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Carroll WE, Wollitzer AO, Harris L, Ling MC, Whitaker WL, Jackson RD. The significance of platelet counts in coagulation studies. J Med 2001; 32:83-96. [PMID: 11321890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, the platelet count recommended for coagulation studies has been less than 10 x 10(9)/L, but the documentation for this is obscure. In the present study, platelet rich plasma (PRPs) and platelet poor plasmas (PPPs) were prepared from the same blood specimen to determine prothrombin times (PTs), International Normalized Ratios (INRs), partial thromboplastin times (PTTs), and their results compared. The measurements of all three of these parameters are not statistically or clinically significant in 100 paired comparisons. Incremented platelet count studies, selected by the number of platelets in the PRPs, showed that platelet counts of at least 199 x 10(9)/L, or perhaps even higher, did not compromise the results of PTs, INRs or PTTs. Such increased platelet counts, however, cannot be tolerated in the various studies for antiphospholipid antibodies, the Lupus Anticoagulant (LAC), or when monitoring heparin therapy with PTTs. Here, the < 10 x 10(9)/L platelet levels must be respected; otherwise the tests would be compromised by platelet-liberated phospholipid (Triplett, Brand et al., 1983) or by Platelet Factor 4, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- W E Carroll
- Department of Pathology, Santa Barbara Cottage Hospital, Pueblo at Bath, P. O. Box 689, Santa Barbara, CA 93102, USA
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Carroll WE, Jackson RD. Modified anticoagulant therapy factor and international normalized ratio in patients in an unstable coagulation state with respect to warfarin therapy. Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol 2000; 105:262-70. [PMID: 10954130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
In our pilot study of 1997, an Anticoagulant Therapy Factor (ATF) was formulated, compared to the International Normalized Ratio (INR) and proposed to replace the INR. Statistically, replacement of the INR was reasonable; but many discrepancies occurred when the results of ATFs and INRs were compared for individual patients. The study was based on patients undergoing induction of warfarin anticoagulant therapy, so they were "unstable" with respect to warfarin. A 1998 follow-up study by Carroll and Jackson based on patients "stable" with respect to warfarin, having taken the drug for at least six weeks, was, therefore, undertaken. In this study, the ATF was modified to an MATF by both multiplying the ATF by the prothrombin ratio (PR) and adjusting the INR-ATF linear regression analysis line by analytic geometry, so that the slope was one and the line passed through the origin. These modifications achieved both statistical and individual patient concordance between INRs and ATFs. The purpose of the present paper is to apply the techniques of the 1998 study to the original 1997 pilot study to see if the reprocessed data on the "unstable" patients is, in fact, also concordant with respect to INRs and ATFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- W E Carroll
- Department of Pathology, Santa Barbara Cottage Hospital CA 93105, USA
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Carroll WE, Jackson RD, Carroll TA. Warfarin monitoring by an anticoagulant therapy factor (ATF). Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol 1998; 101:159-70. [PMID: 9821212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
In a pilot study (1997) using POTENS+, our coagulation instrument, we determined that: (a) an Anticoagulant Therapy Factor (ATF) was comparable to the International Normalized Ratio (INR) for monitoring warfarin anticoagulant therapy, (b) one could use any of the four thromboplastins with which the ATF was derived with comparable results, and (c) the ATF could be proposed to monitor warfarin therapy. The ATF-INR comparisons correlated well statistically; but when individual ATF-INR comparisons were later studied, there were frequent discrepancies. The pilot study (1997) was based on hospitalized patients, so almost all patients were undergoing induction of warfarin anticoagulation. Since none of them had taken warfarin for at least six weeks, none of them could be considered "stable" on warfarin. In the present study, all patients were on warfarin therapy for at least six weeks, and the ATF equation was modified by multiplying it by the prothrombin ratio (PR) to give a corrected ATF (CATF). This CATF was then further modified to achieve agreement with the INR by adjusting the linear regression line by means of analytic geometry, so that the CATF-INR regression line now had a slope of one and passed through the origin. With these changes, the modified ATFs (MATF) and INRs correlated well and were nearly equal numerically when using two of the four thromboplastins. Reason for the discrepancies with the other two thromboplastins will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- W E Carroll
- Department of Pathology, Santa Barbara Cottage Hospital, CA 93105, USA
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Carroll WE, Jackson RD. Warfarin monitoring independent of the international normalized ratio (INR): a pilot study. Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol 1997; 95:169-78. [PMID: 9090753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Warfarin monitoring is extended to include an anticoagulant therapy factor (ATF). ATF is shown, using four different thromboplastins (Tps), to be comparable with the International Normalized Ratio (INR) mathematically; but ATF is less cumbersome and does not have the INR's poor precision with up to 13.5% error. ATF is formulated from the prothrombin time (PT), fibrinogen transformation rate (FTR) (a representation of thrombin activity), and a consideration of the fibrinogen (FBG) content of blood plasma. Each of these three components is derived from the optical density (O.D.) changes during both the monitoring of the PT and the following FBG-fibrin conversion by a potentiophotometer (PTPH), a linear-reading spectrophotometric device. Comparison of the ATF with the INR shows correlation coefficients of 0.9474, 0.9248, 0.8116 and 0.8603 using the four respective Tps, and the difference against the mean for Bland-Altman plots averages only 0.2 units more for the ATF than the INR. The ATF is independent of the Tp used, and, although Tp affects the PTs, Tp essentially only initiates the tissue factor pathway (TFP) (extrinsic clotting system) to then obtain the PT. It has no rapid direct effect on thrombin activity. For these reasons, in ATF determination, the kind of Tp used is of no consequence. The ATF is independent of the INR, and numerically almost equal to it. The ATF is, therefore, proposed as a replacement for the INR.
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Affiliation(s)
- W E Carroll
- Department of Pathology, Santa Barbara Cottage Hospital, CA 93105, USA
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Carroll WE, Jackson RD. Prothrombin time: one tube or two. Am J Clin Pathol 1997; 107:133. [PMID: 8980381 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/107.1.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
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Carroll WE. Thromboplastins, heparin, and polybrene. Am J Clin Pathol 1996; 106:556. [PMID: 8853047 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/106.4.556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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Carroll WE, Jackson RD. Rapid fibrinogen determination with the prothrombin time using a potentiophotometer. Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol 1995; 89:67-76. [PMID: 7582863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The potentiophotometer (PTPH) is a spectrophotometric device that embodies the electrical, analog solution to Beer's Law. The output of the instrument gives, directly and simultaneously, the concentration of the substance being measured. The PTPH has been applied to the manual determination of fibrinogen (FBG) with the same thrombopalstin injection as the prothrombin time (PT). We have now semi-automated and computerized the PTPH to constitute the coagulation instrument named POTENS+. POTENS+ determines the FBG rapidly, within approximately three to twenty seconds after the PT. With POTENS+, precision, linearity and reference range will be given for its FBG method. The accuracy of POTENS+ will be assessed by comparing it with both automated FBG methods on the MLA Electra 1000C Coagulation Timer. Of these two methods, the automated Clauss method is used as the reference method.
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Affiliation(s)
- W E Carroll
- Department of Pathology, Santa Barbara Cottage Hospital, CA 93105, USA
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Carroll WE, Jackson RD, Herring DJ, Eichould AB, MacArthur BM. A semi-micro method for fibrinogen determination essentially unaffected by turbidity. Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol 1994; 86:118-24. [PMID: 7850250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A semi-micro method (BR BLUE) is presented using Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250 color reagent for the determination of fibrinogen on potentially turbid specimens. It is compared with the reference Clauss method using the automated MLA Electra 1000C Automatic Coagulation Timer and the semi-automated Mechrolab Clot Timer. Correlation is excellent (r = 0.97). The BR BLUE method is also seen to be reasonably precise and linear.
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Affiliation(s)
- W E Carroll
- Department of Pathology, Santa Barbara Cottage Hospital, CA 93105
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Carroll WE, Jackson RD, Wilcox AA. Applications of a new instrument, the potentiophotometer. Clin Chem 1978. [DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/24.1.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The Potentiophotometer is a new instrument for measuring the absorption characteristics of solutions. A brief description of its construction and theory of operation is presented, with illustrations of its use in the colorimetric quantitative analysis for inorganic phosphorus and total protein in serum. The potentiophotometric results correlate well (r = 0.97 to 0.98) with measurements made of the same solutions with either of two conventional spectrophotometers, the Gilford 300N and the Coleman Jr. II.
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Carroll WE, Jackson RD, Wilcox AA. Applications of a new instrument, the potentiophotometer. Clin Chem 1978; 24:92-4. [PMID: 618671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The Potentiophotometer is a new instrument for measuring the absorption characteristics of solutions. A brief description of its construction and theory of operation is presented, with illustrations of its use in the colorimetric quantitative analysis for inorganic phosphorus and total protein in serum. The potentiophotometric results correlate well (r = 0.97 to 0.98) with measurements made of the same solutions with either of two conventional spectrophotometers, the Gilford 300N and the Coleman Jr. II.
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Carroll WE, Jackson RD, Wilcox AA. Potentiophotometry. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 1976; 14:387-90. [PMID: 940968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The present derivation relates, in terms of analytical chemical photometry, the theory of operation of an extremely simple instrument which embodies both the electrical analog solution to Beer's Law of Spectrophotometry and the multiplication of this solution by a constant, such that the voltage reading of the instrument is identical to the concentration of the light absorbing substance being measured. Because the raw output of the instrument is both linear and proportionable, calibration of the instrument is accomplished by appropriately setting and positioning the potential difference between two known standard solutions. The determination of the concentration of an unknown solution is then the direct reading of the voltage it generates in the system. This approach to measurement is called Potentiophotometry, because it is based on potentials generated from light.
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Failing RM, Dickson DR, Carroll WE. A Modified Stage for Microscopes. Lab Med 1973. [DOI: 10.1093/labmed/4.2.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Wilcox AA, Carroll WE, Sterling RE, Davis HA, Ware AG. Use of the Berthelot reaction in the the automated analysis of serum urea nitrogen. Clin Chem 1966; 12:151-7. [PMID: 5904232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Dyer IA, Krider JL, Carroll WE. Known and Unidentified Factors Supplement a Corn-Soybean Meal Ration for Weanling Pigs in Drylot. J Anim Sci 1949. [DOI: 10.2527/jas1949.84541x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Krider JL, Becker DE, Carroll WE, Fairbanks BW. The Value of Dried Fermentation Solubles for Sows Fed in Drylot during Gestation and Lactation. J Anim Sci 1948. [DOI: 10.2527/jas1948.73332x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Krider JL, Becker DE, Carroll WE, Wallace HD. The Value of Sunflower-Seed Meal in Rations for Growing-Fattening Pigs. J Anim Sci 1947; 6:401-8. [DOI: 10.2527/jas1947.64401x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Krider JL, Fairbanks BW, Van Poucke RF, Becker DE, Carroll WE. Sardine Condensed Fish Solubles and Rye Pasture for Sows during Gestation and Lactation. J Anim Sci 1946. [DOI: 10.2527/jas1946.53256x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Krider JL, Fairbanks BW, Carroll WE, Roberts E. Effectiveness of Selecting for Rapid and for Slow Growth Rate in Hampshire Swine. J Anim Sci 1946. [DOI: 10.2527/jas1946.0513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Fairbanks BW, King TA, Gobble JL, Krider JL, Carroll WE. An Attempt to Improve a Concentrate Mixture Composed of Yellow Corn, Beef Meal, Soybean Meal and Alfalfa Meal for Weanling Pigs in Drylot. J Anim Sci 1944. [DOI: 10.2527/jas1944.33250x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Carroll WE, Burroughs W. An Attempt to Locate the Most Advantageous Percentage of Protein in the Ration of Growing-Fattening Pigs of Different Weights. J Anim Sci 1939. [DOI: 10.1093/ansci/1939.1.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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