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Wang C, Yang Y, Fu R, Zhu Y, Zhang H. Periodic subcellular structures undergo long-range synchronized reorganization during C. elegans epidermal development. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs246793. [PMID: 33033182 PMCID: PMC10682509 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.246793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodic pattern formation on the cellular and tissue scale is an important process and has been extensively studied. However, periodic pattern formation at the subcellular level still remains poorly understood. The C. elegans epidermis displays a highly ordered parallel stripe pattern as part of its subcellular structure, making it an ideal model to study the formation and reorganization of periodic patterns within cells. Here, we show that the initial formation of periodic striped patterns in the C. elegans epidermis is dependent on actin and spectrin, and requires the apical membrane attachment structures for maintenance. The periodic subcellular structures do not accommodate cell growth by continuously making new stripes. Instead, they increase the number of stripes by going through one round of uniform duplication, which is independent of the increasing epidermal length or the developmental cycles. This long-range synchronized reorganization of subcellular structures is achieved by physical links established by extracellular collagens together with extension forces generated from epidermal cell growth. Our studies uncover a novel strategy employed by evenly spaced and interlinked subcellular structures to maintain their integrity and equidistribution during cell growth and tissue development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxia Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yuyan Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Rong Fu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yi Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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Zhang L, Liu J, Qian L, Feng Q, Wang X, Yuan Y, Zuo Y, Cheng Q, Miao Y, Guo T, Zheng X, Zheng H. Induction of OTUD1 by RNA viruses potently inhibits innate immune responses by promoting degradation of the MAVS/TRAF3/TRAF6 signalosome. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007067. [PMID: 29734366 PMCID: PMC5957451 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
During RNA virus infection, the adaptor protein MAVS recruits TRAF3 and TRAF6 to form a signalosome, which is critical to induce the production of type I interferons (IFNs) and proinflammatory cytokines. While activation of the MAVS/TRAF3/TRAF6 signalosome is well studied, the negative regulation of the signalosome remains largely unknown. Here we report that RNA viruses specifically promote the deubiquitinase OTUD1 expression by NF-κB-dependent mechanisms at the early stage of viral infection. Furthermore, OTUD1 upregulates protein levels of intracellular Smurf1 by removing Smurf1 ubiquitination. Importantly, RNA virus infection promotes the binding of Smurf1 to MAVS, TRAF3 and TRAF6, which leads to ubiquitination-dependent degradation of every component of the MAVS/TRAF3/TRAF6 signalosome and subsequent potent inhibition of IFNs production. Consistently, OTUD1-deficient mice produce more antiviral cytokines and are more resistant to RNA virus infection. Our findings reveal a novel immune evasion mechanism exploited by RNA viruses, and elucidate a negative feedback loop of MAVS/TRAF3/TRAF6 signaling mediated by the OTUD1-Smurf1 axis during RNA virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liting Zhang
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Liping Qian
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qian Feng
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaofang Wang
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yukang Yuan
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yibo Zuo
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qiao Cheng
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ying Miao
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Tingting Guo
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Zheng
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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Ren Y, Zhao P, Liu J, Yuan Y, Cheng Q, Zuo Y, Qian L, Liu C, Guo T, Zhang L, Wang X, Qian G, Li L, Ge J, Dai J, Xiong S, Zheng H. Deubiquitinase USP2a Sustains Interferons Antiviral Activity by Restricting Ubiquitination of Activated STAT1 in the Nucleus. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005764. [PMID: 27434509 PMCID: PMC4951015 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
STAT1 is a critical transcription factor for regulating host antiviral defenses. STAT1 activation is largely dependent on phosphorylation at tyrosine 701 site of STAT1 (pY701-STAT1). Understanding how pY701-STAT1 is regulated by intracellular signaling remains a major challenge. Here we find that pY701-STAT1 is the major form of ubiquitinated-STAT1 induced by interferons (IFNs). While total STAT1 remains relatively stable during the early stages of IFNs signaling, pY701-STAT1 can be rapidly downregulated by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Moreover, ubiquitinated pY701-STAT1 is located predominantly in the nucleus, and inhibiting nuclear import of pY701-STAT1 significantly blocks ubiquitination and downregulation of pY701-STAT1. Furthermore, we reveal that the deubiquitinase USP2a translocates into the nucleus and binds to pY701-STAT1, and inhibits K48-linked ubiquitination and degradation of pY701-STAT1. Importantly, USP2a sustains IFNs-induced pY701-STAT1 levels, and enhances all three classes of IFNs- mediated signaling and antiviral activity. To our knowledge, this is the first identified deubiquitinase that targets activated pY701-STAT1. These findings uncover a positive mechanism by which IFNs execute efficient antiviral signaling and function, and may provide potential targets for improving IFNs-based antiviral therapy. Phosphorylated STAT1 at tyrosine 701 site (pY701-STAT1) is critical for regulating many cellular functions including antiviral immunity. Maintaining sufficient pY701-STAT1 levels in the nucleus is essential to sustain efficient interferons (IFNs) signaling and antiviral functions. Therefore, it is important to clarify how pY701-STAT1 levels are positively regulated in the nucleus. Here, we demonstrated for the first time that IFNs-induced pY701-STAT1 largely raised STAT1 ubiquitination, and ubiquitinated-pY701-STAT1 is located predominantly in the nucleus and regulated by proteasome-dependent degradation. In IFNs signaling, the deubiquitinase USP2a translocates into the nucleus and binds to pY701-STAT1. USP2a positively regulates pY701-STAT1 levels through inhibiting its K48-linked ubiquitination and degradation. Importantly, USP2a sustains all three classes of IFNs-mediated signaling and antiviral function. Our studies uncover an important positive mechanism in the nucleus by which IFNs can execute efficient antiviral signaling and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ren
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yukang Yuan
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qiao Cheng
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yibo Zuo
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Liping Qian
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Tingting Guo
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Liting Zhang
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaofang Wang
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Guanghui Qian
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lemin Li
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jun Ge
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jianfeng Dai
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Sidong Xiong
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Jiangsu, China
- * E-mail: (SX); (HZ)
| | - Hui Zheng
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Jiangsu, China
- * E-mail: (SX); (HZ)
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