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Sailaukhanuly Y, Azat S, Kunarbekova M, Tovassarov A, Toshtay K, Tauanov Z, Carlsen L, Berndtsson R. Health Risk Assessment of Nitrate in Drinking Water with Potential Source Identification: A Case Study in Almaty, Kazakhstan. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 21:55. [PMID: 38248520 PMCID: PMC10815420 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Infant mortality in Kazakhstan is six times higher compared with the EU. There are several reasons for this, but a partial reason might be that less than 30% of Kazakhstan's population has access to safe water and sanitation and more than 57% uses polluted groundwater from wells that do not comply with international standards. For example, nitrate pollution in surface and groundwater continues to increase due to intensified agriculture and the discharge of untreated wastewater, causing concerns regarding environmental and human health. For this reason, drinking water samples were collected from the water supply distribution network in eight districts of Almaty, Kazakhstan, and water quality constituents, including nitrate, were analyzed. In several districts, the nitrate concentration was above the WHO and Kazakhstan's maximum permissible limits for drinking water. The spatial distribution of high nitrate concentration in drinking water was shown to be strongly correlated with areas that are supplied with groundwater, whereas areas with lower nitrate levels are supplied with surface water sources. Based on source identification, it was shown that groundwater is likely polluted by mainly domestic wastewater. The health risk for infants, children, teenagers, and adults was assessed based on chronic daily intake, and the hazard quotient (HQ) of nitrate intake from drinking water was determined. The non-carcinogenic risks increased in the following manner: adult < teenager < child < infant. For infants and children, the HQ was greater than the acceptable level and higher than that of other age groups, thus pointing to infants and children as the most vulnerable age group due to drinking water intake in the study area. Different water management options are suggested to improve the health situation of the population now drinking nitrate-polluted groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yerbolat Sailaukhanuly
- Laboratory of Engineering Profile, Satbayev University, 22a Satpaev Str., Almaty 050013, Kazakhstan; (S.A.); (M.K.)
- Central Asian Institute for Ecological Research, 300/26 Dostyk Ave., Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan;
| | - Seitkhan Azat
- Laboratory of Engineering Profile, Satbayev University, 22a Satpaev Str., Almaty 050013, Kazakhstan; (S.A.); (M.K.)
| | - Makhabbat Kunarbekova
- Laboratory of Engineering Profile, Satbayev University, 22a Satpaev Str., Almaty 050013, Kazakhstan; (S.A.); (M.K.)
| | - Adylkhan Tovassarov
- Central Asian Institute for Ecological Research, 300/26 Dostyk Ave., Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan;
| | - Kainaubek Toshtay
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 71 Al-Farabi Ave., Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan; (K.T.); (Z.T.)
| | - Zhandos Tauanov
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 71 Al-Farabi Ave., Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan; (K.T.); (Z.T.)
| | - Lars Carlsen
- Awareness Center, Linkøpingvej 35, Trekroner, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark;
| | - Ronny Berndtsson
- Division of Water Resources Engineering & Centre for Advanced Middle Eastern Studies, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
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Sailaukhanuly Y, Popova A, Mansur T, Bexeitova K, Azat S, Toshtay K, Tovassarov A, Tasmagambetova A. Preliminary Study and Assessment of Drinking Water from Almaty, Kazakhstan. Eurasian Chem -Technol J 2022. [DOI: 10.18321/ectj1478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Drinking water samples from eight districts of Almaty, Kazakhstan was collected and physical and chemical analysis of the samples was carried out. Quality indicators of drinking water, such as organoleptic characteristics of water (smell, taste, color, and turbidity), general characteristics (pH, total hardness, permanganate demand, and dry residue), inorganic substances (cations and anions) and contaminants (heavy metals and total petroleum hydrocarbons) were determined, except pesticide residues which will be analyzed for further analysis with a wide range of pollutants. According to all indicators obtained for all districts of Almaty, the anthropogenic impact on drinking water in Almaty districts is assessed as low, not exceeding the permissible maximum allowable concentrations (MAC) values, and drinking water in Almaty corresponds to the approved standards and rules for drinking water of Kazakhstan. Despite of the fact that studied pollutants are below their MAC values, they still pose threat to public health due to their accumulative properties. The study of drinking water in the districts of Almaty made it possible to assess the ecological state in the studied districts of Almaty, as well as to propose recommendations for improving the quality of drinking water in areas where water quality indicators are closer to their MAC values.
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Sailaukhanuly Y, Carlsen L, Tulegenov A, Nurzhanova A, Kenessov B, Kamysbayev D. Distribution and risk assessment of selected organochlorine pesticides in Kyzyl Kairat village from Kazakhstan. Environ Monit Assess 2016; 188:358. [PMID: 27194234 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5353-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of selected organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), i.e., 4,4'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p,p'-DDT), its metabolites (p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDD), and hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), have been determined in 100 soil samples collected from a contaminated site centered around a former storehouse in the Kyzyl Kairat village, Almaty region, Kazakhstan, which constitutes an exemplary case example. The OCPs were observed in all analyzed soil samples, with predominance of α-HCH, p,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDE, and p,p'-DDT. Total concentrations ranged from 1.38 to 11,100 μg kg(-1) with an average value of 1040 μg kg(-1) for DDT and its metabolites and 0.1 to 438 μg kg(-1) with an average value of 24 μg kg(-1) for HCHs. The observed concentrations of the OCPs were found to be in agreement with previous studies and are rationalized in terms of the possible degradation pathways of DDTs and HCHs. Spatial distribution patterns of OCPs are elucidated by contour maps. Observed concentrations of the OCPs were used to evaluate the cancer risk to humans via ingestion, dermal contact, and inhalation of soil particles. The cancer risk mainly occurs from ingestion, whereas dermal exposure contributes to a minor extent to the total cancer risk. The risk associated with inhalation was found to be negligible. The total cancer risk for the studied OCPs were found to be p,p'-DDT ˃ p,p'-DDE ˃ p,p'-DDD ˃ α-HCH ˃ β-HCH ˃ γ-HCH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yerbolat Sailaukhanuly
- Center of Physical Chemical Methods of Research and Analysis, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 96a Tole bi str., 050012, Almaty, Kazakhstan.
| | - Lars Carlsen
- Center of Physical Chemical Methods of Research and Analysis, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 96a Tole bi str., 050012, Almaty, Kazakhstan
- Awareness Center, Linkøpingvej 35, Trekroner DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Akyl Tulegenov
- Center of Physical Chemical Methods of Research and Analysis, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 96a Tole bi str., 050012, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Asil Nurzhanova
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, 45 Timiryazev str., 050040, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Bulat Kenessov
- Center of Physical Chemical Methods of Research and Analysis, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 96a Tole bi str., 050012, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Duisek Kamysbayev
- Center of Physical Chemical Methods of Research and Analysis, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 96a Tole bi str., 050012, Almaty, Kazakhstan
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Sailaukhanuly Y, Sárossy Z, Carlsen L, Egsgaard H. Mechanistic aspects of the nucleophilic substitution of pectin. On the formation of chloromethane. Chemosphere 2014; 111:575-579. [PMID: 24997968 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Chloromethane, accounting for approximately 16% of the tropospheric chlorine, is mainly coming from natural sources. However anthropogenic activities, such as combustion of biomass may contribute significantly as well. The present study focuses on the thermal solid state reaction between pectin, an important constituent of biomass, and chloride ions as found in alkali metal chlorides. The formation of chloromethane is evident with the amount formed being linear with respect to chloride if pectin is in great excess. Thus the reaction is explained as a pseudo first order SN2 reaction between the chloride ion and the methyl ester moiety in pectin. It is suggested that the polymeric nature of pectin plays an active role by an enhanced transport of halides along the carbohydrate chain. Optimal reaction temperature is around 210°C. At higher temperatures the yield of chloromethane decreases due to a thermal decomposition of the pectin. The possible influence of the type of cation is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yerbolat Sailaukhanuly
- Center of Physical Chemical Methods of Research and Analysis, al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 96a Tole bi st, 050012 Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Zsuzsa Sárossy
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lars Carlsen
- Awareness Center, Linkøpingvej 35, Trekroner, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Helge Egsgaard
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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Sailaukhanuly Y, Amutova F, Kenessov B, Nurseitova M. Optimization of sample preparation for sensitive determination of DDT metabolites in food by gas chromatography – mass spectrometry. KazNU Chem Bull 2014. [DOI: 10.15328/chemb_2014_235-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Sailaukhanuly Y, Bokareva А, Kazbekova А. Optimization of determination method of food preservatives sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate in milk and beverages by high performance liquid chromatogrphy. KazNU Chem Bull 2013. [DOI: 10.15328/chemb_2013_4111-117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Sailaukhanuly Y, Kenessov B, Carlsen L, Kamysbayev D. SPME GC/MS determination of organochlorine pesticides in water samples. KazNU Chem Bull 2013. [DOI: 10.15328/chemb_2013_19-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Sailaukhanuly Y, Zhakupbekova A, Amutova F, Carlsen L. On the ranking of chemicals based on their PBT characteristics: comparison of different ranking methodologies using selected POPs as an illustrative example. Chemosphere 2013; 90:112-117. [PMID: 22955049 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of the environmental behavior of chemicals is a fundamental part of the risk assessment process. The present paper discusses various methods of ranking of a series of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) according to the persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity (PBT) characteristics. Traditionally ranking has been done as an absolute (total) ranking applying various multicriteria data analysis methods like simple additive ranking (SAR) or various utility functions (UFs) based rankings. An attractive alternative to these ranking methodologies appears to be partial order ranking (POR). The present paper compares different ranking methods like SAR, UF and POR. Significant discrepancies between the rankings are noted and it is concluded that partial order ranking, as a method without any pre-assumptions concerning possible relation between the single parameters, appears as the most attractive ranking methodology. In addition to the initial ranking partial order methodology offers a wide variety of analytical tools to elucidate the interplay between the objects to be ranked and the ranking parameters. In the present study is included an analysis of the relative importance of the single P, B and T parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yerbolat Sailaukhanuly
- Center of Physical Chemical Methods of Research and Analysis, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 050012 Almaty, Kazakhstan
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Kenessov B, Alimzhanova M, Sailaukhanuly Y, Baimatova N, Abilev M, Batyrbekova S, Carlsen L, Tulegenov A, Nauryzbayev M. Transformation products of 1,1-dimethylhydrazine and their distribution in soils of fall places of rocket carriers in Central Kazakhstan. Sci Total Environ 2012; 427-428:78-85. [PMID: 22554529 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Revised: 03/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In our research, three fall places of first stages of Proton rockets have been studied for the presence and distribution of transformation products of 1,1-dimethylhydrazine (1,1-DMH). Results of identification of transformation products of 1,1-DMH in real soil samples polluted due to rocket fuel spills allowed to detect 18 earlier unknown metabolites of 1,1-DMH being formed only under field conditions. According to the results of quantitative analyses, maximum concentrations of 1-methyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole made up 57.3, 44.9 and 13.3 mg kg(-1), of 1-ethyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole - 5.45, 3.66 and 0.66 mg kg(-1), of 1,3-dimethyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole - 24.0, 17.8 and 4.9 mg kg(-1) in fall places 1, 2 and 3, respectively. 4-Methyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole was detected only in fall places 2 and 3 where its maximum concentrations made up 4.2 and 0.66 mg kg(-1), respectively. The pollution of soils with transformation products of 1,1-DMH was only detected in epicenters of fall places having a diameter of 8 to10 m where rocket boosters landed. The results of a detailed study of distribution of 1,1-DMH transformation products along the soil profile indicate that transformation products can migrate down to the depth of 120 cm, The highest concentrations of 1,1-DMH transformation products were detected, as a rule, at the depth 20 to 60 cm. However, this index can vary depending on the compound, humidity and physical properties of soil, landscape features and other conditions. In the surface layer, as a rule, only semi-volatile products of transformation were detected which was caused by fast evaporation and biodegradation of volatile metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bulat Kenessov
- Center of Physical Chemical Methods of Research and Analysis, al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 96A Tole Bi st., Almaty, 050012, Kazakhstan.
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