The 980 nm diode laser treatment for non-muscle-invasive bladder tumor with en bloc technique: single-center experience

Background

Transurethral resection of the bladder tumor (TURBT) is one of the most established urological procedures for the treatment of the primary non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). The aim of the study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of 980 nm diode laser as a treatment for primary NMIBC.

Methods

Eighty-eight patients with NMIBC were treated by en bloc transurethral resection with 980 nm diode laser, and 76 patients were treated by plasmakinetic transurethral resection from May 2016 to July 2019 at the Department of Urology, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University. The clinical data were collected and compared between the two groups.

Results

The bladder irrigation time was shortened in 980 nm diode laser group compared to that of plasmakinetic transurethral resection group (4.1 ± 0.6 vs 13.1 ± 3.1 h, p < 0.001). A total of 13.2% (10/76) patients experienced obturator nerve reflex, and 5.3% (4/76) experienced delayed bleeding in plasmakinetic transurethral resection group, while no obturator nerve reflex and delayed bleeding cases were observed in 980 nm diode laser group (p < 0.05). The postoperative catheterization and hospitalization time showed no significant difference between the two groups. The median follow-up time was 27 months (13–38 months). No significant difference in the recurrence rate was observed between the two groups.

Conclusions

The 980 nm diode laser is an effective and safe tool in transurethral resection of NMIBC using en bloc technique. It has less perioperative complications and shortened bladder irrigation time.

Comparative Evaluation of Influence of Nd:YAG Laser (1064 nm) and 980 nm Diode Laser on Enamel around Orthodontic Brackets: An In Vitro Study

(1) Background: The prevention of demineralizing lesions at the enamel structure level continues to represent a challenge in daily dental practice. When bacteria influence the pH level, this will decrease below the threshold for remineralization and the dissociation of hydroxyapatite will occur with a high percentage of phosphate and calcium loss. These elements continue to be studied by many authors in order to obtain a working protocol that will lead to their stabilization at the level of the enamel structure, thus preventing the demineralization process. The aim of this study is to evaluate and compare the influence of two types of laser wavelengths on the surface morphology and mineral components of the enamel through an examination with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX). (2) Methods: Thirty permanent human incisors extracted for periodontal reasons from patients aged 25−40 years old were selected for this study. Metallic brackets (SS Standard 022 Slot, OC Orthodontics, McMinnville, OR, 97128, USA) were bonded onto each tooth. The buccal surface was randomly assigned three sections: Section A—negative control (no treatment), section B—treated with 980 nm Gallium−Aluminum−Arsenide diode laser (a 300 µm optic fiber was used with 0.8 W output power, energy density of 5.33 J/mm2, in continuous mode, for 30 s, oriented perpendicularly to the enamel surface in contact mode) (KaVo GENTLEray 980 Diode Laser, Kaltenbach & Voigt GmbH, Biberach, Germany), and section C—treated with Nd:YAG laser (a 300 µm fiber was carried out at a 1 mm distance from the enamel surface with 0.75 W power, 75 mJ pulse energy, pulse repetition rate of 10 Hz, 5 J/mm2 fluency, average exposure time of 30 s, and water cooling assisted) (LIGHTWALKER AT S, M021-5AF/1 S, Fotona d.o.o, Ljubljana, Slovenia). The elements evaluated in this study were calcium (Ca), phosphate (P), oxygen (O), and carbon (C). A one-way analysis of variance, paired t-tests, and independent t-tests were carried out to evaluate the results using the SPSS 19 IBM Statistical package software for Microsoft. (3) Results: The evaluation of the data indicated that both wavelengths produced an increase in Ca wt% (for diode laser the mean of Ca wt% before irradiation was 21.06, while that after treatment reached 28.24; and for Nd:YAG laser, the mean of Ca wt% before irradiation was 21.31, while that after treatment reached 33.88); as well, the 980 nm diode laser decreased P wt% (from 17.20 before irradiation to 16.92 after irradiation) and the Nd:YAG laser increased P wt% (from 17.46 before irradiation to 18.28 after irradiation). These results showed a statistically significant difference at the p < 0.05 level. (4) Conclusions: It can be concluded that the best improvement of enamel chemical composition was obtained with Nd:YAG irradiation.

Antibacterial Efficacy of Sodium Hypochlorite, Ozonated Water, and 980 nm Diode Laser Used for Disinfection of Root Canal against Enterococcus faecalis: A Microbiological Study

Aim

Evaluation and comparison of the antibacterial efficacy of sodium hypochlorite, ozonated water, diode laser, and diode laser in combination with ozonated water against Enterococcus faecalis.

Materials and methods

One hundred and twenty extracted premolar teeth were sectioned at the cementoenamel junction and root canals were prepared using step-back technique with K-file up to #40. The teeth were arbitrarily allocated to four groups and stowed into brain heart infusion broth containing a microbial suspension of E. faecalis. Group I samples were irrigated with 3% sodium hypochlorite. Group II samples were irrigated with ozonated water. Group III samples were irrigated firstly by distilled water followed by laser irradiation. Group IV samples were irrigated by ozonated water followed by laser irradiation. After the treatment, the teeth were kept in vials containing 2 mL of nutrient broth. The vials were then incubated at 37°C for 24 h. Standard methods were then used to identify grown colonies.

Statistical analysis

Kruskal–Wallis test, Mann–Whitney test, Chi-square test, and Wilcoxon signed-rank test were used to measure the colony-forming units (CFUs) obtained at the end of the incubation period among the various groups for the evaluation of antibacterial efficacy of various disinfection protocols.

Results

The highest mean CFU/mL is recorded in group II (with ozonated water) followed by group I (with sodium hypochlorite), group III (with a laser), and the least mean CFU/mL is seen in group IV (with laser and ozonated water). The variation in CFU/mL among the three groups is statistically significant (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

The outcome of this study reveals that 980 nm diode laser along with ozonated water when used together can eliminate and disinfect the root canals with E. faecalis.

How to cite this article

Kushwah J, Mishra R, Bhadauria V. Antibacterial Efficacy of Sodium Hypochlorite, Ozonated Water, and 980 nm Diode Laser Used for Disinfection of Root Canal against Enterococcus faecalis: A Microbiological Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020;13(6):694–699.

Antimicrobial efficacy of 980 nm diode laser on Enterococcus feacalis in conjunction with various irrigation regimes in infected root canals: An in vitro study

AIM

The aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare the antimicrobial efficiency of different irrigating solutions against Enterococcus faecalis with or without the use of 980 nm diode laser in infected root canals.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total of 100 freshly extracted human single-rooted teeth were divided into three experimental groups (n = 30) and one control group (n = 10). Experimental group was subdivided into two subgroups A and B (n = 15), whereas control group was subdivided into positive and negative controls (n = 5). After access cavity preparation, the root canals were prepared using ProTaper rotary instruments. A volume of 5 ml of 5.25% sodium hypochlorite and 17% Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, 1.2 ml of 2% chlorhexidine gluconate, and 2 ml of neem solution was used for irrigation in Group I, II, and III, respectively. E. faecalis (ATCC 29212) was inoculated into each canal of experimental groups and incubated for 2 weeks under aerobic conditions at 37°C. In all the subgroups B, laser irradiation was performed, whereas, in subgroup A, no laser irradiation was done. In negative control, E. faecalis was not inoculated in samples, but in positive control, E. faecalis inoculation and incubation procedure was followed. With circumferential filing using #40 reamer, dentinal chips were collected using sterile paper points, vortexed in sterile saline, was then applied to UTI Hicrome agar culture plates and incubated at 37°C for 48 h. The cfu/ml for each plate was calculated using a bacterial colony counter. The data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS software version 20.0.

RESULTS

The study showed that the least number of bacterial cfu/ml was observed in Group IB. The order of bacterial colony count (cfu/ml) was observed as Group IB <IA <IIB <IIA <IIIB <IIIA.

CONCLUSION

The study concluded that the groups with laser irradiation along with irrigation protocols were more efficient as compared with irrigation protocol alone.

Effect of diode lasers with wavelength of 445 and 980 nm on a temperature rise when uncovering implants for second stage surgery: An ex-vivo study in pigs

BACKGROUND

Many surgical procedures in soft tissue are performed using diode lasers. Recently, a novel diode laser operating at 445 nm wavelength was introduced in dentistry.

OBJECTIVES

The aim of our study was to evaluate the time of surgery and an increase in temperature of titanium implants during its uncovering using 445 and 980 nm wavelengths.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The research included 45 pig mandibles (n = 45). The specimens were randomly divided into 3 groups (n = 15) according to the laser irradiation mode and wavelength; G1 - 445 nm laser, power: 3 W, continuous wave (CW), distance: 2 mm, power density: 7460 W/cm2, fiber: 320 μm, noncontact mode; G2 - 445 nm laser (power: 2 W, CW, power density: 4970 W/cm2, fiber: 320 μm, contact mode; G3 (control) - 980 nm laser, power: 2.5 W, CW, power density: 15920 W/cm2, fiber: 200 μm, contact mode. The temperature was measured with a 2 K-type thermocouples (a P1 at collar and a P2 at mid height of the implant).

RESULTS

The mean temperature rises measured by the P1 thermocouple were 16.9°C, 36.1°C and 21.6°C in the G1, G2 and G3 group, respectively. Significant differences in temperature rise were found between the G1 and G2 group (p = 0.0007) and the G2 and G3 group (p = 0.01). The mean temperature rises measured by the P2 thermocouple were 1.8°C, 1.4°C and 5.6°C in the G1, G2 and G3 group, respectively. Significant differences in temperature rise were found between the G1 and the G2 or G3 group (p = 0.0001). The significant differences among the study groups in average time necessary for uncovering the implants amounted to 69.7, 54.4 and 83.6 s, respectively (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

The application of the 445 nm diode laser in non-contact mode reduced the temperature rise of the implants. The additional pulse intervals during laser irradiation with wavelength of 445 nm when operating in contact mode are needed.

Three Hundred Patients Treated with Ultrapulsed 980 nm Diode Laser for Skin Disorders

The use of lasers in skin diseases is quite common. In contrast to other laser types, medical literature about 980 nm ultrapulsed diode laser is sparse in dermatology. Herein, we report the use of ultrapulsed diode 980 nm laser in 300 patients with vascular lesions, cysts and pseudocysts, infectious disease, and malignant tumors. This laser is a versatile tool with excellent safety and efficacy in the hands of the experienced user.

An in-vitro evaluation of the effect of 980 nm diode laser irradiation on intra-canal dentin surface and dentinal tubule openings after biomechanical preparation: Scanning electron microscopic study

Context:

Very recently, diode laser has been used for disinfecting the root canals in endodontic treatment and increasing its success rate and longevity utilizing the thermal effect of laser on surrounding tissues.

Aims:

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of 980 nm laser irradiation on intra-canal dentin surface – scanning electron microscopic (SEM) - in-vitro study.

Methods:

A total of 40 single-rooted freshly extracted permanent teeth were collected. Teeth were sectioned at the cemento-enamel junction using diamond disc. Root canals of all samples were prepared using hand ProTaper, which were randomly assigned into two groups (n = 20 each). Group 1: Receiving no treatment after biomechanical preparation; Group 2: 980 nm diode laser-treated root canals. Teeth were prepared for SEM analysis to check the size of intra-canal dentinal tubule openings.

Statistical Analysis Used:

Data were analyzed using SPSS V.16 software and compared using Levene's and independent t-test.

Results:

On statistical analysis, width of intracanal dentinal tubule openings in Group 1 (control) was significantly higher than those observed in Group 2 (diode laser-treated) (P < 0.001).

Conclusion:

This study showed that the application of 980 nm diode laser on intra-radicular dentin resulted in ultrastructural alterations resulting in melting of dentin.