709 PG Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Chotard A, Ledamoisel J, Decamps T, Herrel A, Chaine AS, Llaurens V, Debat V. Evidence of attack deflection suggests adaptive evolution of wing tails in butterflies. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20220562. [PMID: 35611535 PMCID: PMC9130794 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.0562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Predation is a powerful selective force shaping many behavioural and morphological traits in prey species. The deflection of predator attacks from vital parts of the prey usually involves the coordinated evolution of prey body shape and colour. Here, we test the deflection effect of hindwing (HW) tails in the swallowtail butterfly Iphiclides podalirius. In this species, HWs display long tails associated with a conspicuous colour pattern. By surveying the wings within a wild population of I. podalirius, we observed that wing damage was much more frequent on the tails. We then used a standardized behavioural assay employing dummy butterflies with real I. podalirius wings to study the location of attacks by great tits Parus major. Wing tails and conspicuous coloration of the HWs were struck more often than the rest of the body by birds. Finally, we characterized the mechanical properties of fresh wings and found that the tail vein was more fragile than the others, suggesting facilitated escape ability of butterflies attacked at this location. Our results clearly support the deflective effect of HW tails and suggest that predation is an important selective driver of the evolution of wing tails and colour pattern in butterflies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Chotard
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB, UMR 7205), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, UA, Paris, France
| | - Joséphine Ledamoisel
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB, UMR 7205), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, UA, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Decamps
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution (MECADEV, UMR 7179), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Anthony Herrel
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution (MECADEV, UMR 7179), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Alexis S. Chaine
- Station d'Ecologie Theorique et Experimentale du CNRS (SETE, UAR 2029), Moulis, France
| | - Violaine Llaurens
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB, UMR 7205), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, UA, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Debat
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB, UMR 7205), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, UA, Paris, France
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11
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Sculfort O, Maisonneuve L, Elias M, Aubier TG, Llaurens V. Uncovering the effects of Müllerian mimicry on the evolution of conspicuousness in colour patterns. OIKOS 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ombeline Sculfort
- Inst. de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne‐Univ., EPHE, Univ. des Antilles Paris France
- Molécules de Communication et Adaptations des Micro‐organismes (MCAM), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS Paris France
- Laboratoire Écologie, Évolution, Interactions des Systèmes Amazoniens (LEEISA), Univ. de Guyane, CNRS, IFREMER Cayenne France
| | - Ludovic Maisonneuve
- Inst. de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne‐Univ., EPHE, Univ. des Antilles Paris France
| | - Marianne Elias
- Inst. de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne‐Univ., EPHE, Univ. des Antilles Paris France
| | | | - Violaine Llaurens
- Inst. de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne‐Univ., EPHE, Univ. des Antilles Paris France
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Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Le Roy
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, CP50, 75005 Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France.,Experimental Zoology Group, Wageningen University, 6709 PG Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Dario Amadori
- Maritime Research Institute Netherlands, 6708 PM Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Samuel Charberet
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, CP50, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jaap Windt
- Maritime Research Institute Netherlands, 6708 PM Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Florian T Muijres
- Experimental Zoology Group, Wageningen University, 6709 PG Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Violaine Llaurens
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, CP50, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Vincent Debat
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, CP50, 75005 Paris, France
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Boussens‐Dumon G, Llaurens V. Sex, competition and mimicry: an eco‐evolutionary model reveals unexpected impacts of ecological interactions on the evolution of phenotypes in sympatry. OIKOS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grégoire Boussens‐Dumon
- Inst. de Systématique, Evolution et Biodiversité (UMR 7205 CNRS/MNHN/SU/EPHE/UA), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle – CP50 Paris France
| | - Violaine Llaurens
- Inst. de Systématique, Evolution et Biodiversité (UMR 7205 CNRS/MNHN/SU/EPHE/UA), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle – CP50 Paris France
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14
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Maisonneuve L, Beneteau T, Joron M, Smadi C, Llaurens V. When Do Opposites Attract? A Model Uncovering the Evolution of Disassortative Mating. Am Nat 2021; 198:625-641. [PMID: 34648401 DOI: 10.1086/716509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractDisassortative mating is a rare form of mate preference that promotes the persistence of polymorphism. While the evolution of assortative mating and its consequences for trait variation and speciation have been extensively studied, the conditions enabling the evolution of disassortative mating are still poorly understood. Mate preferences increase the risk of missing mating opportunities, a cost that can be compensated by a greater fitness of offspring. Heterozygote advantage should therefore promote the evolution of disassortative mating, which maximizes the number of heterozygous offspring. From the analysis of a two-locus diploid model with one locus controlling the mating cue under viability selection and the other locus coding for the level of disassortative preference, we show that heterozygote advantage and negative frequency-dependent viability selection acting at the cue locus promote the evolution of disassortative preferences. We predict conditions of evolution of disassortative mating coherent with selection regimes acting on traits observed in the wild. We also show that disassortative mating generates sexual selection, which disadvantages heterozygotes at the cue locus, limiting the evolution of disassortative preferences. Altogether, our results partially explain why this behavior is rare in natural populations.
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15
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Robira B, Benhamou S, Masi S, Llaurens V, Riotte-Lambert L. Foraging efficiency in temporally predictable environments: is a long-term temporal memory really advantageous? R Soc Open Sci 2021; 8:210809. [PMID: 34567589 PMCID: PMC8456140 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.210809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive abilities enabling animals that feed on ephemeral but yearly renewable resources to infer when resources are available may have been favoured by natural selection, but the magnitude of the benefits brought by these abilities remains poorly known. Using computer simulations, we compared the efficiencies of three main types of foragers with different abilities to process temporal information, in spatially and/or temporally homogeneous or heterogeneous environments. One was endowed with a sampling memory, which stores recent experience about the availability of the different food types. The other two were endowed with a chronological or associative memory, which stores long-term temporal information about absolute times of these availabilities or delays between them, respectively. To determine the range of possible efficiencies, we also simulated a forager without temporal cognition but which simply targeted the closest and possibly empty food sources, and a perfectly prescient forager, able to know at any time which food source was effectively providing food. The sampling, associative and chronological foragers were far more efficient than the forager without temporal cognition in temporally predictable environments, and interestingly, their efficiencies increased with the level of temporal heterogeneity. The use of a long-term temporal memory results in a foraging efficiency up to 1.16 times better (chronological memory) or 1.14 times worse (associative memory) than the use of a simple sampling memory. Our results thus show that, for everyday foraging, a long-term temporal memory did not provide a clear benefit over a simple short-term memory that keeps track of the current resource availability. Long-term temporal memories may therefore have emerged in contexts where short-term temporal cognition is useless, i.e. when the anticipation of future environmental changes is strongly needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Robira
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Université de Montpellier and CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Simon Benhamou
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Université de Montpellier and CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Shelly Masi
- Eco-anthropologie, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Violaine Llaurens
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, CNRS-École Pratique des Hautes Études, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, Paris, France
| | - Louise Riotte-Lambert
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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16
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Billiard S, Castric V, Llaurens V. The integrative biology of genetic dominance. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:2925-2942. [PMID: 34382317 PMCID: PMC9292577 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dominance is a basic property of inheritance systems describing the link between a diploid genotype at a single locus and the resulting phenotype. Models for the evolution of dominance have long been framed as an opposition between the irreconcilable views of Fisher in 1928 supporting the role of largely elusive dominance modifiers and Wright in 1929, who viewed dominance as an emerging property of the structure of enzymatic pathways. Recent theoretical and empirical advances however suggest that these opposing views can be reconciled, notably using models investigating the regulation of gene expression and developmental processes. In this more comprehensive framework, phenotypic dominance emerges from departures from linearity between any levels of integration in the genotype‐to‐phenotype map. Here, we review how these different models illuminate the emergence and evolution of dominance. We then detail recent empirical studies shedding new light on the diversity of molecular and physiological mechanisms underlying dominance and its evolution. By reconciling population genetics and functional biology, we hope our review will facilitate cross‐talk among research fields in the integrative study of dominance evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Billiard
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8198 - Evo-Eco-Paleo, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Vincent Castric
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8198 - Evo-Eco-Paleo, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Violaine Llaurens
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution et Biodiversité, CNRS/MNHN/Sorbonne Université/EPHE, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CP50, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France
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17
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Sculfort O, McClure M, Nay B, Elias M, Llaurens V. Assessing the Role of Developmental and Environmental Factors in Chemical Defence Variation in Heliconiini Butterflies. J Chem Ecol 2021; 47:577-587. [PMID: 34003420 PMCID: PMC8217024 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-021-01278-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Chemical defences in animals are both incredibly widespread and highly diverse. Yet despite the important role they play in mediating interactions between predators and prey, extensive differences in the amounts and types of chemical compounds can exist between individuals, even within species and populations. Here we investigate the potential role of environment and development on the chemical defences of warningly coloured butterfly species from the tribe Heliconiini, which can both synthesize and sequester cyanogenic glycosides (CGs). We reared 5 Heliconiini species in captivity, each on a single species-specific host plant as larvae, and compared them to individuals collected in the wild to ascertain whether the variation in CG content observed in the field might be the result of differences in host plant availability. Three of these species were reared as larvae on the same host plant, Passiflora riparia, to further test how species, sex, and age affected the type and amount of different defensive CGs, and how they affected the ratio of synthesized to sequestered compounds. Then, focusing on the generalist species Heliconius numata, we specifically explored variation in chemical profiles as a result of the host plant consumed by caterpillars and their brood line, using rearing experiments carried out on two naturally co-occurring host plants with differing CG profiles. Our results show significant differences in both the amount of synthesized and sequestered compounds between butterflies reared in captivity and those collected in the field. We also found a significant effect of species and an effect of sex in some, but not all, species. We show that chemical defences in H. numata continue to increase throughout their life, likely because of continued biosynthesis, and we suggest that variation in the amount of synthesized CGs in this species does not appear to stem from larval host plants, although this warrants further study. Interestingly, we detected a significant effect of brood lines, consistent with heritability influencing CG concentrations in H. numata. Altogether, our results point to multiple factors resulting in chemical defence variation in Heliconiini butterflies and highlight the overlooked effect of synthesis capabilities, which may be genetically determined to some extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ombeline Sculfort
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National D'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne-Université, EPHE, Université Des Antilles, 45 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France. .,Unité Molécules de Communication Et Adaptations Des Micro-Organismes (MCAM), Muséum National D'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, 57 rue Cuvier (BP 54), 75005, Paris, France. .,Laboratoire Écologie, Évolution, Interactions Des Systèmes Amazoniens (LEEISA), Université de Guyane, CNRS, IFREMER, 97300, Cayenne, France.
| | - Melanie McClure
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National D'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne-Université, EPHE, Université Des Antilles, 45 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France.,Laboratoire Écologie, Évolution, Interactions Des Systèmes Amazoniens (LEEISA), Université de Guyane, CNRS, IFREMER, 97300, Cayenne, France
| | - Bastien Nay
- Unité Molécules de Communication Et Adaptations Des Micro-Organismes (MCAM), Muséum National D'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, 57 rue Cuvier (BP 54), 75005, Paris, France.,Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, ENSTA, Route de Saclay, 91128, Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Marianne Elias
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National D'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne-Université, EPHE, Université Des Antilles, 45 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Violaine Llaurens
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National D'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne-Université, EPHE, Université Des Antilles, 45 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
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18
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Maisonneuve L, Chouteau M, Joron M, Llaurens V. Evolution and genetic architecture of disassortative mating at a locus under heterozygote advantage. Evolution 2020; 75:149-165. [PMID: 33210282 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of mate choice is a major topic in evolutionary biology because it is thought to be a key factor in trait and species diversification. Here, we aim at uncovering the ecological conditions and genetic architecture enabling the puzzling evolution of disassortative mating based on adaptive traits. This rare form of mate choice is observed for some polymorphic traits but theoretical predictions on the emergence and persistence of this behavior are largely lacking. Thus, we developed a mathematical model to specifically understand the evolution of disassortative mating based on mimetic color pattern in the polymorphic butterfly Heliconius numata. We confirm that heterozygote advantage favors the evolution of disassortative mating and show that disassortative mating is more likely to emerge if at least one allele at the trait locus is free from any recessive deleterious mutations. We modeled different possible genetic architectures underlying mate choice behavior, such as self-referencing alleles, or specific preference or rejection alleles. Our results showed that self-referencing or rejection alleles linked to the color pattern locus enable the emergence of disassortative mating. However, rejection alleles allow the emergence of disassortative mating only when the color pattern and preference loci are tightly linked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Maisonneuve
- Institut de Systematique, Evolution, Biodiversité (UMR7205), Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne-Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, CP50, 57 rue Cuvier, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Mathieu Chouteau
- Laboratoire Ecologie, Evolution, Interactions Des Systèmes Amazoniens (LEEISA), USR 3456, Université De Guyane, IFREMER, CNRS Guyane, 275 route de Montabo, 97334 Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Mathieu Joron
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
| | - Violaine Llaurens
- Institut de Systematique, Evolution, Biodiversité (UMR7205), Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne-Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, CP50, 57 rue Cuvier, Paris, 75005, France
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19
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Llaurens V, Le Poul Y, Puissant A, Blandin P, Debat V. Convergence in sympatry: Evolution of blue-banded wing pattern in Morpho butterflies. J Evol Biol 2020; 34:284-295. [PMID: 33119141 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Species interactions such as mimicry can promote trait convergence but disentangling this effect from those of shared ecology, evolutionary history, and niche conservatism is often challenging. Here by focusing on wing colour pattern variation within and between three butterfly species living in sympatry in a large proportion of their range, we tested the effect of species interactions on trait diversification. These butterflies display a conspicuous iridescent blue coloration on the dorsal side of their wings and a cryptic brownish colour on the ventral side. Combined with an erratic and fast flight, these colour patterns increase the difficulty of capture by predators and contribute to the high escape abilities of these butterflies. We hypothesize that, beyond their direct contribution to predator escape, these wing patterns can be used as signals of escape abilities by predators, resulting in positive frequency-dependent selection favouring convergence in wing pattern in sympatry. To test this hypothesis, we quantified dorsal wing pattern variations of 723 butterflies from the three species sampled throughout their distribution, including sympatric and allopatric situations and compared the phenotypic distances between species, sex and localities. We detected a significant effect of localities on colour pattern, and higher inter-specific resemblance in sympatry as compared to allopatry, consistent with the hypothesis of local convergence of wing patterns. Our results provide support to the existence of escape mimicry in the wild and stress the importance of estimating trait variation within species to understand trait variation between species, and to a larger extent, trait diversification at the macro-evolutionary scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violaine Llaurens
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution et Biodiversité, UMR 7205 CNRS/MNHN/Sorbonne Université/EPHE, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Yann Le Poul
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Agathe Puissant
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution et Biodiversité, UMR 7205 CNRS/MNHN/Sorbonne Université/EPHE, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Blandin
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution et Biodiversité, UMR 7205 CNRS/MNHN/Sorbonne Université/EPHE, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Debat
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution et Biodiversité, UMR 7205 CNRS/MNHN/Sorbonne Université/EPHE, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
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20
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Durand E, Chantreau M, Le Veve A, Stetsenko R, Dubin M, Genete M, Llaurens V, Poux C, Roux C, Billiard S, Vekemans X, Castric V. Evolution of self-incompatibility in the Brassicaceae: Lessons from a textbook example of natural selection. Evol Appl 2020; 13:1279-1297. [PMID: 32684959 PMCID: PMC7359833 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-incompatibility (SI) is a self-recognition genetic system enforcing outcrossing in hermaphroditic flowering plants and results in one of the arguably best understood forms of natural (balancing) selection maintaining genetic variation over long evolutionary times. A rich theoretical and empirical population genetics literature has considerably clarified how the distribution of SI phenotypes translates into fitness differences among individuals by a combination of inbreeding avoidance and rare-allele advantage. At the same time, the molecular mechanisms by which self-pollen is specifically recognized and rejected have been described in exquisite details in several model organisms, such that the genotype-to-phenotype map is also pretty well understood, notably in the Brassicaceae. Here, we review recent advances in these two fronts and illustrate how the joint availability of detailed characterization of genotype-to-phenotype and phenotype-to-fitness maps on a single genetic system (plant self-incompatibility) provides the opportunity to understand the evolutionary process in a unique perspective, bringing novel insight on general questions about the emergence, maintenance, and diversification of a complex genetic system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Audrey Le Veve
- CNRSUniv. LilleUMR 8198 ‐ Evo‐Eco‐PaleoF-59000 LilleFrance
| | | | - Manu Dubin
- CNRSUniv. LilleUMR 8198 ‐ Evo‐Eco‐PaleoF-59000 LilleFrance
| | - Mathieu Genete
- CNRSUniv. LilleUMR 8198 ‐ Evo‐Eco‐PaleoF-59000 LilleFrance
| | - Violaine Llaurens
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution et Biodiversité (ISYEB)Muséum national d'Histoire naturelleCNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles CP 5057 rue Cuvier, 75005 ParisFrance
| | - Céline Poux
- CNRSUniv. LilleUMR 8198 ‐ Evo‐Eco‐PaleoF-59000 LilleFrance
| | - Camille Roux
- CNRSUniv. LilleUMR 8198 ‐ Evo‐Eco‐PaleoF-59000 LilleFrance
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21
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Debat V, Chazot N, Jarosson S, Blandin P, Llaurens V. What Drives the Diversification of Eyespots in Morpho Butterflies? Disentangling Developmental and Selective Constraints From Neutral Evolution. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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22
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McClure M, Clerc C, Desbois C, Meichanetzoglou A, Cau M, Bastin-Héline L, Bacigalupo J, Houssin C, Pinna C, Nay B, Llaurens V, Berthier S, Andraud C, Gomez D, Elias M. Why has transparency evolved in aposematic butterflies? Insights from the largest radiation of aposematic butterflies, the Ithomiini. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 286:20182769. [PMID: 30991931 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.2769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Defended species are often conspicuous and this is thought to be an honest signal of defences, i.e. more toxic prey are more conspicuous. Neotropical butterflies of the large Ithomiini tribe numerically dominate communities of chemically defended butterflies and may thus drive the evolution of mimetic warning patterns. Although many species are brightly coloured, most are transparent to some degree. The evolution of transparency from a warning-coloured ancestor is puzzling as it is generally assumed to be involved in concealment. Here, we show that transparent Ithomiini species are indeed less detectable by avian predators (i.e. concealment). Surprisingly, transparent species are not any less unpalatable, and may in fact be more unpalatable than opaque species, the latter spanning a larger range of unpalatability. We put forth various hypotheses to explain the evolution of weak aposematic signals in these butterflies and other cryptic defended prey. Our study is an important step in determining the selective pressures and constraints that regulate the interaction between conspicuousness and unpalatability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie McClure
- 1 Institut Systématique Évolution Biodiversité (ISYEB), CNRS, MNHN, Sorbonne Université , EPHE, Université des Antilles, CP50 75005 Paris , France
| | - Corentin Clerc
- 1 Institut Systématique Évolution Biodiversité (ISYEB), CNRS, MNHN, Sorbonne Université , EPHE, Université des Antilles, CP50 75005 Paris , France
| | - Charlotte Desbois
- 1 Institut Systématique Évolution Biodiversité (ISYEB), CNRS, MNHN, Sorbonne Université , EPHE, Université des Antilles, CP50 75005 Paris , France
| | - Aimilia Meichanetzoglou
- 1 Institut Systématique Évolution Biodiversité (ISYEB), CNRS, MNHN, Sorbonne Université , EPHE, Université des Antilles, CP50 75005 Paris , France.,2 Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes (MCAM), CNRS, MNHN, Sorbonne Université , 75005 Paris , France
| | - Marion Cau
- 1 Institut Systématique Évolution Biodiversité (ISYEB), CNRS, MNHN, Sorbonne Université , EPHE, Université des Antilles, CP50 75005 Paris , France
| | - Lucie Bastin-Héline
- 1 Institut Systématique Évolution Biodiversité (ISYEB), CNRS, MNHN, Sorbonne Université , EPHE, Université des Antilles, CP50 75005 Paris , France.,4 Sorbonne Université, INRA, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Université Paris Diderot, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris , Paris and Versailles , France
| | - Javier Bacigalupo
- 1 Institut Systématique Évolution Biodiversité (ISYEB), CNRS, MNHN, Sorbonne Université , EPHE, Université des Antilles, CP50 75005 Paris , France
| | - Céline Houssin
- 1 Institut Systématique Évolution Biodiversité (ISYEB), CNRS, MNHN, Sorbonne Université , EPHE, Université des Antilles, CP50 75005 Paris , France
| | - Charline Pinna
- 1 Institut Systématique Évolution Biodiversité (ISYEB), CNRS, MNHN, Sorbonne Université , EPHE, Université des Antilles, CP50 75005 Paris , France
| | - Bastien Nay
- 2 Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes (MCAM), CNRS, MNHN, Sorbonne Université , 75005 Paris , France.,3 Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique, Ecole polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris , 91128 Palaiseau , France
| | - Violaine Llaurens
- 1 Institut Systématique Évolution Biodiversité (ISYEB), CNRS, MNHN, Sorbonne Université , EPHE, Université des Antilles, CP50 75005 Paris , France
| | - Serge Berthier
- 5 Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, UMR 7588, CNRS, Sorbonne Université , 75252 Paris , France
| | - Christine Andraud
- 6 Centre de recherche et Conservation des Collections (CRCC), MNHN , 75005 Paris , France
| | - Doris Gomez
- 7 CEFE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3 , EPHE, IRD, Montpellier , France
| | - Marianne Elias
- 1 Institut Systématique Évolution Biodiversité (ISYEB), CNRS, MNHN, Sorbonne Université , EPHE, Université des Antilles, CP50 75005 Paris , France
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Sculfort O, de Castro ECP, Kozak KM, Bak S, Elias M, Nay B, Llaurens V. Variation of chemical compounds in wild Heliconiini reveals ecological factors involved in the evolution of chemical defenses in mimetic butterflies. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:2677-2694. [PMID: 32185010 PMCID: PMC7069300 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary convergence of color pattern in mimetic species is tightly linked with the evolution of chemical defenses. Yet, the evolutionary forces involved in natural variations of chemical defenses in aposematic species are still understudied. Herein, we focus on the evolution of chemical defenses in the butterfly tribe Heliconiini. These neotropical butterflies contain large concentrations of cyanogenic glucosides, cyanide-releasing compounds acting as predator deterrent. These compounds are either de novo synthesized or sequestered from their Passiflora host plant, so that their concentrations may depend on host plant specialization and host plant availability. We sampled 375 wild Heliconiini butterflies across Central and South America, covering 43% species of this clade, and quantify individual variations in the different CGs using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. We detected new compounds and important variations in chemical defenses both within and among species. Based on the most recent and well-studied phylogeny of Heliconiini, we show that ecological factors such as mimetic interactions and host plant specialization have a significant association with chemical profiles, but these effects are largely explained by phylogenetic relationships. Our results therefore suggest that shared ancestries largely contribute to chemical defense variation, pointing out at the interaction between historical and ecological factors in the evolution of Müllerian mimicry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ombeline Sculfort
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB)Muséum National d'Histoire NaturelleCNRSSorbonne‐UniversitéEPHEUniversité des AntillesParisFrance
- Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptations des Micro‐organismes (MCAM)Muséum National d'Histoire NaturelleCNRSParisFrance
| | | | | | - Søren Bak
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksbergDenmark
| | - Marianne Elias
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB)Muséum National d'Histoire NaturelleCNRSSorbonne‐UniversitéEPHEUniversité des AntillesParisFrance
| | - Bastien Nay
- Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptations des Micro‐organismes (MCAM)Muséum National d'Histoire NaturelleCNRSParisFrance
- Laboratoire de Synthèse OrganiqueEcole PolytechniqueCNRSENSTAInstitut Polytechnique de ParisPalaiseau CedexFrance
| | - Violaine Llaurens
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB)Muséum National d'Histoire NaturelleCNRSSorbonne‐UniversitéEPHEUniversité des AntillesParisFrance
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Arias M, Davey JW, Martin S, Jiggins C, Nadeau N, Joron M, Llaurens V. How do predators generalize warning signals in simple and complex prey communities? Insights from a videogame. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20200014. [PMID: 32070260 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The persistence of distinct warning signals within and between sympatric mimetic communities is a puzzling evolutionary question because selection favours convergence of colour patterns among toxic species. Such convergence is partly shaped by predators' reaction to similar but not identical stimulus (i.e. generalization behaviour), and generalization by predators is likely to be shaped by the diversity of local prey. However, studying generalization behaviour is generally limited to simple variations of prey colour patterns. Here, we used a computer game played by humans as surrogate predators to investigate generalization behaviours in simple (4 morphs) and complex (10 morphs) communities of unprofitable (associated with a penalty) and profitable butterflies. Colour patterns used in the game are observed in the natural populations of unprofitable butterfly species such as Heliconius numata. Analyses of 449 game participants' behaviours show that players avoided unprofitable prey more readily in simple than in complex communities. However, generalization was observed only in players that faced complex communities, enhancing the protection of profitable prey that looked similar to at least one unprofitable morph. Additionally, similarity among unprofitable prey also reduced attack rates only in complex communities. These results are consistent with previous studies using avian predators but artificial colour patterns and suggest that mimicry is more likely to evolve in complex communities where increases in similarity are more likely to be advantageous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Arias
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles CP 50, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France.,Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175 CNRS-Université de Montpellier, École Pratique des Hautes Études, Université Paul Valéry, 34293 Montpellier 5, France
| | - John W Davey
- Bioscience Technology Facility, Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York YO10 5DD, UK.,Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Simon Martin
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Chris Jiggins
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Nicola Nadeau
- Molecular Ecology Lab, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Mathieu Joron
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175 CNRS-Université de Montpellier, École Pratique des Hautes Études, Université Paul Valéry, 34293 Montpellier 5, France
| | - Violaine Llaurens
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles CP 50, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
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Mérot C, Llaurens V, Normandeau E, Bernatchez L, Wellenreuther M. Balancing selection via life-history trade-offs maintains an inversion polymorphism in a seaweed fly. Nat Commun 2020; 11:670. [PMID: 32015341 PMCID: PMC6997199 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14479-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
How natural diversity is maintained is an evolutionary puzzle. Genetic variation can be eroded by drift and directional selection but some polymorphisms persist for long time periods, implicating a role for balancing selection. Here, we investigate the maintenance of a chromosomal inversion polymorphism in the seaweed fly Coelopa frigida. Using experimental evolution and quantifying fitness, we show that the inversion underlies a life-history trade-off, whereby each haplotype has opposing effects on larval survival and adult reproduction. Numerical simulations confirm that such antagonistic pleiotropy can maintain polymorphism. Our results also highlight the importance of sex-specific effects, dominance and environmental heterogeneity, whose interaction enhances the maintenance of polymorphism through antagonistic pleiotropy. Overall, our findings directly demonstrate how overdominance and sexual antagonism can emerge from a life-history trade-off, inviting reconsideration of antagonistic pleiotropy as a key part of multi-headed balancing selection processes that enable the persistence of genetic variation. Few studies empirically pinpoint how balanced polymorphisms are maintained. “Mérot et al”. identify an inversion polymorphism that is maintained in seaweed fly populations because of antagonistic pleiotropy that mediates a classic life history tradeoff between larval survival and adult reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Mérot
- Département de biologie, Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, 1030 Avenue de la Médecine, G1V 0A6, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Violaine Llaurens
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution et Biodiversité (UMR 7205 CNRS/MNHN/SU/EPHE), Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CP50, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Eric Normandeau
- Département de biologie, Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, 1030 Avenue de la Médecine, G1V 0A6, Quebec, Canada
| | - Louis Bernatchez
- Département de biologie, Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, 1030 Avenue de la Médecine, G1V 0A6, Quebec, Canada
| | - Maren Wellenreuther
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, PO Box 5114, Port Nelson, Nelson, 7043, New Zealand.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, 5 Symonds St, 1010, Auckland, New Zealand
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Saenko SV, Chouteau M, Piron-Prunier F, Blugeon C, Joron M, Llaurens V. Unravelling the genes forming the wing pattern supergene in the polymorphic butterfly Heliconius numata. EvoDevo 2019; 10:16. [PMID: 31406559 PMCID: PMC6686539 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-019-0129-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Unravelling the genetic basis of polymorphic characters is central to our understanding of the origins and diversification of living organisms. Recently, supergenes have been implicated in a wide range of complex polymorphisms, from adaptive colouration in butterflies and fish to reproductive strategies in birds and plants. The concept of a supergene is now a hot topic in biology, and identification of its functional elements is needed to shed light on the evolution of highly divergent adaptive traits. Here, we apply different gene expression analyses to study the supergene P that controls polymorphism of mimetic wing colour patterns in the neotropical butterfly Heliconius numata. Results We performed de novo transcriptome assembly and differential expression analyses using high-throughput Illumina RNA sequencing on developing wing discs of different H. numata morphs. Within the P interval, 30 and 17 of the 191 transcripts were expressed differentially in prepupae and day-1 pupae, respectively. Among these is the gene cortex, known to play a role in wing pattern formation in Heliconius and other Lepidoptera. Our in situ hybridization experiments confirmed the relationship between cortex expression and adult wing patterns. Conclusions This study found the majority of genes in the P interval to be expressed in the developing wing discs during the critical stages of colour pattern formation, and detect drastic changes in expression patterns in multiple genes associated with structural variants. The patterns of expression of cortex only partially recapitulate the variation in adult phenotype, suggesting that the remaining phenotypic variation could be controlled by other genes within the P interval. Although functional studies on cortex are now needed to determine its exact developmental role, our results are in accordance with the classical supergene hypothesis, whereby several genes inherited together due to tight linkage control a major developmental switch. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13227-019-0129-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne V Saenko
- 1Institut de Systématique, Evolution et Biodiversité, UMR 7205 (CNRS, MNHN, Sorbonne Université, EPHE), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle CP50, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Chouteau
- 2Laboratoire Ecologie, Evolution, Interactions Des Systèmes Amazoniens (LEEISA), USR 3456, CNRS Guyane, Université De Guyane, 275 route de Montabo, 97334 Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Florence Piron-Prunier
- 1Institut de Systématique, Evolution et Biodiversité, UMR 7205 (CNRS, MNHN, Sorbonne Université, EPHE), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle CP50, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Corinne Blugeon
- Genomic Facility, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole normale superieure (IBENS), École normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Université Paris, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Joron
- 4Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175 CNRS-Université de Montpellier, École Pratique des Hautes Études, Université Paul Valéry, 34293 Montpellier 5, France
| | - Violaine Llaurens
- 1Institut de Systématique, Evolution et Biodiversité, UMR 7205 (CNRS, MNHN, Sorbonne Université, EPHE), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle CP50, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
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Le Roy C, Debat V, Llaurens V. Adaptive evolution of butterfly wing shape: from morphology to behaviour. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:1261-1281. [PMID: 30793489 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Butterflies display extreme variation in wing shape associated with tremendous ecological diversity. Disentangling the role of neutral versus adaptive processes in wing shape diversification remains a challenge for evolutionary biologists. Ascertaining how natural selection influences wing shape evolution requires both functional studies linking morphology to flight performance, and ecological investigations linking performance in the wild with fitness. However, direct links between morphological variation and fitness have rarely been established. The functional morphology of butterfly flight has been investigated but selective forces acting on flight behaviour and associated wing shape have received less attention. Here, we attempt to estimate the ecological relevance of morpho-functional links established through biomechanical studies in order to understand the evolution of butterfly wing morphology. We survey the evidence for natural and sexual selection driving wing shape evolution in butterflies, and discuss how our functional knowledge may allow identification of the selective forces involved, at both the macro- and micro-evolutionary scales. Our review shows that although correlations between wing shape variation and ecological factors have been established at the macro-evolutionary level, the underlying selective pressures often remain unclear. We identify the need to investigate flight behaviour in relevant ecological contexts to detect variation in fitness-related traits. Identifying the selective regime then should guide experimental studies towards the relevant estimates of flight performance. Habitat, predators and sex-specific behaviours are likely to be major selective forces acting on wing shape evolution in butterflies. Some striking cases of morphological divergence driven by contrasting ecology involve both wing and body morphology, indicating that their interactions should be included in future studies investigating co-evolution between morphology and flight behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Le Roy
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, 57 rue Cuvier CP50, 75005, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 12 rue de l'École de Médecine, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Debat
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, 57 rue Cuvier CP50, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Violaine Llaurens
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, 57 rue Cuvier CP50, 75005, Paris, France
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Le Roy C, Cornette R, Llaurens V, Debat V. Effects of natural wing damage on flight performance in Morpho butterflies: what can it tell us about wing shape evolution? J Exp Biol 2019; 222:jeb.204057. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.204057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Flying insects frequently experience wing damage during their life. Such irreversible alterations of wing shape affect flight performance and ultimately fitness. Insects have been shown to compensate for wing damage through various behavioural adjustments, but the importance of damage location over the wings has been scarcely studied. Using natural variation in wing damage, here we tested how the loss of different wing parts affect flight performance. We quantified flight performance in two species of large butterflies, Morpho helenor and M. achilles, caught in the wild, and displaying large variation in the extent and location of wing damage. We artificially generated more severe wing damage in our sample to contrast natural vs. higher magnitude of wing loss. Wing shape alteration across our sample was quantified using geometric morphometrics to test the effect of different damage distributions on flight performance. Our results show that impaired flight performance clearly depends on damage location over the wings, pointing out a relative importance of different wing parts for flight. Deteriorated forewings leading edge most crucially affected flight performance, specifically decreasing flight speed and proportion of gliding flight. In contrast, most frequent natural damage such as scattered wing margin had no detectable effect on flight behaviour. Damages located on the hindwings – although having a limited effect on flight – were associated with reduced flight height, suggesting that fore- and hindwings play different roles in butterfly flight. By contrasting harmless and deleterious consequences of various types of wing damage, our study points at different selective regimes acting on morphological variations of butterfly wings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Le Roy
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, CP50, 75005, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 12 rue de l’École de Médecine, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Raphaël Cornette
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, CP50, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Violaine Llaurens
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, CP50, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Debat
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, CP50, 75005, Paris, France
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Smadi C, Leman H, Llaurens V. Looking for the right mate in diploid species: How does genetic dominance affect the spatial differentiation of a sexual trait? J Theor Biol 2018; 447:154-170. [PMID: 29577932 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2018.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Divergence between populations for a given trait can be driven by sexual selection, interacting with migration behaviour. Mating preference for different phenotypes may lead to specific migration behaviour, with departures from populations where the preferred trait is rare. Such preferences can then trigger the emergence and persistence of differentiated populations, even without any local adaptation. However the genetic architecture underlying the trait targeted by mating preference may have a profound impact on population divergence. In particular, dominance between alleles encoding for divergent phenotypes can interfere with the differentiation process. Using a diploid model of a trait determining both mating success and migration rate, we explored differentiation between two connected populations, assuming either co-dominance or strict dominance between alleles. The model assumes that individuals prefer mating with partners displaying the same phenotype and therefore tend to move to the other population when their own phenotype is rare. We show that the emergence of differentiated populations in this diploid moded is limited as compared to results obtained with the same model assuming haploidy. When assuming co-dominance, differentiation arises only when migration is limited compared to the strength of the preference. Such differentiation is less dependent on migration when assuming strict dominance between haplotypes. Dominant alleles frequently invade populations because their phenotype is more frequently expressed, resulting in higher local mating success and a rapid decrease in migration. However, depending on the initial distribution of alleles, this advantage associated with dominance (i.e. Haldane's sieve) may lead to fixation of the dominant allele throughout both populations. Depending on the initial distribution of heterozygotes in the two populations, persistence of polymorphisms within populations can also occur because heterozygotes displaying the predominant phenotype benefit from high mating success. Altogether, our results highlight that heterozygotes' behaviour has a strong impact on population differentiation and highlight the need for diploid models of differentiation and speciation driven by sexual selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charline Smadi
- IRSTEA UR LISC, Laboratoire d'ingénierie pour les Systèmes Complexes, 9 avenue Blaise-Pascal CS 20085, Aubière 63178, France; Complex Systems Institute of Paris Île-de-France, 113 rue Nationale, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Leman
- CIMAT, De Jalisco S-N, Valenciana, Guanajuato, Gto. 36240, Mexico
| | - Violaine Llaurens
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution et Biodiversité, CNRS/MNHN/Sorbonne Université/EPHE, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CP50, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France.
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Llaurens V, Whibley A, Joron M. Genetic architecture and balancing selection: the life and death of differentiated variants. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:2430-2448. [PMID: 28173627 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Balancing selection describes any form of natural selection, which results in the persistence of multiple variants of a trait at intermediate frequencies within populations. By offering up a snapshot of multiple co-occurring functional variants and their interactions, systems under balancing selection can reveal the evolutionary mechanisms favouring the emergence and persistence of adaptive variation in natural populations. We here focus on the mechanisms by which several functional variants for a given trait can arise, a process typically requiring multiple epistatic mutations. We highlight how balancing selection can favour specific features in the genetic architecture and review the evolutionary and molecular mechanisms shaping this architecture. First, balancing selection affects the number of loci underlying differentiated traits and their respective effects. Control by one or few loci favours the persistence of differentiated functional variants by limiting intergenic recombination, or its impact, and may sometimes lead to the evolution of supergenes. Chromosomal rearrangements, particularly inversions, preventing adaptive combinations from being dissociated are increasingly being noted as features of such systems. Similarly, due to the frequency of heterozygotes maintained by balancing selection, dominance may be a key property of adaptive variants. High heterozygosity and limited recombination also influence associated genetic load, as linked recessive deleterious mutations may be sheltered. The capture of deleterious elements in a locus under balancing selection may reinforce polymorphism by further promoting heterozygotes. Finally, according to recent genomewide scans, balanced polymorphism might be more pervasive than generally thought. We stress the need for both functional and ecological studies to characterize the evolutionary mechanisms operating in these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violaine Llaurens
- Institut de Systématique Evolution et Biodiversité (UMR 7205 CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle - CP50, 45 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Annabel Whibley
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Mathieu Joron
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (UMR 5175 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier, EPHE), 1919 route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, France
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Aubier TG, Elias M, Llaurens V, Chazot N. Mutualistic mimicry enhances species diversification through spatial segregation and extension of the ecological niche space. Evolution 2017; 71:826-844. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G. Aubier
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive; CEFE - UMR 5175 - CNRS, Université de Montpellier, EPHE, Université Paul Valéry; 1919 route de Mende, F-34293 Montpellier 5 France
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB - UMR 7205 - CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle; Sorbonne Universités; 57 rue Cuvier, CP50 F-75005 Paris France
| | - Marianne Elias
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB - UMR 7205 - CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle; Sorbonne Universités; 57 rue Cuvier, CP50 F-75005 Paris France
| | - Violaine Llaurens
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB - UMR 7205 - CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle; Sorbonne Universités; 57 rue Cuvier, CP50 F-75005 Paris France
| | - Nicolas Chazot
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB - UMR 7205 - CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle; Sorbonne Universités; 57 rue Cuvier, CP50 F-75005 Paris France
- Department of Biology; Lund University; Lund Sweden
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Arias M, le Poul Y, Chouteau M, Boisseau R, Rosser N, Théry M, Llaurens V. Crossing fitness valleys: empirical estimation of a fitness landscape associated with polymorphic mimicry. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 283:rspb.2016.0391. [PMID: 27122560 PMCID: PMC4855388 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.0391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterizing fitness landscapes associated with polymorphic adaptive traits enables investigation of mechanisms allowing transitions between fitness peaks. Here, we explore how natural selection can promote genetic mechanisms preventing heterozygous phenotypes from falling into non-adaptive valleys. Polymorphic mimicry is an ideal system to investigate such fitness landscapes, because the direction of selection acting on complex mimetic colour patterns can be predicted by the local mimetic community composition. Using more than 5000 artificial butterflies displaying colour patterns exhibited by the polymorphic Müllerian mimic Heliconius numata, we directly tested the role of wild predators in shaping fitness landscapes. We compared predation rates on mimetic phenotypes (homozygotes at the supergene controlling colour pattern), intermediate phenotypes (heterozygotes), exotic morphs (absent from the local community) and palatable cryptic phenotypes. Exotic morphs were significantly more attacked than local morphs, highlighting predators' discriminatory capacities. Overall, intermediates were attacked twice as much as local homozygotes, suggesting the existence of deep fitness valleys promoting strict dominance and reduced recombination between supergene alleles. By including information on predators' colour perception, we also showed that protection on intermediates strongly depends on their phenotypic similarity to homozygous phenotypes and that ridges exist between similar phenotypes, which may facilitate divergence in colour patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Arias
- Institut Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, UMR 7205 MNHN-CNRS-EPHE-UPMC- Sorbonne universités, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Bâtiment d'entomologie, CP050, 57, rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France UMR CNRS 7179, CNRS-MNHN MECADEV, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 1, avenue du petit château, 91800 Brunoy, France
| | - Yann le Poul
- Institut Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, UMR 7205 MNHN-CNRS-EPHE-UPMC- Sorbonne universités, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Bâtiment d'entomologie, CP050, 57, rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Chouteau
- Institut Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, UMR 7205 MNHN-CNRS-EPHE-UPMC- Sorbonne universités, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Bâtiment d'entomologie, CP050, 57, rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Romain Boisseau
- Institut Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, UMR 7205 MNHN-CNRS-EPHE-UPMC- Sorbonne universités, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Bâtiment d'entomologie, CP050, 57, rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France Département de Biologie, Ecole Normale supérieure, 75 005 Paris, France
| | - Neil Rosser
- Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Marc Théry
- UMR CNRS 7179, CNRS-MNHN MECADEV, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 1, avenue du petit château, 91800 Brunoy, France
| | - Violaine Llaurens
- Institut Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, UMR 7205 MNHN-CNRS-EPHE-UPMC- Sorbonne universités, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Bâtiment d'entomologie, CP050, 57, rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
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Arias M, Meichanetzoglou A, Elias M, Rosser N, de-Silva DL, Nay B, Llaurens V. Variation in cyanogenic compounds concentration within a Heliconius butterfly community: does mimicry explain everything? BMC Evol Biol 2016; 16:272. [PMID: 27978820 PMCID: PMC5160018 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-016-0843-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aposematic species advertise their unpalatability using warning signals such as striking coloration. Given that predators need to sample aposematic prey to learn that they are unprofitable, prey with similar warning signals share the cost of predator learning. This reduction in predation risk drives evolutionary convergence of warning signals among chemically defended prey (Müllerian mimicry). Whether such warning signal convergence is associated to similar defence levels among co-mimics is still an open question that has rarely been tested in wild populations. We quantified variation in cyanide-based (CN) chemical protection in wild caught individuals of eight aposematic Heliconius butterfly species belonging to four sympatric mimicry rings. We then tested for correlations between chemical protection and ecological species-specific traits. Results We report significant differences in CN concentrations both within and between sympatric species, even when accounting for the phylogeny, and within and between mimicry rings, even after considering inter-specific variation. We found significant correlations between CN concentration and both hostplant specialization and gregarious behaviour in adults and larvae. However, differences in CN concentrations were not significantly linked to mimicry ring abundance, although the two most toxic species did belong to the rarest mimicry ring. Conclusions Our results suggest that mimicry can explain the variation in the levels of chemical defence to a certain extent, although other ecological factors are also relevant to the evolution of such variability. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-016-0843-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Arias
- Institut Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, UMR 7205 MNHN-CNRS-EPHE-UPMC- Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Bâtiment d'entomologie, CP050, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Aimilia Meichanetzoglou
- Institut Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, UMR 7205 MNHN-CNRS-EPHE-UPMC- Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Bâtiment d'entomologie, CP050, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France.,Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, UMR 7245 MNHN-CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle and CNRS, 57 rue Cuvier, CP 54, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Marianne Elias
- Institut Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, UMR 7205 MNHN-CNRS-EPHE-UPMC- Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Bâtiment d'entomologie, CP050, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Neil Rosser
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Donna Lisa de-Silva
- Institut Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, UMR 7205 MNHN-CNRS-EPHE-UPMC- Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Bâtiment d'entomologie, CP050, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Bastien Nay
- Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, UMR 7245 MNHN-CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle and CNRS, 57 rue Cuvier, CP 54, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Violaine Llaurens
- Institut Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, UMR 7205 MNHN-CNRS-EPHE-UPMC- Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Bâtiment d'entomologie, CP050, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France
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Nadeau NJ, Pardo-Diaz C, Whibley A, Supple MA, Saenko SV, Wallbank RWR, Wu GC, Maroja L, Ferguson L, Hanly JJ, Hines H, Salazar C, Merrill RM, Dowling AJ, ffrench-Constant RH, Llaurens V, Joron M, McMillan WO, Jiggins CD. The gene cortex controls mimicry and crypsis in butterflies and moths. Nature 2016; 534:106-10. [PMID: 27251285 PMCID: PMC5094491 DOI: 10.1038/nature17961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The wing patterns of butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera) are diverse and striking examples of evolutionary diversification by natural selection1,2. Lepidopteran wing colour patterns are a key innovation, consisting of arrays of coloured scales. We still lack a general understanding of how these patterns are controlled and if there is any commonality across the 160,000 moth and 17,000 butterfly species. Here, we identify a gene, cortex, through fine-scale mapping using population genomics and gene expression analyses, which regulates pattern switches in multiple species across the mimetic radiation in Heliconius butterflies. cortex belongs to a fast evolving subfamily of the otherwise highly conserved fizzy family of cell cycle regulators3, suggesting that it most likely regulates pigmentation patterning through regulation of scale cell development. In parallel with findings in the peppered moth (Biston betularia)4, our results suggest that this mechanism is common within Lepidoptera and that cortex has become a major target for natural selection acting on colour and pattern variation in this group of insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J Nadeau
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN UK.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 0843-00153, Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Carolina Pardo-Diaz
- Biology Program, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Universidad del Rosario, Cra. 24 No 63C-69, Bogotá D.C., 111221, Colombia
| | - Annabel Whibley
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution et Biodiversité (UMR 7205 CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Sorbonne Université), Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CP50, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France.,Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Megan A Supple
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 0843-00153, Panamá, República de Panamá,Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, 134 Linnaeus Way, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Suzanne V Saenko
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution et Biodiversité (UMR 7205 CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Sorbonne Université), Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CP50, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Richard W R Wallbank
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 0843-00153, Panamá, República de Panamá,Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Grace C Wu
- Energy and Resources Group, University of California at Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Luana Maroja
- Department of Biology, Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts 01267, USA
| | - Laura Ferguson
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Joseph J Hanly
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 0843-00153, Panamá, República de Panamá,Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Heather Hines
- Penn State University, 517 Mueller, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Camilo Salazar
- Biology Program, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Universidad del Rosario, Cra. 24 No 63C-69, Bogotá D.C., 111221, Colombia
| | - Richard M Merrill
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 0843-00153, Panamá, República de Panamá,Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Andrea J Dowling
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter in Cornwall, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | | | - Violaine Llaurens
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution et Biodiversité (UMR 7205 CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Sorbonne Université), Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CP50, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Joron
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution et Biodiversité (UMR 7205 CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Sorbonne Université), Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CP50, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France.,Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE, UMR 5175 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, EPHE), 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - W Owen McMillan
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 0843-00153, Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Chris D Jiggins
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 0843-00153, Panamá, República de Panamá,Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK
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Piron Prunier F, Chouteau M, Whibley A, Joron M, Llaurens V. Selection of Valid Reference Genes for Reverse Transcription Quantitative PCR Analysis in Heliconius numata (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). J Insect Sci 2016; 16:iew034. [PMID: 27271971 PMCID: PMC4896466 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iew034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Identifying the genetic basis of adaptive variation is challenging in non-model organisms and quantitative real time PCR. is a useful tool for validating predictions regarding the expression of candidate genes. However, comparing expression levels in different conditions requires rigorous experimental design and statistical analyses. Here, we focused on the neotropical passion-vine butterflies Heliconius, non-model species studied in evolutionary biology for their adaptive variation in wing color patterns involved in mimicry and in the signaling of their toxicity to predators. We aimed at selecting stable reference genes to be used for normalization of gene expression data in RT-qPCR analyses from developing wing discs according to the minimal guidelines described in Minimum Information for publication of Quantitative Real-Time PCR Experiments (MIQE). To design internal RT-qPCR controls, we studied the stability of expression of nine candidate reference genes (actin, annexin, eF1α, FK506BP, PolyABP, PolyUBQ, RpL3, RPS3A, and tubulin) at two developmental stages (prepupal and pupal) using three widely used programs (GeNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper). Results showed that, despite differences in statistical methods, genes RpL3, eF1α, polyABP, and annexin were stably expressed in wing discs in late larval and pupal stages of Heliconius numata This combination of genes may be used as a reference for a reliable study of differential expression in wings for instance for genes involved in important phenotypic variation, such as wing color pattern variation. Through this example, we provide general useful technical recommendations as well as relevant statistical strategies for evolutionary biologists aiming to identify candidate-genes involved adaptive variation in non-model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Piron Prunier
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB - UMR 7205, CNRS - Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle - UPMC - EPHE, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France, Corresponding author, e-mail: , and Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul Valéry Montpellier - EPHE, Montpellier 5, France Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB - UMR 7205, CNRS - Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle - UPMC - EPHE, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France, Corresponding author, e-mail: , and Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul Valéry Montpellier - EPHE, Montpellier 5, France
| | - Mathieu Chouteau
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB - UMR 7205, CNRS - Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle - UPMC - EPHE, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France, Corresponding author, e-mail: , and Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul Valéry Montpellier - EPHE, Montpellier 5, France Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB - UMR 7205, CNRS - Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle - UPMC - EPHE, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France, Corresponding author, e-mail: , and Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul Valéry Montpellier - EPHE, Montpellier 5, France
| | - Annabel Whibley
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB - UMR 7205, CNRS - Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle - UPMC - EPHE, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France, Corresponding author, e-mail: , and Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul Valéry Montpellier - EPHE, Montpellier 5, France
| | - Mathieu Joron
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB - UMR 7205, CNRS - Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle - UPMC - EPHE, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France, Corresponding author, e-mail: , and Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul Valéry Montpellier - EPHE, Montpellier 5, France Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB - UMR 7205, CNRS - Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle - UPMC - EPHE, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France, Corresponding author, e-mail: , and Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul Valéry Montpellier - EPHE, Montpellier 5, France
| | - Violaine Llaurens
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB - UMR 7205, CNRS - Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle - UPMC - EPHE, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France, Corresponding author, e-mail: , and Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul Valéry Montpellier - EPHE, Montpellier 5, France
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Llaurens V, Joron M, Billiard S. Molecular mechanisms of dominance evolution in Müllerian mimicry. Evolution 2015; 69:3097-108. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Llaurens
- Institut de Systématique Evolution et Biodiversité, UMR7205, CNRS, EPHE, UPMC; Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle; Bâtiment d'entomologie, CP50, 45 rue Buffon 75005 Paris France
| | - M. Joron
- Institut de Systématique Evolution et Biodiversité, UMR7205, CNRS, EPHE, UPMC; Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle; Bâtiment d'entomologie, CP50, 45 rue Buffon 75005 Paris France
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive; UMR 5175, CNRS-Universite de Montpellier-Universite Paul Valery Montpellier - EPHE; 1919 Route de Mende 34293 Montpellier Cedex 05 France
| | - S. Billiard
- Unité Evo-Eco-Paléo; UMR CNRS 8198, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille 1; Bâtiment SN2 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex France
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38
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Merrill RM, Dasmahapatra KK, Davey JW, Dell'Aglio DD, Hanly JJ, Huber B, Jiggins CD, Joron M, Kozak KM, Llaurens V, Martin SH, Montgomery SH, Morris J, Nadeau NJ, Pinharanda AL, Rosser N, Thompson MJ, Vanjari S, Wallbank RWR, Yu Q. The diversification of Heliconius butterflies: what have we learned in 150 years? J Evol Biol 2015; 28:1417-38. [PMID: 26079599 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Research into Heliconius butterflies has made a significant contribution to evolutionary biology. Here, we review our understanding of the diversification of these butterflies, covering recent advances and a vast foundation of earlier work. Whereas no single group of organisms can be sufficient for understanding life's diversity, after years of intensive study, research into Heliconius has addressed a wide variety of evolutionary questions. We first discuss evidence for widespread gene flow between Heliconius species and what this reveals about the nature of species. We then address the evolution and diversity of warning patterns, both as the target of selection and with respect to their underlying genetic basis. The identification of major genes involved in mimetic shifts, and homology at these loci between distantly related taxa, has revealed a surprising predictability in the genetic basis of evolution. In the final sections, we consider the evolution of warning patterns, and Heliconius diversity more generally, within a broader context of ecological and sexual selection. We consider how different traits and modes of selection can interact and influence the evolution of reproductive isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Merrill
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
| | | | - J W Davey
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - D D Dell'Aglio
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - J J Hanly
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - B Huber
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK.,Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB - UMR 7205 - CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - C D Jiggins
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
| | - M Joron
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama.,Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB - UMR 7205 - CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France.,Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE, Montpellier 5, France
| | - K M Kozak
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - V Llaurens
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB - UMR 7205 - CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - S H Martin
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - S H Montgomery
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | - J Morris
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
| | - N J Nadeau
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - A L Pinharanda
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - N Rosser
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
| | - M J Thompson
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - S Vanjari
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - R W R Wallbank
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Q Yu
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Shapingba District, Chongqing, China
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Llaurens V, Joron M, Théry M. Cryptic differences in colour among Müllerian mimics: how can the visual capacities of predators and prey shape the evolution of wing colours? J Evol Biol 2014; 27:531-40. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Llaurens
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution et Biodiversité; Département systématique et evolution; UMR 7205; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle; Bâtiment d'entomologie; Paris France
| | - M. Joron
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution et Biodiversité; Département systématique et evolution; UMR 7205; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle; Bâtiment d'entomologie; Paris France
| | - M. Théry
- Laboratoire Mécanismes Adaptatifs: des Organismes aux Communautés; Département d'Ecologie et Gestion de la Biodiversité; UMR 7179; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle; Brunoy France
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40
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Llaurens V, McMullan M, van Oosterhout C. Cryptic MHC Polymorphism Revealed but Not Explained by Selection on the Class IIB Peptide-Binding Region. Mol Biol Evol 2012; 29:1631-44. [DOI: 10.1093/molbev/mss012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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Faurie C, Llaurens V, Alvergne A, Goldberg M, Zins M, Raymond M. Left-handedness and male-male competition: insights from fighting and hormonal data. Evol Psychol 2011; 9:354-70. [PMID: 22947980 PMCID: PMC10481021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Male-male competition can shape some behavioral or morphological traits of males. Here we investigate if this competition could play a role in the persistence of the polymorphism of handedness in human populations. A negative frequency-dependent selection mechanism has been hypothesized, based on the fact that left-handed men may benefit from a "surprise" advantage during fighting interactions because they are rare in human populations. This advantage may thereby enhance the probability of survival of left- handed men and/or their reproductive success through an increase in social status. In this study, we first explored the association between hand preference and lifetime fighting behavior in a population of 1,161 French men. No effect of hand preference on the probability of fighting was detected, suggesting that the innate propensity to fight does not differ between left- and right-handers. However, among men who had been involved in at least one fight during their lifetime, left-handers reported significantly more fights than right-handers. To explore the biological basis of this behavior, we also investigated the testosterone concentration in saliva samples from 64 French university students. Consistent with frequencies of fights, we found a significantly higher average testosterone concentration in left-handers than in right-handers. We suggest that these behavioral and hormonal differences may be acquired throughout life due to previous experiences in a social context and may favor the persistence of left-handers in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Faurie
- CNRS, Institute of Evolutionary Sciences, Université de Montpellier 2, Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Violaine Llaurens
- CNRS, Institute of Evolutionary Sciences, Université de Montpellier 2, Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Alexandra Alvergne
- Human Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Anthropology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marcel Goldberg
- INSERM Unit 687 –IFR 69, Hôpital National de Saint-Maurice, Saint-Maurice cedex, France
| | - Marie Zins
- INSERM Unit 687 –IFR 69, Hôpital National de Saint-Maurice, Saint-Maurice cedex, France
| | - Michel Raymond
- CNRS, Institute of Evolutionary Sciences, Université de Montpellier 2, Montpellier cedex 5, France
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Faurie C, Llaurens V, Alvergne A, Goldberg M, Zins M, Raymond M. Left-Handedness and Male-Male Competition: Insights from Fighting and Hormonal Data. Evol Psychol 2011. [DOI: 10.1177/147470491100900307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Male-male competition can shape some behavioral or morphological traits of males. Here we investigate if this competition could play a role in the persistence of the polymorphism of handedness in human populations. A negative frequency-dependent selection mechanism has been hypothesized, based on the fact that left-handed men may benefit from a “surprise” advantage during fighting interactions because they are rare in human populations. This advantage may thereby enhance the probability of survival of left-handed men and/or their reproductive success through an increase in social status. In this study, we first explored the association between hand preference and lifetime fighting behavior in a population of 1,161 French men. No effect of hand preference on the probability of fighting was detected, suggesting that the innate propensity to fight does not differ between left- and right-handers. However, among men who had been involved in at least one fight during their lifetime, left-handers reported significantly more fights than right-handers. To explore the biological basis of this behavior, we also investigated the testosterone concentration in saliva samples from 64 French university students. Consistent with frequencies of fights, we found a significantly higher average testosterone concentration in left-handers than in right-handers. We suggest that these behavioral and hormonal differences may be acquired throughout life due to previous experiences in a social context and may favor the persistence of left-handers in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Faurie
- CNRS, Institute of Evolutionary Sciences, Université de Montpellier 2, Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Violaine Llaurens
- CNRS, Institute of Evolutionary Sciences, Université de Montpellier 2, Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Alexandra Alvergne
- Human Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Anthropology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marcel Goldberg
- INSERM Unit 687 –IFR 69, Hôpital National de Saint-Maurice, Saint-Maurice cedex, France
| | - Marie Zins
- INSERM Unit 687 –IFR 69, Hôpital National de Saint-Maurice, Saint-Maurice cedex, France
| | - Michel Raymond
- CNRS, Institute of Evolutionary Sciences, Université de Montpellier 2, Montpellier cedex 5, France
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Llaurens V, Billiard S, Castric V, Vekemans X. EVOLUTION OF DOMINANCE IN SPOROPHYTIC SELF-INCOMPATIBILITY SYSTEMS: I. GENETIC LOAD AND COEVOLUTION OF LEVELS OF DOMINANCE IN POLLEN AND PISTIL. Evolution 2009; 63:2427-37. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00709.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Ritual fights are widespread across human populations. However, the evolutionary advantage associated with this behaviour is unclear because these fights rarely provide direct benefits such as territory, resources or mates. Here, the reproductive success of men competing in a traditional ritual fight, Sereer wrestling, was investigated for the first time. Involvement in wrestling had a significant positive effect on men's number of offspring and a marginally significant effect on polygyny, controlling for age, body condition and socio-economic status. These positive effects suggest that being involved in wrestling competition provides prestige, facilitating access to mates and thereby increasing fecundity. However, when women were interviewed on their preference concerning qualities of potential mates, the quality 'being involved in wrestling competition' was poorly ranked. This discrepancy may arise either from deceptive reports or from discordance between parents and daughters in the choice of a husband.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Llaurens
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, Université Montpellier II, Montpellier, France.
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Abstract
Since prehistoric times, left-handed individuals have been ubiquitous in human populations, exhibiting geographical frequency variations. Evolutionary explanations have been proposed for the persistence of the handedness polymorphism. Left-handedness could be favoured by negative frequency-dependent selection. Data have suggested that left-handedness, as the rare hand preference, could represent an important strategic advantage in fighting interactions. However, the fact that left-handedness occurs at a low frequency indicates that some evolutionary costs could be associated with left-handedness. Overall, the evolutionary dynamics of this polymorphism are not fully understood. Here, we review the abundant literature available regarding the possible mechanisms and consequences of left-handedness. We point out that hand preference is heritable, and report how hand preference is influenced by genetic, hormonal, developmental and cultural factors. We review the available information on potential fitness costs and benefits acting as selective forces on the proportion of left-handers. Thus, evolutionary perspectives on the persistence of this polymorphism in humans are gathered for the first time, highlighting the necessity for an assessment of fitness differences between right- and left-handers.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Llaurens
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR CNRS 5554), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
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