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Shayka BF, Hesselbarth MHK, Schill SR, Currie WS, Allgeier JE. The natural capital of seagrass beds in the Caribbean: evaluating their ecosystem services and blue carbon trade potential. Biol Lett 2023; 19:20230075. [PMID: 37340807 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2023.0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Seagrass beds provide tremendous services to society, including the storage of carbon, with important implications for climate change mitigation. Prioritizing conservation of this valuable natural capital is of global significance, and including seagrass beds in global carbon markets through projects that minimize loss, increase area or restore degraded areas represents a mechanism towards this end. Using newly available Caribbean seagrass distribution data, we estimated carbon storage in the region and calculated economic valuations of total ecosystem services and carbon storage. We estimated the 88 170 km2 of seagrass in the Caribbean stores 1337.8 (360.5-2335.0, minimum and maximum estimates, respectively) Tg carbon. The value of these seagrass ecosystems in terms of total ecosystem services and carbon alone was estimated to be $255 billion yr-1 and $88.3 billion, respectively, highlighting their potential monetary importance for the region. Our results show that Caribbean seagrass beds are globally substantial pools of carbon, and our findings underscore the importance of such evaluation schemes to promote urgently needed conservation of these highly threatened and globally important ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget F Shayka
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | - Steven R Schill
- Caribbean Division, The Nature Conservancy, Coral Gables, FL 33134, USA
| | - William S Currie
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jacob E Allgeier
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Sharp SJ, Elgersma KJ, Martina JP, Currie WS. Hydrologic flushing rates drive nitrogen cycling and plant invasion in a freshwater coastal wetland model. Ecol Appl 2021; 31:e02233. [PMID: 33048393 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Coastal wetlands intercept significant amounts of nitrogen (N) from watersheds, especially when surrounding land cover is dominated by agriculture and urban development. Through plant uptake, soil immobilization, and denitrification, wetlands can remove excess N from flow-through water sources and mitigate eutrophication of connected aquatic ecosystems. Excess N can also change plant community composition in wetlands, including communities threatened by invasive species. Understanding how variable hydrology and N loading impact wetland N removal and community composition can help attain desired management outcomes, including optimizing N removal and/or preventing invasion by nonnatives. By using a dynamic, process-based ecosystem simulation model, we are able to simulate various levels of hydrology and N loading that would otherwise be difficult to manipulate. We investigate in silico the effects of hydroperiod, hydrologic residence time, N loading, and the NH4+ : NO3- ratio on both N removal and the invasion success of two nonnative species (Typha × glauca or Phragmites australis) in temperate freshwater coastal wetlands. We found that, when residence time increased, annual N removal increased up to 10-fold while longer hydroperiods also increased N removal, but only when residence time was >10 d and N loading was >30 g N·m-2 ·yr-1 . N removal efficiency also increased with increasing residence time and hydroperiod, but was less affected by N loading. However, longer hydrologic residence time increased vulnerability of wetlands to invasion by both invasive plants at low to medium N loading rates where native communities are typically more resistant to invasion. This suggests a potential trade-off between ecosystem services related to nitrogen removal and wetland invasibility. These results help elucidate complex interactions of community composition, N loading and hydrology on N removal, helping managers to prioritize N removal when N loading is high or controlling plant invasion in more vulnerable wetlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean J Sharp
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Kenneth J Elgersma
- Department of Biology, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, Iowa, 50614, USA
| | - Jason P Martina
- Department of Biology, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, 78666, USA
| | - William S Currie
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
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Haber LT, Fahey RT, Wales SB, Correa Pascuas N, Currie WS, Hardiman BS, Gough CM. Forest structure, diversity, and primary production in relation to disturbance severity. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:4419-4430. [PMID: 32489607 PMCID: PMC7246213 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Differential disturbance severity effects on forest vegetation structure, species diversity, and net primary production (NPP) have been long theorized and observed. Here, we examined these factors concurrently to explore the potential for a mechanistic pathway linking disturbance severity, changes in light environment, leaf functional response, and wood NPP in a temperate hardwood forest.Using a suite of measurements spanning an experimental gradient of tree mortality, we evaluated the direction and magnitude of change in vegetation structural and diversity indexes in relation to wood NPP. Informed by prior observations, we hypothesized that forest structural and species diversity changes and wood NPP would exhibit either a linear, unimodal, or threshold response in relation to disturbance severity. We expected increasing disturbance severity would progressively shift subcanopy light availability and leaf traits, thereby coupling structural and species diversity changes with primary production.Linear or unimodal changes in three of four vegetation structural indexes were observed across the gradient in disturbance severity. However, disturbance-related changes in vegetation structure were not consistently correlated with shifts in light environment, leaf traits, and wood NPP. Species diversity indexes did not change in response to rising disturbance severity.We conclude that, in our study system, the sensitivity of wood NPP to rising disturbance severity is generally tied to changing vegetation structure but not species diversity. Changes in vegetation structure are inconsistently coupled with light environment and leaf traits, resulting in mixed support for our hypothesized cascade linking disturbance severity to wood NPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa T. Haber
- Department of BiologyVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVAUSA
| | - Robert T. Fahey
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment & Center for Environmental Sciences and EngineeringUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsCTUSA
| | - Shea B. Wales
- Department of BiologyVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVAUSA
| | | | - William S. Currie
- School for Environment and SustainabilityUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Brady S. Hardiman
- Department of Forestry and Natural ResourcesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteINUSA
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Jenkins LK, Barry T, Bosse KR, Currie WS, Christensen T, Longan S, Shuchman RA, Tanzer D, Taylor JJ. Satellite-based decadal change assessments of pan-Arctic environments. Ambio 2020; 49:820-832. [PMID: 31686338 PMCID: PMC6989704 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-019-01249-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Remote sensing can advance the work of the Circumpolar Biodiversity Monitoring Program through monitoring of satellite-derived terrestrial and marine physical and ecological variables. Standardized data facilitate an unbiased comparison across variables and environments. Using MODIS standard products of land surface temperature, percent snow covered area, NDVI, EVI, phenology, burned area, marine chlorophyll, CDOM, sea surface temperature, and marine primary productivity, significant trends were observed in almost all variables between 2000 and 2017. Analysis of seasonal data revealed significant breakpoints in temporal trends. Within the terrestrial environment, data showed significant increasing trends in land surface temperature and NDVI. In the marine environment, significant increasing trends were detected in primary productivity. Significantly earlier onset of green up date was observed in bioclimate subzones C&E and longer end of growing season in B&E. Terrestrial and marine parameters showed similar rates of change with unidirectional change in terrestrial and significant directional and magnitude shifts in marine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza K. Jenkins
- Michigan Tech Research Institute (MTRI), Michigan Technological University, 3600 Green Court, Suite 100, Ann Arbor, MI USA
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, 440 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Tom Barry
- Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF), Borgir, Nordurslod, 600 Akureyri, Iceland
- University of Iceland, Environment and Natural Resources, Haskolatorg Sæmundargata 4, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Karl R. Bosse
- Michigan Tech Research Institute (MTRI), Michigan Technological University, 3600 Green Court, Suite 100, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - William S. Currie
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, 440 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Tom Christensen
- Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Sara Longan
- North Slope Science Initiative (NSSI), 222 West Seventh Avenue #13, Anchorage, AK 99513 USA
- Alaska Department of Natural Resources, 555 West 7th Ave, Anchorage, AK 99513 USA
| | - Robert A. Shuchman
- Michigan Tech Research Institute (MTRI), Michigan Technological University, 3600 Green Court, Suite 100, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Danielle Tanzer
- Michigan Tech Research Institute (MTRI), Michigan Technological University, 3600 Green Court, Suite 100, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Jason J. Taylor
- National Park Service, 240 West 5th Avenue, Anchorage, AK 99501 USA
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Martina JP, Currie WS, Goldberg DE, Elgersma KJ. Nitrogen loading leads to increased carbon accretion in both invaded and uninvaded coastal wetlands. Ecosphere 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jason P. Martina
- School of Natural Resources and Environment University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan 48109 USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan 48109 USA
| | - William S. Currie
- School of Natural Resources and Environment University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan 48109 USA
| | - Deborah E. Goldberg
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan 48109 USA
| | - Kenneth J. Elgersma
- Department of Biology University of Northern Iowa Cedar Falls Iowa 50614 USA
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Currie WS, Kiger S, Nassauer JI, Hutchins M, Marshall LL, Brown DG, Riolo RL, Robinson DT, Hart SK. Multi-scale heterogeneity in vegetation and soil carbon in exurban residential land of southeastern Michigan, USA. Ecol Appl 2016; 26:1421-1436. [PMID: 27755762 DOI: 10.1890/15-0817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Exurban residential land (one housing unit per 0.2-16.2 ha) is growing in importance as a human-dominated land use. Carbon storage in the soils and vegetation of exurban land is poorly known, as are the effects on C storage of choices made by developers and residents. We studied C storage in exurban yards in southeastern Michigan, USA, across a range of parcel sizes and different types of neighborhoods. We divided each residential parcel into ecological zones (EZ) characterized by vegetation, soil, and human behavior such as mowing, irrigation, and raking. We found a heterogeneous mixture of trees and shrubs, turfgrasses, mulched gardens, old-field vegetation, and impervious surfaces. The most extensive zone type was turfgrass with sparse woody vegetation (mean 26% of parcel area), followed by dense woody vegetation (mean 21% of parcel area). Areas of turfgrass with sparse woody vegetation had trees in larger size classes (> 50 cm dbh) than did areas of dense woody vegetation. Using aerial photointerpretation, we scaled up C storage to neighborhoods. Varying C storage by neighborhood type resulted from differences in impervious area (8-26% of parcel area) and area of dense woody vegetation (11-28%). Averaged and multiplied across areas in differing neighborhood types, exurban residential land contained 5240 ± 865 g C/m2 in vegetation, highly sensitive to large trees, and 13 800 ± 1290 g C/m2 in soils (based on a combined sampling and modeling approach). These contents are greater than for agricultural land in the region, but lower than for mature forest stands. Compared with mature forests, exurban land contained more shrubs and less downed woody debris and it had similar tree size-class distributions up to 40 cm dbh but far fewer trees in larger size classes. If the trees continue to grow, exurban residential land could sequester additional C for decades. Patterns and processes of C storage in exurban residential land were driven by land management practices that affect soil and vegetation, reflecting the choices of designers, developers, and residents. This study provides an example of human-mediated C storage in a coupled human-natural system.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S Currie
- School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Sarah Kiger
- School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Joan I Nassauer
- School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Meghan Hutchins
- School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Lauren L Marshall
- School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Daniel G Brown
- School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Rick L Riolo
- Center for the Study of Complex Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Derek T Robinson
- Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Stephanie K Hart
- School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
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Currie WS, Goldberg DE, Martina J, Wildova R, Farrer E, Elgersma KJ. Emergence of nutrient-cycling feedbacks related to plant size and invasion success in a wetland community–ecosystem model. Ecol Modell 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2014.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Templer PH, Mack MC, Chapin FS, Christenson LM, Compton JE, Crook HD, Currie WS, Curtis CJ, Dail DB, D'Antonio CM, Emmett BA, Epstein HE, Goodale CL, Gundersen P, Hobbie SE, Holland K, Hooper DU, Hungate BA, Lamontagne S, Nadelhoffer KJ, Osenberg CW, Perakis SS, Schleppi P, Schimel J, Schmidt IK, Sommerkorn M, Spoelstra J, Tietema A, Wessel WW, Zak DR. Sinks for nitrogen inputs in terrestrial ecosystems: a meta-analysis of 15N tracer field studies. Ecology 2012; 93:1816-29. [PMID: 22928411 DOI: 10.1890/11-1146.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Effects of anthropogenic nitrogen (N) deposition and the ability of terrestrial ecosystems to store carbon (C) depend in part on the amount of N retained in the system and its partitioning among plant and soil pools. We conducted a meta-analysis of studies at 48 sites across four continents that used enriched 15N isotope tracers in order to synthesize information about total ecosystem N retention (i.e., total ecosystem 15N recovery in plant and soil pools) across natural systems and N partitioning among ecosystem pools. The greatest recoveries of ecosystem 15N tracer occurred in shrublands (mean, 89.5%) and wetlands (84.8%) followed by forests (74.9%) and grasslands (51.8%). In the short term (< 1 week after 15N tracer application), total ecosystem 15N recovery was negatively correlated with fine-root and soil 15N natural abundance, and organic soil C and N concentration but was positively correlated with mean annual temperature and mineral soil C:N. In the longer term (3-18 months after 15N tracer application), total ecosystem 15N retention was negatively correlated with foliar natural-abundance 15N but was positively correlated with mineral soil C and N concentration and C:N, showing that plant and soil natural-abundance 15N and soil C:N are good indicators of total ecosystem N retention. Foliar N concentration was not significantly related to ecosystem 15N tracer recovery, suggesting that plant N status is not a good predictor of total ecosystem N retention. Because the largest ecosystem sinks for 15N tracer were below ground in forests, shrublands, and grasslands, we conclude that growth enhancement and potential for increased C storage in aboveground biomass from atmospheric N deposition is likely to be modest in these ecosystems. Total ecosystem 15N recovery decreased with N fertilization, with an apparent threshold fertilization rate of 46 kg N x ha(-1) x yr(-1) above which most ecosystems showed net losses of applied 15N tracer in response to N fertilizer addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Templer
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
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Whittinghill KA, Currie WS, Zak DR, Burton AJ, Pregitzer KS. Anthropogenic N Deposition Increases Soil C Storage by Decreasing the Extent of Litter Decay: Analysis of Field Observations with an Ecosystem Model. Ecosystems 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-012-9521-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Abstract
The ecosystem has served as a central organizational concept in ecology for nearly a half century and continues to evolve. As a level in the biotic hierarchy, ecosystems are often viewed as ecological communities integrated with their abiotic environments. This has always been imperfect because of a mismatch of scales between communities and ecosystem processes as they are made operational for field study. Complexity theory has long been forecasted to provide a renewed foundation for ecosystem theory but has been slow to do so. Partly this has arisen from a difficulty in translating theoretical tenets into operational terms for testing in field studies. Ecosystem science has become an important applied science for studying global change and human environmental impacts. Vigorous and important directions in the study of ecosystems today include a growing focus on human-dominated landscapes and development of the concept of ecosystem services for human resource supply and well-being. Today, terrestrial ecosystems are viewed less as well-defined entities or as a level in the biotic hierarchy. Instead, ecosystem processes are being increasingly viewed as the elements in a hierarchy. These occur alongside landscape processes and socioeconomic processes, which combine to form coupled social-ecological systems across a range of scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S Currie
- School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan, 440 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Simmons JA, Currie WS, Eshleman KN, Kuers K, Monteleone S, Negley TL, Pohlad BR, Thomas CL. Forest to reclaimed mine land use change leads to altered ecosystem structure and function. Ecol Appl 2008; 18:104-118. [PMID: 18372559 DOI: 10.1890/07-1117.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The United States' use of coal results in many environmental alterations. In the Appalachian coal belt region, one widespread alteration is conversion of forest to reclaimed mineland. The goal of this study was to quantify the changes to ecosystem structure and function associated with a conversion from forest to reclaimed mine grassland by comparing a small watershed containing a 15-year-old reclaimed mine with a forested, reference watershed in western Maryland. Major differences were apparent between the two watersheds in terms of biogeochemistry. Total C, N, and P pools were all substantially lower at the mined site, mainly due to the removal of woody biomass but also, in the case of P, to reductions in soil pools. Mineral soil C, N, and P pools were 96%, 79%, and 69% of native soils, respectively. Although annual runoff from the watersheds was similar, the mined watershed exhibited taller, narrower storm peaks as a result of a higher soil bulk density and decreased infiltration rates. Stream export of N was much lower in the mined watershed due to lower net nitrification rates and nitrate concentrations in soil. However, stream export of sediment and P and summer stream temperature were much higher. Stream leaf decomposition was reduced and macroinvertebrate community structure was altered as a result of these changes to the stream environment. This land use change leads to substantial, long-term changes in ecosystem capital and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Simmons
- Science Department, Mount St. Mary's University, 16300 Old Emmitsburg Road, Emmitsburg, Maryland 21727, USA.
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Parton W, Silver WL, Burke IC, Grassens L, Harmon ME, Currie WS, King JY, Adair EC, Brandt LA, Hart SC, Fasth B. Global-Scale Similarities in Nitrogen Release Patterns During Long-Term Decomposition. Science 2007; 315:361-4. [PMID: 17234944 DOI: 10.1126/science.1134853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 400] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Litter decomposition provides the primary source of mineral nitrogen (N) for biological activity in most terrestrial ecosystems. A 10-year decomposition experiment in 21 sites from seven biomes found that net N release from leaf litter is dominantly driven by the initial tissue N concentration and mass remaining regardless of climate, edaphic conditions, or biota. Arid grasslands exposed to high ultraviolet radiation were an exception, where net N release was insensitive to initial N. Roots released N linearly with decomposition and exhibited little net N immobilization. We suggest that fundamental constraints on decomposer physiologies lead to predictable global-scale patterns in net N release during decomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Parton
- Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, 200 West Lake, Campus Mail 1499, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1499, USA
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Currie WS, Nadelhoffer KJ. The Imprint of Land-use History: Patterns of Carbon and Nitrogen in Downed Woody Debris at the Harvard Forest. Ecosystems 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-002-1153-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Currie WS, Nadelhoffer KJ. Original Articles: Dynamic Redistribution of Isotopically Labeled Cohorts of Nitrogen Inputs in Two Temperate Forests. Ecosystems 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/s100219900054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Currie WS. Fundamentals of soil ecology. Trends Ecol Evol 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0169-5347(96)81145-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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