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Stires H, LaMori J, Chow W, Zalewski Z, Vidulich A, Avina M, Sloan C, Hughes R, Hardy H. Weight Gain and Related Comorbidities Following Antiretroviral Initiation in the 2000s: A Systematic Literature Review. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2021; 37:834-841. [PMID: 34541891 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2020.0216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapies (ARTs) benefit millions with human immunodeficiency virus. However, concerns about subsequent weight gain and related metabolic complications have emerged. Early ARTs are associated with adipose tissue changes. While newer ARTs may have fewer adipose alterations, it is unclear whether they lead to increased weight gain. A systematic literature review was performed to describe current published literature describing the use of newer ARTs, weight gain, and related comorbidities. Titles and abstracts were screened, focusing on studies that examined ART initiation and subsequent weight gain; publications were then ranked based on publication type, methodology, and comorbidities, emphasizing US studies with large patient cohorts. This yielded a comprehensive review of the 50 publications on weight gain and a range of related comorbidities, including diabetes and hypertension. Most of the studies describing weight gain found the most significant gains during the first year after initiating ART. Overall, patients gained ∼5 kg 18-96 months after initiating ART. Many of the studies reported altered weight-related comorbidities, including increased risk of diabetes and hypertension. Despite an expectation that newer ARTs may be safer, a review of the literature suggests that contemporary ART use is associated with pronounced weight gain and related comorbidities. Future studies should define and quantify the direct role of newer ARTs in weight gain and related comorbidities, as well as clarify the role of specific drug classes in metabolic disturbance, to improve intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary Stires
- Avalere Health—An Inovalon Company, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Joyce LaMori
- Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey, USA
| | - Wing Chow
- Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey, USA
| | - Zachary Zalewski
- Avalere Health—An Inovalon Company, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Alisa Vidulich
- Avalere Health—An Inovalon Company, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Manuel Avina
- Avalere Health—An Inovalon Company, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Chris Sloan
- Avalere Health—An Inovalon Company, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Richard Hughes
- Avalere Health—An Inovalon Company, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Hélène Hardy
- Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey, USA
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Berman RF, Buijsen RA, Usdin K, Pintado E, Kooy F, Pretto D, Pessah IN, Nelson DL, Zalewski Z, Charlet-Bergeurand N, Willemsen R, Hukema RK. Mouse models of the fragile X premutation and fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome. J Neurodev Disord 2014; 6:25. [PMID: 25136376 PMCID: PMC4135345 DOI: 10.1186/1866-1955-6-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Carriers of the fragile X premutation (FPM) have CGG trinucleotide repeat expansions of between 55 and 200 in the 5'-UTR of FMR1, compared to a CGG repeat length of between 5 and 54 for the general population. Carriers were once thought to be without symptoms, but it is now recognized that they can develop a variety of early neurological symptoms as well as being at risk for developing the late onset neurodegenerative disorder fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS). Several mouse models have contributed to our understanding of FPM and FXTAS, and findings from studies using these models are summarized here. This review also discusses how this information is improving our understanding of the molecular and cellular abnormalities that contribute to neurobehavioral features seen in some FPM carriers and in patients with FXTAS. Mouse models show much of the pathology seen in FPM carriers and in individuals with FXTAS, including the presence of elevated levels of Fmr1 mRNA, decreased levels of fragile X mental retardation protein, and ubiquitin-positive intranuclear inclusions. Abnormalities in dendritic spine morphology in several brain regions are associated with neurocognitive deficits in spatial and temporal memory processes, impaired motor performance, and altered anxiety. In vitro studies have identified altered dendritic and synaptic architecture associated with abnormal Ca(2+) dynamics and electrical network activity. FPM mice have been particularly useful in understanding the roles of Fmr1 mRNA, fragile X mental retardation protein, and translation of a potentially toxic polyglycine peptide in pathology. Finally, the potential for using these and emerging mouse models for preclinical development of therapies to improve neurological function in FXTAS is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Berman
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Room 502C, UC Davis, 1515 Newton Court, Davis, CA 95618, USA
| | | | - Karen Usdin
- NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Frank Kooy
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Isaac N Pessah
- Department Molecular Biosciences, UC Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - David L Nelson
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zachary Zalewski
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Rob Willemsen
- Department Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Renate K Hukema
- Department Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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Zalewski Z. [Bioethics in pluralistic societies--what does it all mean?]. Folia Med Cracov 2000; 39:159-66. [PMID: 10816968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
The phrase "bioethics in pluralistic society" has recently become a common phrase. At the same time it has become so notoriously ambiguous that it is worth to ask about its various meanings in order to reveal different senses and non-senses hidden beneath it. The terms that compose this phrase have undergone critical analysis with particular emphasis put on the term "bioethics". The need for further development of bioethics as philosophical discipline, and not its various politically determined mutations, is stressed in concluding remarks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Zalewski
- Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Collegium Medicum, Zakład Filozofii i Bioetyki, Kraków
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Abstract
The presence of philosophy, amidst other humanities, within the body of medical education seems to raise no doubt nowadays. There are, however, some questions of a general nature to be discussed regarding the aforementioned fact. Three of them are of the greatest importance: (1) What image of medicine prevails in modern Western societies? (2) What ideals of medical professionals are commonly shared in these societies? (3) What is the intellectual background of the students of medico-related faculties? The real purposes and goals ascribed to philosophy as a part of medical curricula, as well as methods of teaching philosophy depend on the answers given to these questions. An option to be presented here is influenced by the experience of teaching philosophy to students of medical faculties at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków. This approach is deliberately posed against mainstream medical education that is usually based on an unquestioned belief in the power of biomedical sciences. Such a model cannot, however, pretend to be a universal one to be implemented all over the world. In any case, it is the only thing a philosopher can do to improve the quality of a physician-patient encounter in facing a disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Zalewski
- Department of Philosophy and Bioethics, Medical College of the Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
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Zalewski Z. Importance of philosophy of science to the history of medical thinking. Croat Med J 1999; 40:8-13. [PMID: 9933889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Popular approach to the history of medicine rests on naive assumptions that: 1) only the present state of medical knowledge can be counted as scientific and only those elements of the former knowledge and practice which fitted the body of contemporary science should be regarded by the historians of medicine (presentism); 2) medical sciences, like the other natural sciences, portray natural phenomena as they really are (naturalism); 3) progress in sciences consists of cumulative growth of information and explanation. The twentieth century philosophical critique of science revealed that none of these assumptions were true. Empirical facts, which are taken as a basis for any true knowledge, are dependent on the presumed theories; theories are intertwined into a broader socio-cultural context; theory-changing processes are caused by social factors rather than by the theoretical content. Therefore, it is a common task of historians of medicine and philosophers of science to reveal all theoretical and cultural premises on which our comprehension of the contemporary medicine is founded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Zalewski
- Department of Philosophy of Medicine, Collegium Medicum of Jagiellonian University, Rynek Glowny 34, 31-010 Krakow, Poland.
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Maj J, Rogóz Z, Sowińska H, Zalewski Z. Some central effects of tiflucarbine, a new potential antidepressant drug. Pol J Pharmacol Pharm 1987; 39:63-74. [PMID: 2823240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Tiflucarbine (TVX P 4495), a new putative antidepressant drug (AD) with a chemical novel among AD's [9-ethyl-4-fluoro-1-methyl-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrothieno (3,2-e)-pyrido(4,3-b)indole lactate], a potent inhibitor of the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) uptake, was studied in rats and mice, mostly with regard to its possible effect on the noradrenaline (NA) uptake and 5-HT postsynaptic receptors. Tiflucarbine exerted no effect on the reserpine hypothermia, attenuated the apomorphine hypothermia and enhanced the TRH-induced hyperthermia. It did not prevent tryptamine convulsions or the fenfluramine-induced hyperthermia, and inhibited the L-5-hydroxytryptophan-induced head twitches (at a high dose only). It stimulated the hind limb flexor reflex preparation of the spinal rat in cyproheptadine-reversible manner. In the behavioral despair test it shortened the immobility time. Tiflucarbine administered repeatedly enhanced the D-amphetamine-induced locomotor hyperactivity and inhibited the clonidine-induced aggressiveness. The results indicate that tiflucarbine exhibits characteristics of a poor inhibitor of the NA uptake (irrespective of its strong inhibitory effect on the 5-HT uptake), and has no effect on 5-HT2 postsynaptic receptors. When used repeatedly, it enhances--like other AD--responsiveness of the central dopamine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Maj
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków
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Rafiński R, Szmeja Z, Zalewski Z. [Unusual radiological findings in 4 cases of foreign body in the bronchial system (author's transl)]. Prax Pneumol 1975; 29:466-70. [PMID: 1187546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Rafiński R, Zalewski Z. [Iatrogenic foreign bodies in the bronchial tree]. Pol Tyg Lek 1972; 27:141-4. [PMID: 5010171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Rafiński R, Zalewski Z. [A rare case of a congenital nasopharyngeal neoplasm]. HNO 1970; 18:366-9. [PMID: 5500962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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