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Schwasinger-Schmidt T, Preskorn SH. Reverse Engineering Drugs: Lorcaserin as an Example. Adv Neurobiol 2023; 30:195-206. [PMID: 36928851 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-21054-9_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Novel central nervous system (CNS)-based therapies have been difficult to produce due to the complexity of the brain, limited knowledge of CNS-based disease development and associated pathways, difficulty in penetrating the blood brain barrier, and a lack of reliable biomarkers of disease. Reverse engineering in drug development allows the utilization of new knowledge of disease pathways and the use of innovative technology to develop medications with enhanced efficacy and reduced toxicities. Lorcaserin was developed as a specific 5HT2C serotonin receptor agonist for the treatment of obesity with limited off-target effects at the 5HT2A and 5HT2B receptors. This receptor specificity limited the hallucinogenic and cardiovascular side effects noted with other serotonin receptor agonists. Reverse engineering approaches to drug development reduce the cost of producing new medications, identify specific populations of patients that will derive the most benefit from therapy, and produce novel therapies with greater efficacy and limited toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sheldon H Preskorn
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of Kansas School of Medicine-Wichita, Wichita, KS, USA
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Babić Leko M, Nikolac Perković M, Španić E, Švob Štrac D, Pleić N, Vogrinc Ž, Gunjača I, Bežovan D, Nedić Erjavec G, Klepac N, Borovečki F, Zemunik T, Pivac N, Hof PR, Šimić G. Serotonin Receptor Gene Polymorphisms Are Associated with Cerebrospinal Fluid, Genetic, and Neuropsychological Biomarkers of Alzheimer's Disease. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123118. [PMID: 36551873 PMCID: PMC9775360 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A decrease in serotonergic transmission throughout the brain is among the earliest pathological changes in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Serotonergic receptors are also affected in AD. Polymorphisms in genes of serotonin (5HT) receptors have been mostly associated with behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD). In this study, we examined if AD patients carrying different genotypes in 5HTR1B rs13212041, 5HTR2A rs6313 (T102C), 5HTR2C rs3813929 (-759C/T), and 5HTR6 rs1805054 (C267T) polymorphisms have a higher risk of faster disease progression (assessed by neuropsychological testing), are more prone to develop AD-related pathology (reflected by levels of cerebrospinal fluid [CSF] AD biomarkers), or have an association with an apolipoprotein E (APOE) haplotype. This study included 115 patients with AD, 53 patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 2701 healthy controls. AD biomarkers were determined in the CSF of AD and MCI patients using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), while polymorphisms were determined using either TaqMan SNP Genotyping Assays or Illumina genotyping platforms. We detected a significant decrease in the CSF amyloid β1-42 (Aβ1-42) and an increase in p-tau181/Aβ1-42 ratio in carriers of the T allele in the 5HTR2C rs3813929 (-759C/T) polymorphism. A significantly higher number of APOE ε4 allele carriers was observed among individuals carrying a TT genotype within the 5HTR2A T102C polymorphism, a C allele within the 5HTR1B rs13212041 polymorphism, and a T allele within the 5HTR6 rs1805054 (C267T) polymorphism. Additionally, individuals carrying the C allele within the 5HTR1B rs13212041 polymorphism were significantly more represented among AD patients and had poorer performances on the Rey-Osterrieth test. Carriers of the T allele within the 5HTR6 rs1805054 had poorer performances on the MMSE and ADAS-Cog. As all four analyzed polymorphisms of serotonin receptor genes showed an association with either genetic, CSF, or neuropsychological biomarkers of AD, they deserve further investigation as potential early genetic biomarkers of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjana Babić Leko
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb Medical School, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | | | - Ena Španić
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb Medical School, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dubravka Švob Štrac
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute Ruđer Bošković, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nikolina Pleić
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Željka Vogrinc
- Laboratory for Neurobiochemistry, Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Gunjača
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | | | | | - Nataša Klepac
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Fran Borovečki
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tatijana Zemunik
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Nela Pivac
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute Ruđer Bošković, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Patrick R. Hof
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer’s Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Goran Šimić
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb Medical School, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +385-1-459-6807
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Norman TR. Editorial: Role of the serotonergic system in pathology of major depressive disorders. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:988307. [PMID: 36003982 PMCID: PMC9393722 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.988307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Ronald Norman
- Department of Psychiatry, Austin Hospital, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
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Tabka H, Cheikh A, Maatoug S, Ayeb ME, Bendahhou S, Benkhalifa R. First Evidence of Kv3.1b Potassium Channel Subtype Expression during Neuronal Serotonergic 1C11 Cell Line Development. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7175. [PMID: 33003279 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Kv3.1 channel is abundantly expressed in neurons and its dysfunction causes sleep loss, neurodegenerative diseases and depression. Fluoxetine, a serotonin selective reuptake inhibitor commonly used to treat depression, acts also on Kv3.1. To define the relationship between Kv3.1 and serotonin receptors (SR) pharmacological modulation, we showed that 1C11, a serotonergic cell line, expresses different voltage gated potassium (VGK) channels subtypes in the presence (differentiated cells (1C11D)) or absence (not differentiated cells (1C11ND)) of induction. Only Kv1.2 and Kv3.1 transcripts increase even if the level of Kv3.1b transcripts is highest in 1C11D and, after fluoxetine, in 1C11ND but decreases in 1C11D. The Kv3.1 channel protein is expressed in 1C11ND and 1C11D but is enhanced by fluoxetine only in 1C11D. Whole cell measurements confirm that 1C11 cells express (VGK) currents, increasing sequentially as a function of cell development. Moreover, SR 5HT1b is highly expressed in 1C11D but fluoxetine increases the level of transcript in 1C11ND and significantly decreases it in 1C11D. Serotonin dosage shows that fluoxetine at 10 nM blocks serotonin reuptake in 1C11ND but slows down its release when cells are differentiated through a decrease of 5HT1b receptors density. We provide the first experimental evidence that 1C11 expresses Kv3.1b, which confirms its major role during differentiation. Cells respond to the fluoxetine effect by upregulating Kv3.1b expression. On the other hand, the possible relationship between the fluoxetine effect on the kinetics of 5HT1b differentiation and Kv3.1bexpression, would suggest the Kv3.1b channel as a target of an antidepressant drug as well as it was suggested for 5HT1b.
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Landau AM, Alstrup AKO, Noer O, Winterdahl M, Audrain H, Møller A, Videbech P, Wegener G, Gjedde A, Doudet DJ. Electroconvulsive stimulation differentially affects [ 11C]MDL100,907 binding to cortical and subcortical 5HT 2A receptors in porcine brain. J Psychopharmacol 2019; 33:714-721. [PMID: 30887871 DOI: 10.1177/0269881119836212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electroconvulsive therapy is an effective therapy of depression. We hypothesized that the beneficial effects are mediated partly by decreased serotonin receptor availability in the cortex. AIMS We used positron emission tomography with the serotonin 5HT2A receptor radioligand [11C]MDL100,907 to determine serotonin receptor availability in response to electroconvulsive stimulation (ECS). METHODS Seven Göttingen minipigs were deeply anaesthetized and imaged at baseline before the onset of ECS, and at 1-2 and 8-10 days after the end of a clinical course of ECS, consisting of 10 sessions over 3.5 weeks, and post-ECS values were compared to baseline. One additional minipig was anaesthetized over 10 sessions without ECS, as a control. We analysed images with the Ichise model for binding in cortex and hippocampus, followed by whole-brain analysis by statistical non-parametric mapping. RESULTS We found significantly increased binding potential of [11C]MDL100,907 in the cortex and hippocampus 1-2 days after ECS, consistent with increased serotonin receptor availability compared to baseline. By 8-10 days after the final ECS, the average tracer binding had returned towards baseline. However, we also found significantly decreased tracer binding in the subcortical regions of olfactory bulb, pons, thalamus and striatum. CONCLUSIONS With ECS, minipigs, unlike primates but like rodents, have higher availability at cortical and hippocampal 5HT2A receptors. Decreased tracer binding is consistent with reduced serotonin receptor availability as a differential effect of ECS on 5HT2A receptors in subcortical regions of minipig brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Landau
- 1 Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,2 Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Centre, Aarhus University and Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Ove Noer
- 2 Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Centre, Aarhus University and Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Michael Winterdahl
- 2 Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Centre, Aarhus University and Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Hélène Audrain
- 2 Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Centre, Aarhus University and Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Arne Møller
- 2 Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Centre, Aarhus University and Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,3 Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Poul Videbech
- 4 Centre of Mental Health, Glostrup & University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gregers Wegener
- 1 Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Albert Gjedde
- 2 Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Centre, Aarhus University and Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,5 Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Southern Denmark & Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,6 Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Doris J Doudet
- 7 Department of Medicine/Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Abstract
The molecular process of RNA editing allows changes in RNA transcripts that increase genomic diversity. These highly conserved RNA editing events are catalyzed by a group of enzymes known as adenosine deaminases acting on double-stranded RNA (ADARs). ADARs are necessary for normal development, they bind to over thousands of genes, impact millions of editing sites, and target critical components of the central nervous system (CNS) such as glutamate receptors, serotonin receptors, and potassium channels. Dysfunctional ADARs are known to cause alterations in CNS protein products and therefore play a role in chronic or acute neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases as well as CNS cancer. Here, we review how RNA editing deficiency impacts CNS function and summarize its role during disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ileana Lorenzini
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Dignity Health, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Stephen Moore
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Dignity Health, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Rita Sattler
- Department of Neurobiology and Neurology, Dignityhealth St. Joseph's Hospital, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
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