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Zurita AJ, Khajavi M, Wu HK, Tye L, Huang X, Kulke MH, Lenz HJ, Meropol NJ, Carley W, DePrimo SE, Lin E, Wang X, Harmon CS, Heymach JV. Circulating cytokines and monocyte subpopulations as biomarkers of outcome and biological activity in sunitinib-treated patients with advanced neuroendocrine tumours. Br J Cancer 2015; 112:1199-205. [PMID: 25756398 PMCID: PMC4385961 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2015.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sunitinib is approved worldwide for treatment of advanced pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (pNET), but no validated markers exist to predict response. This analysis explored biomarkers associated with sunitinib activity and clinical benefit in patients with pNET and carcinoid tumours in a phase II study. METHODS Plasma was assessed for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, soluble VEGF receptor (sVEGFR)-2, sVEGFR-3, interleukin (IL)-8 (n=105), and stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1α (n=28). Pre-treatment levels were compared between tumour types and correlated with response, progression-free (PFS), and overall survival (OS). Changes in circulating myelomonocytic and endothelial cells were also analysed. RESULTS Stromal cell-derived factor-1α and sVEGFR-2 levels were higher in pNET than in carcinoid (P=0.003 and 0.041, respectively). High (above-median) baseline SDF-1α was associated with worse PFS, OS, and response in pNET, and high sVEGFR-2 with longer OS (P⩽0.05). For carcinoid, high IL-8, sVEGFR-3, and SDF-1α were associated with shorter PFS and OS, and high IL-8 and SDF-1α with worse response (P⩽0.05). Among circulating cell types, monocytes showed the largest on-treatment decrease, particularly CD14+ monocytes co-expressing VEGFR-1 or CXCR4. CONCLUSIONS Interleukin-8, sVEGFR-3, and SDF-1α were identified as predictors of sunitinib clinical outcome. Putative pro-tumorigenic CXCR4+ and VEGFR-1+ monocytes represent novel candidate markers and biologically relevant targets explaining the activity of sunitinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Zurita
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 1374 Houston, TX, USA
| | - M Khajavi
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 1374 Houston, TX, USA
| | - H-K Wu
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 1374 Houston, TX, USA
| | - L Tye
- Pfizer Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - X Huang
- Pfizer Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - M H Kulke
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - H-J Lenz
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - N J Meropol
- University Hospitals Case Medical Center Seidman Cancer Center, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | | | - E Lin
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 1374 Houston, TX, USA
| | - X Wang
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 1374 Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - J V Heymach
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 1374 Houston, TX, USA
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Zurita AJ, Heymach J, Khajavi M, Tye L, Huang X, Kulke M, Lenz H, Meropol NJ, Carley W, DePrimo SE, Harmon CS. Circulating protein and cellular biomarkers of sunitinib in patients with advanced neuroendocrine tumors. J Clin Oncol 2011. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2011.29.15_suppl.4079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Im E, Pitts TM, Kulikowski G, Tan A, Tentler JJ, Murray B, Carley W, Smeal T, Guo C, Eckhardt SG. Contribution of the epithelial-mesenchymal (EMT) phenotype to the sensitivity of colorectal cancer cell lines to the p21-activated kinase inhibitor, PF-3758309. J Clin Oncol 2011. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2011.29.4_suppl.438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
438 Background: Increased expression of p21–activated kinase (PAK) family proteins has been observed in a range of malignancies including those of breast, ovarian, colorectal (CRC), and pancreatic origin. PAK (PAK 1-6) proteins are critical mediators of cell proliferation, motility, transcription, and translation. In initial studies, we demonstrated that the PAK4 inhibitor, PF-3758309, exhibited robust single agent efficacy against selected CRC cell lines, with IC50s of less than 0.015 uM, whereas some cell lines were relatively resistant to the agent, with IC50s of greater than 1 uM. In subsequent gene array analyses, CRC cell lines sensitive or resistant to PF-3758309 exhibited overexpression of core genes associated with a mesenchymal or epithelial phenotype, respectively. Thus, the goal of this study was to assess the functional consequences of altering the expression of EMT-associated genes and to seek rational combination partners in CRC. Methods: CRC cell lines that were sensitive to PF-3758309 (IC50=0.015 uM) were transfected with selected short hairpin- (sh)RNAs or micro-(mi)RNAs that are known to regulate EMT. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR and immunoblotting were performed to confirm target knockdown. The transfected cell lines were then exposed to increasing concentrations of PF-3758309 to determine the functional role of these genes in conferring responsiveness to PF-3758309. Results: Sensitive CRC cell lines were transfected with shRNAs to Zeb1, vimentin, and caldesmon, genes that are associated with a mesenchymal phenotype. Interestingly, when the cell lines were exposed to increasing concentrations of PF- 3758309 they demonstrated a ′right shift′ towards a more resistant phenotype. Likewise, transfection with miRNA 200c, a known suppressor of Zeb1, resulted in a similar shift towards resistance. Conclusions: These data suggest that the EMT phenotype may play a functional role in determining CRC sensitivity to the PAK4 inhibitor PF-3758309, and in addition, a rational combination targeting the epithelial phenotype with epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors, may be warranted. [Table: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Im
- University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO; Pfizer, San Diego, CA
| | - T. M. Pitts
- University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO; Pfizer, San Diego, CA
| | - G. Kulikowski
- University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO; Pfizer, San Diego, CA
| | - A. Tan
- University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO; Pfizer, San Diego, CA
| | - J. J. Tentler
- University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO; Pfizer, San Diego, CA
| | - B. Murray
- University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO; Pfizer, San Diego, CA
| | - W. Carley
- University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO; Pfizer, San Diego, CA
| | - T. Smeal
- University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO; Pfizer, San Diego, CA
| | - C. Guo
- University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO; Pfizer, San Diego, CA
| | - S. G. Eckhardt
- University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO; Pfizer, San Diego, CA
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Keyvanjah K, Carley W. Correlations between efficacy and early changes in biomarkers in a metastatic breast cancer (mBC) clinical trial with sunitinib malate. J Clin Oncol 2010. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2010.28.15_suppl.1055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Funk JL, Wei H, Downey KJ, Yocum D, Benjamin JB, Carley W. Expression of PTHrP and its cognate receptor in the rheumatoid synovial microcirculation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 297:890-7. [PMID: 12359237 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)02263-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP), a multifunctional peptide that acts as a vasodilator as well as possible regulator of vascular development, is produced in increased amounts in the rheumatoid synovium. To understand whether PTHrP can contribute to the development and function of the rheumatoid microcirculation, studies were undertaken to identify and compare vascular sites of expression of PTHrP and its cognate receptor in the rheumatoid synovium and/or in cultured rheumatoid synovial endothelial cells. Endothelial cells, including apoptotic cells, as determined by TUNEL staining, were the primary site of vascular PTHrP expression in the rheumatoid synovium, a result confirmed in vitro in rheumatoid synovial microvascular endothelial cells. In contrast, the PTH/PTHrP receptor was primarily located in pericytes and smooth muscle cells within the vasculature. These results are consistent with a possible paracrine pathway for PTHrP action in the synovial microcirculation, wherein PTHrP peptides secreted by the synovial endothelium could act on surrounding PTH1R-positive pericytes and smooth muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Funk
- Department of Medicine, Arizona Health Sciences Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
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Carley W, Ligon G, Phan S, Dziuba J, Kelley K, Perry C, Gerritsen ME. Distinct ICAM-1 forms and expression pathways in synovial microvascular endothelial cells. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand) 1999; 45:79-88. [PMID: 10099842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Human synovial endothelial cell (HSE) intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) is upregulated maximally by synergy of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) and interferon gamma (IFN gamma). Such synergy is not as pronounced in human umbilical vein endothelium (HUVE). ICAM surface staining and ELISA detection reflected similar levels on HUVE and HSE cells, yet mRNA levels were much higher in HSE cells in response to TNF alpha/IFN gamma. To correlate protein and mRNA levels of ICAM-1, both cell types were permeabilized and stained with a monoclonal antibody against ICAM-1. HSE cells displayed a distinct vesicular cytoplasmic staining for ICAM while HUVE cells were devoid of such stained vesicles upon staining with the antibody. ICAM-1 immunostaining of HSE cytoplasmic vesicles appeared enhanced in cells treated with TNF alpha/IFN gamma and monensin, an endosomal processing inhibitor. Monensin inhibited HSE cell surface expression of ICAM-1 routinely up to 70%, while HUVE cell expression was unaffected. In addition, monensin also inhibited soluble ICAM-1 release from HSE cells while not effecting HUVE cells. Immunoprecipitation of ICAM-1 followed by gel electrophoresis indicated that HUVE and HSE cell ICAMs are expressed in cell-specific forms. These results define distinct forms and distinct secretory pathways for ICAM-1 in HSE cells and HUVE cells that indicate functional differences between these human endothelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Carley
- Bayer Research Center, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
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Abstract
Scatter factor (SF) is a fibroblast-derived cytokine which stimulates motility of epithelial and vascular endothelial cells. We used a quantitative assay based on migration of cells from microcarrier beads to flat surfaces to study the regulation of motility in bovine brain endothelial cells (BBEC). Peptide growth factors (EGF, ECGF, basic FGF) did not stimulate migration. Tumor promoting phorbol esters (PMA, PDD) markedly stimulated migration, while inactive phorbol esters (4a-PDD, phorbol-13,20-diacetate) did not affect migration. Both SF- and PMA-stimulated migration were inhibited by 1) TGF-beta; 2) protein kinase inhibitors (e.g., staurosporine, K-252a); 3) activators of the adenylate cyclase signaling pathway (e.g., dibutyryl cyclic AMP, theophylline); 4) cycloheximide; and 5) anti-cytoskeleton agents (e.g., cytochalasin B, colcemid). However, PMA and SF pathways were distinguishable: 1) PMA induced additional migration at saturating SF concentrations; 2) the onset of migration-stimulation was immediate for PMA and delayed for SF; and 3) down-modulation of protein kinase C (PKC) ablated PMA but not SF responsiveness. Assessment of PKC by (3H)-phorbol ester (PDBu) binding and by immunoblot showed 1) scatter factor does not cause significant redistribution or down-modulation of PDBu binding or alpha-PKC; and 2) PDBu mediates redistribution and down-modulation of both binding and alpha-PKC. These findings suggest two pathways for BBEC motility: a PKC-dependent pathway and an SF-stimulated/PKC-independent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Rosen
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
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Rosen EM, Grant D, Kleinman H, Jaken S, Donovan MA, Setter E, Luckett PM, Carley W, Bhargava M, Goldberg ID. Scatter factor stimulates migration of vascular endothelium and capillary-like tube formation. EXS 1991; 59:76-88. [PMID: 1833233 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-7494-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Scatter factors (SFs) are heat- and trypsin-sensitive cytokines secreted by fibroblastic and vascular smooth muscle cell lines which stimulate motility of normal epithelium, carcinoma cells, and vascular endothelium. Human and mouse SFs have been purified and identified as 90 kD heterodimeric proteins consisting of heavy (58 kD) and light (31 kD) disulfide-bonded subunits. Partial amino acid sequence data from SF-derived tryptic peptides indicate marked sequence homology with hepatocyte growth factors, suggesting a common multigene family. In this chapter we describe the regulation by SF of vascular endothelial cell chemotaxis and chemokinesis; migration from microcarrier beads to flat surfaces; invasion through porous filters coated with reconstituted basement membrane; secretion of plasminogen activator; and in vitro capillary-like tube formation on a basement membrane surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Rosen
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
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Abstract
Scatter factors (SFs) are mesenchymal cell-derived cytokines which stimulate epithelial motility. SF purified from ras-transformed 3T3 cell supernatants markedly stimulated vascular endothelial cell migration at less than 100 pM. Preliminary studies suggest endothelial lines with cobblestone (epithelioid) morphology respond to SF, while those lines with elongated cells do not respond. SFs may play roles in development and tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Rosen
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
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