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Cheng CF, Wang SE, Lu CW, Nguyen TKN, Shen SC, Lien CY, Chuang WC, Lee MC, Wu CH. Therapeutic Application of Dendrobium fimbriatum Hook for Retinopathy Caused by Ultraviolet Radiation and Chemotherapy Using ARPE-19 Cells and Mouse Retina. Plants (Basel) 2024; 13:617. [PMID: 38475464 DOI: 10.3390/plants13050617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Retinopathy caused by ultraviolet radiation and cancer chemotherapy has increased dramatically in humans due to rapid environmental and social changes. Therefore, it is very important to develop therapeutic strategies to effectively alleviate retinopathy. In China, people often choose dendrobium to improve their eyesight. In this study, we explored how Dendrobium fimbriatum extract (DFE) protects ARPE-19 cells and mouse retinal tissue from damage of ultraviolet (UV) radiation and chemotherapy. We evaluated the antioxidant capacity of DFE using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-trinitophenylhydrazine (DPPH) assay. The protective effects of DEF from UV- and oxaliplatin (OXA)-induced damage were examined in ARPE-19 cells using 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and immunofluorescence (IF) stains, and in mouse retinal tissue using immunohistochemistry (IHC) stains. Our results show that DFE has excellent antioxidant capacity. The ARPE-19 cell viability was decreased and the F-actin cytoskeleton structure was damaged by UV radiation and OXA chemotherapy, but both were alleviated after the DFE treatment. Furthermore, DFE treatment can alleviate OXA chemotherapy-induced reduced expressions of rhodopsin and SOD2 and increased expressions of TNF-α and caspase 3 in mouse retinal tissue. Thus, we suggest that DFE can act as suitable treatment for retinopathy through reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Feng Cheng
- School of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116, Taiwan
- Department of Oncology, Taipei City United Hospital, Renai Branch, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Sheue-Er Wang
- Department of Pathological Inspection, Saint Paul's Hospital, Taoyuan 330, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Wen Lu
- School of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116, Taiwan
| | - Thi Kim Ngan Nguyen
- School of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Chuan Shen
- School of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ying Lien
- Master Program of Sport Facility Management and Health Promotion, National Taiwan University, Taipei 116, Taiwan
| | - Wu-Chang Chuang
- Sun Ten Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., New Taipei City 231, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chung Lee
- Brion Research Institute of Taiwan, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hsin Wu
- School of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116, Taiwan
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Tringali G, Pizzoferrato M, Lisi L, Marinelli S, Buccarello L, Falsini B, Cattaneo A, Navarra P. A Vicious NGF-p75 NTR Positive Feedback Loop Exacerbates the Toxic Effects of Oxidative Damage in the Human Retinal Epithelial Cell Line ARPE-19. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16237. [PMID: 38003427 PMCID: PMC10671591 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In spite of its variety of biological activities, the clinical exploitation of human NGF (hNGF) is currently limited to ocular pathologies. It is therefore interesting to test the effects of hNGF in preclinical models that may predict their efficacy and safety in the clinical setting of ocular disorders and compare the effects of hNGF with those of its analogs. We used a human retinal pigment cell line, ARPE-19 cells, to investigate the effects of hNGF and its analogs, mouse NGF (mNGF) and painless NGF (pNGF), on cell viability under basal conditions and after exposure to oxidative stimuli, i.e., hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and ultraviolet (UV)-A rays. The effects of hNGF and pNGF were also tested on the gene expression and protein synthesis of the two NGF receptor subtypes, p75 neurotrophic receptors (p75NTR) and tyrosine kinase A (TrkA) receptors. We drew the following conclusions: (i) the exposure of ARPE-19 cells to H2O2 or UV-A causes a dose-dependent decrease in the number of viable cells; (ii) under baseline conditions, hNGF, but not pNGF, causes a concentration-dependent decrease in cell viability in the range of doses 1-100 ng/mL; (iii) hNGF, but not pNGF, significantly potentiates the toxic effects of H2O2 or of UV-A on ARPE-19 cells in the range of doses 1-100 ng/mL, while mNGF at the same doses presents an intermediate behavior; (iv) 100 ng/mL of hNGF triggers an increase in p75NTR expression in H2O2-treated ARPE-19 cells, while pNGF at the same dose does not; (v) pNGF, but not hNGF (both given at 100 ng/mL), increases the total cell fluorescence intensity for TrkA receptors in H2O2-treated ARPE-19 cells. The present findings suggest a vicious positive feedback loop through which NGF-mediated upregulation of p75NTR contributes to worsening the toxic effects of oxidative damage in the human retinal epithelial cell line ARPE-19. Looking at the possible clinical relevance of these findings, one can postulate that pNGF might show a better benefit/risk ratio than hNGF in the treatment of ocular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Tringali
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Healthcare Surveillance and Bioethics, Catholic University Medical School, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy (M.P.)
| | - Michela Pizzoferrato
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Healthcare Surveillance and Bioethics, Catholic University Medical School, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy (M.P.)
| | - Lucia Lisi
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Healthcare Surveillance and Bioethics, Catholic University Medical School, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy (M.P.)
| | - Silvia Marinelli
- European Brain Research Institute-Fondazione Rita Levi Montalcini, 00161 Rome, Italy (L.B.)
| | - Lucia Buccarello
- European Brain Research Institute-Fondazione Rita Levi Montalcini, 00161 Rome, Italy (L.B.)
| | - Benedetto Falsini
- UOC Ophtalmology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bambino Gesù IRCCS Children’s Hospital, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonino Cattaneo
- European Brain Research Institute-Fondazione Rita Levi Montalcini, 00161 Rome, Italy (L.B.)
- Bio@SNS Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Navarra
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Healthcare Surveillance and Bioethics, Catholic University Medical School, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy (M.P.)
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Bardak H, Uğuz AC, Bardak Y, Rocha-Pimienta J, Delgado-Adámez J, Espino J. Selenium Protects ARPE-19 and ACBRI 181 Cells against High Glucose-Induced Oxidative Stress. Molecules 2023; 28:5961. [PMID: 37630213 PMCID: PMC10459791 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28165961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a complication of diabetes mellitus (DM), can cause severe visual loss. The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) plays a crucial role in retinal physiology but is vulnerable to oxidative damage. We investigated the protective effects of selenium (Se) on retinal pigment epithelium (ARPE-19) and primary human retinal microvascular endothelial (ACBRI 181) cells against high glucose (HG)-induced oxidative stress and apoptotic cascade. To achieve this objective, we utilized varying concentrations of D-glucose (ranging from 5 to 80 mM) to induce the HG model. HG-induced oxidative stress in ARPE-19 and ACBRI 181 cells and the apoptotic cascade were evaluated by determining Ca2+ overload, mitochondrial membrane depolarization, caspase-3/-9 activation, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation (LP), glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and apoptosis levels. A cell viability assay utilizing MTT was conducted to ascertain the optimal concentration of Se to be employed. The quantification of MTT, ROS, VEGF levels, and caspase-3 and -9 activation was accomplished using a plate reader. To quantitatively assess LP and GSH levels, GSH-Px activities were utilized by spectrophotometer and apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane depolarization, and the release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores were evaluated by spectrofluorometer. Our investigation revealed a significant augmentation in oxidative stress induced by HG, leading to cellular damage through modulation of mitochondrial membrane potential, ROS levels, and intracellular Ca2+ release. Incubation with Se resulted in a notable reduction in ROS production induced by HG, as well as a reduction in apoptosis and the activation of caspase-3 and -9. Additionally, Se incubation led to decreased levels of VEGF and LP while concurrently increasing levels of GSH and GSH-Px. The findings from this study strongly suggest that Se exerts a protective effect on ARPE-19 and ACBRI 181 cells against HG-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis. This protective mechanism is partially mediated through the intracellular Ca2+ signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Handan Bardak
- Department of Ophthalmology, Asya Hospital, 34100 Istanbul, Turkey;
| | - Abdülhadi Cihangir Uğuz
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University, 70100 Karaman, Turkey
| | | | - Javier Rocha-Pimienta
- Technological Agri-Food Institute (CICYTEX-INTAEX), Junta of Extremadura, Avda. Adolfo Suárez s/n, 06007 Badajoz, Spain; (J.R.-P.); (J.D.-A.)
| | - Jonathan Delgado-Adámez
- Technological Agri-Food Institute (CICYTEX-INTAEX), Junta of Extremadura, Avda. Adolfo Suárez s/n, 06007 Badajoz, Spain; (J.R.-P.); (J.D.-A.)
| | - Javier Espino
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura, Avda. de Elvas, s/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
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Cecchi CR, Alsing S, Jesus GPP, Zacarias EA, Kjaer L, Clement MS, Kumagai-Braesch M, Corydon TJ, Bartolini P, Peroni CN, Aagaard L. Sustained secretion of human growth hormone from TheraCyte devices encapsulated with PiggyBac-engineered retinal pigment epithelium cells. Tissue Cell 2023; 82:102095. [PMID: 37087908 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2023.102095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) deficiency is characterized by impaired growth and development, and is currently treated by repeated administration of recombinant human GH (hGH). Encapsulated cell therapy (ECT) may offer a less demanding treatment-strategy for long-term production and release of GH into circulation. We used PiggyBac-based (PB) transposon delivery for engineering retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19), and tested a series of viral and non-viral promoters as well as codon-optimization to enhance transgene expression. Engineered cells were loaded into TheraCyte macrocapsules and secretion was followed in vitro and in vivo. The cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter supports strong and persistent transgene expression, and we achieved clonal cell lines secreting over 6 µg hGH/106 cells/day. Codon-optimization of the hGH gene did not improve secretion. ARPE-19 cells endured encapsulation in TheraCyte devices, and resulted in steady hormone release for at least 60 days in vitro. A short-term pilot experiment in immunodeficient SCID mice demonstrated low systemic levels of hGH from a single 40 µL capsule implanted subcutaneously. No significant increase in weight increase or systemic hGH was detected after 23 days in the GH-deficient lit/SCID mouse model using 4.5 µL capsules loaded with the highest secreting clone of ARPE-19 cells. Our results demonstrate that PB-mediated engineering of ARPE-19 is an efficient way to generate hormone secreting cell lines compatible with macroencapsulation, and our CMV-driven expression cassette allows for identification of clones with high level and long-term secretory activity without addition of insulator elements. Our results pave the way for further in vivo studies of encapsulated cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia R Cecchi
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Biotechnology Center, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN-CNEN), Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sidsel Alsing
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Gustavo P P Jesus
- Biotechnology Center, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN-CNEN), Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Centro Universitario Lusiada, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Enio A Zacarias
- Biotechnology Center, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN-CNEN), Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lisbeth Kjaer
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | | | - Thomas J Corydon
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Paolo Bartolini
- Biotechnology Center, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN-CNEN), Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Cibele N Peroni
- Biotechnology Center, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN-CNEN), Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lars Aagaard
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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Li L, Chen W, Ji X, Li L, Wang H, Wang J, Qiao C, Zhang N, Guo Y, Wang H. Wolfberry water extract attenuates blue light-emitting diode damage to ARPE-19 cells and mouse retina by activating the NRF2 signaling pathway. J Food Sci 2023; 88:2229-2245. [PMID: 37025094 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
The wolfberry is believed to improve eyesight in traditional Chinese medicine. Soaking wolfberry in thermos cups has become a common health-preserving practice. The object of this paper was to research the protective effects of wolfberry water extract (WWE) on oxidative injury induced by blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in ARPE-19 cells and C57BL/6J mice. Wolfberry water extract significantly increased cell viability, reduced ROS production, stabilized mitochondrial membrane potential, and inhibited apoptosis in blue LED-induced cells (P < 0.05). The protective effects of WWE against blue LED-induced cytotoxicity and ROS accumulation in cells were abolished by transfection with Nrf2 siRNA. In blue LED-exposed C57BL/6J mice, WWE treatment markedly increased the amplitudes of electroretinogram (ERG) waves a and b, increased the thickness of retinal outer nuclear layer (ONL), activated endogenous antioxidant enzymes, and decreased MDA levels in the retina and lens. WWE also promoted NRF2 translocation and the expression of the downstream genes Ho-1, Nqo1, Gclc, and Gclm in the retina. The protection of WWE in ERG a and b wave amplitudes and ROS levels were abrogated in Nrf2 knockout mice. These results suggested that WWE has beneficial effects on retinal injury induced by blue LED, and mechanisms of action at least partly via the NRF2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology (TUST), Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology (TUST), Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaojing Ji
- Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Eye Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Liwei Li
- Yunnan Tasly Deepure Biological Tea Group Co., Ltd, Simao, Yunnan, China
| | - Huali Wang
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Jilite Wang
- Department of Agriculture, Hetao College, Inner Mongolia, Bayannur, China
| | - Changsheng Qiao
- Ningxia Zhongning Goji Industry Innovation Research Institute, Ningxia, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology (TUST), Tianjin, China
| | - Yatu Guo
- Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Eye Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Hao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology (TUST), Tianjin, China
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Liu L, Liang C, Fan W, Zhong J. Effect of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell exosomes on aerobic metabolism of human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Int Ophthalmol 2023; 43:1325-1335. [PMID: 36195815 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-022-02530-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/10/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect of exosomes secreted by human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (HUCMSC-Exo) on aerobic metabolism of cobalt chloride (CoCl2)-induced oxidative damage in the human retinal pigment epithelial cell line (ARPE-19), and to explore the protective mechanism of HUCMSC-Exo on oxidative damage in ARPE-19 cells. METHODS HUCMSC-Exo were extracted and identified; CCK-8 assay was used to established the oxidative damage mode of ARPE-19 cells induced by CoCl2; JC-1 flow cytometry was used to detect the effects of exosomes with different concentrations (0, 25, 50, or 100 μg/mL) on the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) of oxidatively damaged ARPE-19 cells. The effects of exosomes with different concentrations on the activity of oxidative metabolic enzymes (oxidative respiratory chain complexes I, III, IV, and V) and ATP synthesis in oxidatively damaged ARPE-19 cells were detected by spectrophotometry. RESULTS Under transmission electron microscope, HUCMSC-Exo were round or oval membrane vesicles with diameters of about 40-100 nm. Western blot results showed that HUCMSC-Exo expressed specific marker proteins CD63 and CD81. CCK-8 dates showed that the cell viability of ARPE-19 cells was significantly decreased with increasing CoCl2 concentration, and the concentration of 400 μmol/L CoCl2 was chosen to be the optimal concentration for oxidative damage. MMP was increased in exosomes intervention group (25, 50 or 100 μg/mL), and the dates were statistically different from 0 μg/mL exosome intervention group (P < 0.05). The activities of mitochondrial complexes I, IV, and V in exosomes intervention groups (100 μg/mL) were higher than those in 0 μg/mL exosome intervention group. In 50 μg/mL and 100 μg/mL exosome intervention group, ATP synthesis was significantly different from the 0 μg/mL exosome intervention group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION HUCMSC-Exo had a certain protective effect on ARPE-19 cells induced by CoCl2 in vitro. The protective mechanism of HUCMSC-Exo on oxidative damage ARPE-19 cells might be through saving its aerobic metabolic function, restoring cell ATP synthesis, and improving the ability of cells to repair damage and deal with the hypoxic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, 613 Huangpu Road, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Chunlan Liang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, 613 Huangpu Road, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wei Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hunan Aerospace Hospital, 189 Fenglin 3rd Road, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410006, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jingxiang Zhong
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, 613 Huangpu Road, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong Province, China.
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Park C, Cha HJ, Song KS, Kim HS, Bang E, Lee H, Jin CY, Kim GY, Choi YH. Nrf2-mediated activation of HO-1 is required in the blocking effect of compound K, a ginseng saponin metabolite, against oxidative stress damage in ARPE-19 human retinal pigment epithelial cells. J Ginseng Res 2023; 47:311-8. [PMID: 36926611 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2022.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The beneficial effects of compound K (CK) on different chronic diseases have been shown to be at least related to antioxidant action. Nevertheless, since its antioxidant activity in human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells is still unknown, here we investigated whether CK alleviates oxidative stress-stimulated damage in RPE ARPE-19 cells. Methods The cytoprotective consequence of CK in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-treated cells was evaluated by cell viability, DNA damage, and apoptosis assays. Fluorescence analysis and immunoblotting were performed to investigate the inhibitory action of CK on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and mitochondrial dysfunction. Results H2O2-promoted cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, DNA damage, mitochondrial impairment, and apoptosis were significantly attenuated by CK in ARPE-19 cells. Furthermore, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) phosphorylation level and its shuttling to the nucleus were increased, which was correlated with upregulated activation of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). However, zinc protoporphyrin, a blocker of HO-1, significantly abrogated the preventive action of CK in H2O2-treated ARPE-19 cells. Conclusion This study indicates that activation of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling by CK plays an important role in rescuing ARPE-19 cells from oxidative cellular damage.
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Andrade FEC, Correia-Silva RD, Covre JL, Lice I, Gomes JÁP, Gil CD. Effects of galectin-3 protein on UVA-induced damage in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2023; 22:21-32. [PMID: 36036336 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-022-00294-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Several inflammatory molecules have been suggested as biomarkers of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Galectin-3 (Gal-3), which has been shown to have a protective role in corneal injury by promoting epithelial cells adhesion and migration to the extracellular matrix, is also highly expressed in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) of patients with AMD. This study evaluated the role of Gal-3 in an in vitro model of UVA-induced RPE damage, as a proof-of-concept. ARPE-19 cells (human RPE cell line), were incubated with Gal-3 at 0.5-2.5 µg/mL concentrations prior to UVA irradiation for 15, 30, and 45 min, which resulted in accumulated doses of 2.5, 5, and 7.5 J/cm2, respectively. After 24 h incubation, MTT and LDH assays, immunofluorescence, and ELISA were performed. UVA irradiation for 15, 30, and 45 min proved to reduce viability in 83%, 46%, and 11%, respectively. Based on the latter results, we chose the intermediate dose (5-J/cm2) for further analysis. Pretreatment with Gal-3 at concentrations > 1.5 µg/mL showed to increase the viability of UVA-irradiated cells (~ 75%) compared to untreated cells (64%). Increased levels of cleaved caspase 3, a marker of cell death, were detected in the ARPE cells after UVA irradiation with or without addition of exogenous Gal-3. The inhibitory effect of Gal-3 on UVA-induced cell damage was characterized by decreased ROS levels and increased p38 activation, as detected by fluorescence analysis. In conclusion, our study suggests a photoprotective effect of Gal-3 on RPE by reducing oxidative stress and increasing p38 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frans E C Andrade
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Botucatu 740, Ed. Lemos Torres-3º andar, São Paulo, SP, 04023-900, Brazil
| | - Rebeca D Correia-Silva
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Botucatu 740, Ed. Lemos Torres-3º andar, São Paulo, SP, 04023-900, Brazil
| | - Joyce L Covre
- Department of Ophthalmology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, SP, 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Izabella Lice
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Botucatu 740, Ed. Lemos Torres-3º andar, São Paulo, SP, 04023-900, Brazil
| | - José Álvaro P Gomes
- Department of Ophthalmology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, SP, 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Cristiane D Gil
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Botucatu 740, Ed. Lemos Torres-3º andar, São Paulo, SP, 04023-900, Brazil.
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Cho HM, Lee SJ, Choung SY. Protective effects of Panax ginseng berry extract on blue light-induced retinal damage in ARPE-19 cells and mouse retina. J Ginseng Res 2023; 47:65-73. [PMID: 36644394 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a significant visual disease that induces impaired vision and irreversible blindness in the elderly. However, the effects of ginseng berry extract (GBE) on the retina have not been studied. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the protective effects of GBE on blue light (BL)-induced retinal damage and elucidate its underlying mechanisms in human retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19 cells) and Balb/c retina. Methods To investigate the effects and underlying mechanisms of GBE on retinal damage in vitro, we performed cell viability assay, pre-and post-treatment of sample, reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), and western immunoblotting using A2E-laden ARPE-19 cells with BL exposure. In addition, Balb/c mice were irradiated with BL to induce retinal degeneration and orally administrated with GBE (50, 100, 200 mg/kg). Using the harvested retina, we performed histological analysis (thickness of retinal layers), qRT-PCR, and western immunoblotting to elucidate the effects and mechanisms of GBE against retinal damage in vivo. Results GBE significantly inhibited BL-induced cell damage in ARPE-19 cells by activating the SIRT1/PGC-1α pathway, regulating NF-kB translocation, caspase 3 activation, PARP cleavage, expressions of apoptosis-related factors (BAX/BCL-2, LC3-Ⅱ, and p62), and ROS production. Furthermore, GBE prevented BL-induced retinal degeneration by restoring the thickness of retinal layers and suppressed inflammation and apoptosis via regulation of NF-kB and SIRT1/PGC-1α pathway, cleavage of caspase 3 and PARP, and expressions of apoptosis-related factors in vivo. Conclusions GBE could be a potential agent to prevent dry AMD and progression to wet AMD.
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Zingale E, Rizzo S, Bonaccorso A, Consoli V, Vanella L, Musumeci T, Spadaro A, Pignatello R. Optimization of Lipid Nanoparticles by Response Surface Methodology to Improve the Ocular Delivery of Diosmin: Characterization and In-Vitro Anti-Inflammatory Assessment. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:1961. [PMID: 36145708 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Diosmin is a flavonoid with a great variety of biological activities including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory ones. Its cytoprotective effect in retinal pigment epithelium cells under high glucose conditions makes it a potential support in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy. Despite its benefits, poor solubility in water reduces its potential for therapeutic use, making it the biggest biopharmaceutical challenge. The design of diosmin-loaded nanocarriers for topical ophthalmic application represents a novelty that has not been yet explored. For this purpose, the response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), compatible for ocular administration, to encapsulate diosmin and improve its physicochemical issues. NLCs were prepared by a simple and scalable technique: a melt emulsification method followed by ultrasonication. The experimental design was composed of four independent variables (solid lipid concentration, liquid lipid concentration, surfactant concentration and type of solid lipid). The effect of the factors was assessed on NLC size and PDI (responses) by analysis of variance (ANOVA). The optimized formulation was selected according to the desirability function (0.993). Diosmin at two different concentrations (80 and 160 µM) was encapsulated into NLCs. Drug-loaded nanocarriers (D-NLCs) were subjected to a physicochemical and technological investigation revealing a mean particle size of 83.58 ± 0.77 nm and 82.21 ± 1.12 nm, respectively for the D-NLC formulation prepared with diosmin at the concentration of 80 µM or 160 µM, and a net negative surface charge (−18.5 ± 0.60 and −18.0 ± 1.18, respectively for the two batches). The formulations were analyzed in terms of pH (6.5), viscosity, and adjusted for osmolarity, making them more compatible with the ocular environment. Subsequently, stability studies were carried out to assess D-NLC behavior under different storage conditions up to 60 days, indicating a good stability of NLC samples at room temperature. In-vitro studies on ARPE-19 cells confirmed the cytocompatibility of NLCs with retinal epithelium. The effect of D-NLCs was also evaluated in-vitro on a model of retinal inflammation, demonstrating the cytoprotective effect of D-NLCs at various concentrations. RSM was found to be a reliable model to optimize NLCs for diosmin encapsulation.
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11
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Daldal H, Nazıroğlu M. Rituximab Attenuated Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Oxidative Cytotoxicity, Apoptosis, and Inflammation in the Human Retina Cells via Modulating the TRPM2 Signaling Pathways. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2022; 30:1315-1328. [PMID: 35587813 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2022.2075400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated the possible protective effects of rituximab (RTX) on LPS-induced oxidant, inflammatory, and apoptotic adverse actions via the inhibition of TRPM2 channel in the adult retinal pigment epithelial-19 (ARPE-19) cells. METHODS In the cultured ARPE-19 cells, we induced five main groups as control, RTX (10 μg/ml), LPS (1 μg/ml), LPS+RTX, and LPS+TRPM2 blockers (ACA or 2/APB). RESULTS The levels of apoptosis, cell death, mitochondrial free reactive oxygen radicals (mitROS), cytosolic ROS, lipid peroxidation, caspase -3, caspase -8, caspase -9, ADP-ribose-induced TRPM2 current density, TNF-α, IL-1β, cytosolic free Zn2+, and Ca2+ were increased by LPS, although their levels were diminished by the treatments of RTX and TRPM2 blockers. CONCLUSIONS The LPS-induced mitROS, inflammatory cytokine, and apoptosis levels were modulated via TRPM2 inhibition in the human retinal epithelial cells by the RTX treatment. The RTX may be considered as a new therapeutic approach to LPS-induced human retinal epithelial cell injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Daldal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Usak University, Usak, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Nazıroğlu
- Neuroscience Research Center, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
- Drug Discovery Unit, BSN Health, Analyses, Innov., Consult., Org., Agricul., Ltd, Isparta, Turkey
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12
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Pulgar VM, Cruz-Diaz N, Westwood BM, Chappell MC. Angiotensinogen uptake and stimulation of oxidative stress in human pigment retinal epithelial cells. Peptides 2022; 152:170770. [PMID: 35183655 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2022.170770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that isolated proximal tubules (PT) internalize the precursor protein angiotensinogen and that the 125Iodine-labeled protein accumulated in the nuclear and mitochondrial fractions of the PT cells; however, whether internalization of angiotensinogen occurs in non-renal epithelial cells is unknown. Therefore, the present study assessed the cellular uptake of 125I-angiotensinogen in human retinal pigment ARPE-19 epithelial cells, a widely utilized cell model for the assessment of retinal injury, inflammation and oxidative stress. ARPE-19 cells, maintained in serum-free media to remove extracellular sources of bovine serum angiotensinogen and renin, were incubated with 125Iodine-angiotensinogen at 37 °C and revealed the time-dependent uptake of angiotensinogen over 24 h. In contrast, incubation with labelled Ang II, Ang-(1-7) or Ang I revealed minimal cellular uptake. Subcellular fractionation following a 4-hour uptake of 125I-angiotensinogen revealed that the majority of the labeled protein localized to the nuclear fraction with lower accumulation in the mitochondrial and cytosolic fractions. Finally, we show that addition of angiotensinogen (2 nM) to the ARPE-19 cells increased oxidative stress as assessed by DCF fluorescence that was blocked by pretreatment of the cells with either the NADPH oxidase 1/4 inhibitor GKT137831, apocynin or atorvastatin, but not the AT1 receptor antagonist losartan. In contrast, treatment of the cells with Angiotensin II at an equivalent dose to angiotensinogen failed to stimulate oxidative stress. We conclude that human retinal pigment cells internalize angiotensinogen to elicit an increase in oxidative stress through a pathway that appears distinct from the Ang II-AT1 receptor axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor M Pulgar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campbell University, Buies-Creek, NC, United States; Hypertension & Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC,United States
| | - Nildris Cruz-Diaz
- Hypertension & Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC,United States
| | - Brian M Westwood
- Hypertension & Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC,United States
| | - Mark C Chappell
- Hypertension & Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC,United States.
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13
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Zhu D, Zou W, Cao X, Xu W, Lu Z, Zhu Y, Hu X, Hu J, Zhu Q. Ferulic acid attenuates high glucose-induced apoptosis in retinal pigment epithelium cells and protects retina in db/db mice. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13375. [PMID: 35669949 PMCID: PMC9165606 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Herein, we aimed to present evidence that Ferulic acid (FA), a phenolic acid, can alleviate high glucose (HG)-induced retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cell apoptosis and protect retina in db/db mice. Methods ARPE-19 cells (a human RPE cell line) were divided into four groups: control group; HG group (30 mmol/L glucose); HG+FA group (30 mmol/L glucose and 10 mmol/L FA). Cell viability and apoptosis were detected using CCK-8 and Annexin-5 staining, respectively. Apoptosis-related markers including P53, BAX and Bcl2 were examined by RT-qPCR, western blot and immunohistochemistry. Totally, 30 male db/db mice were randomly divided into db/db group (5 ml/kg saline) and FA group (0.05 g/kg FA). After treatment for 2 months, retinal samples were subjected to hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Masson staining. Moreover, immunofluorescence was used to detect apoptosis-related markers. Blood samples were collected for measuring cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels. Results FA treatment markedly increased cell viability and suppressed cell apoptosis of ARPE-19 cells compared to the HG-exposed group. Furthermore, FA ameliorated the abnormal expression levels of P53, BAX and Bcl2 in HG-induced ARPE-19 cells. In animal models, FA attenuated pathological changes in the retina tissues of diabetic mice. Consistent with in vitro models, FA significantly ameliorated the expression of apoptosis-related markers in retina tissues. Biochemical test results showed that FA reduced hyperlipidemia in diabetic mice. Conclusion Our findings suggest that FA alleviates HG-induced apoptosis in RPE cells and protects retina in db/db mice, which can be associated with P53 and BAX inactivation and Bcl2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejun Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ning Xia Eye Hospital, People’s Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (First Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University for Nationalities, Ningxia Clinical Research Center on Diseases of Blindness in Eye), Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Wenqing Zou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ning Xia Eye Hospital, People’s Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (First Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University for Nationalities, Ningxia Clinical Research Center on Diseases of Blindness in Eye), Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Xiangmei Cao
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Weigang Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ning Xia Eye Hospital, People’s Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (First Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University for Nationalities, Ningxia Clinical Research Center on Diseases of Blindness in Eye), Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Zhaogang Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, People’s Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ning Xia Eye Hospital, People’s Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (First Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University for Nationalities, Ningxia Clinical Research Center on Diseases of Blindness in Eye), Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Xiaowen Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ning Xia Eye Hospital, People’s Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (First Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University for Nationalities, Ningxia Clinical Research Center on Diseases of Blindness in Eye), Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Jin Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ning Xia Eye Hospital, People’s Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (First Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University for Nationalities, Ningxia Clinical Research Center on Diseases of Blindness in Eye), Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Qing Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ning Xia Eye Hospital, People’s Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (First Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University for Nationalities, Ningxia Clinical Research Center on Diseases of Blindness in Eye), Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
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14
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Zhu S, Li X, Dang B, Wu F, Gou K, Wang C, Lin C. Hydrogen sulfide protects retina from blue light-induced photodamage and degeneration via inhibiting ROS-mediated ER stress-CHOP apoptosis signal. Redox Rep 2022; 27:100-110. [PMID: 35482945 PMCID: PMC9067965 DOI: 10.1080/13510002.2022.2069534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a small reducing gas molecule with various biological functions such as anti-oxidative, anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory activities. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effects of exogenous H2S in the experimental models of retinal photodamage in vivo and in vitro. Methods: Rats with open eyelids were pretreated with H2S (80~120 μmol/kg) for 10 days and then continuously exposed to blue light (435~445nm, 11.2W/m2) for 8 h to establish in vivo experimental model. ARPE-19 cells were pretreated with H2S and then exposed to blue light to establish in vitro experimental model. Results: In vivo experiments, H2S significantly ameliorated blue light-induced retinal oxidative stress, apoptosis and degeneration. Moreover, H2S inhibited the activation of blue light-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress CHOP apoptotic signaling. In vitro experiments, H2S improved blue light-induced oxidative stress and oxidative damage. H2S inhibited ROS-mediated activation of ER stress CHOP apoptotic signaling. H2S alleviated blue light-induced apoptosis and increases cell viability. The ER stress inhibitor 4-PBA alleviated blue light-induced apoptosis and increases cell viability. Conclusion: Taken together, these results indicate that H2S can inhibit ROS-mediated ER stress-CHOP apoptosis signal, thereby alleviating blue light-triggered retinal apoptosis and degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Li
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingrong Dang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Modern Physics, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Fen Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Kexin Gou
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunming Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Changjun Lin
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
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15
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Abstract
Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is an important component of the outer blood-retinal barrier and plays a critical role in maintaining retinal homeostasis. Alterations in RPE can be detected during the early stages of diabetic retinopathy (DR). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these early changes remain unclear. We investigated the molecular changes induced in the RPE by high glucose concentrations by constructing a high glucose-induced ARPE-19 cell injury model simulating the DR environment in vitro. Proteomic analysis was conducted to measure differences in protein expression between cells treated with normal (5 mM) and high (25 mM) glucose concentrations, and bioinformatics techniques were used to analyze the mechanism of action. The results of the proteomic analyses were validated using western blotting. High glucose levels inhibited the proliferation of ARPE-19 cells. We identified 88 upregulated proteins and 114 downregulated proteins. Six of these proteins were selected for further validation. Changes in the proteome mainly affected the lysosome and cell cycle pathways. Proteomic differences between ARPE-19 cells treated with normal and high glucose concentrations indicate that damage to the RPE in DR may be caused by specific mechanisms. Our study verified protein changes in ARPE-19 cells in a high-glucose environment and may provide new strategies for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanran Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, China.,Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Hongxue Li
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yuxin Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Hongyu Kuang
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
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16
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Olchawa MM, Herrnreiter AM, Skumatz CMB, Krzysztynska-Kuleta OI, Mokrzynski KT, Burke JM, Sarna TJ. The Inhibitory Effect of Blue Light on Phagocytic Activity by ARPE-19 Cells. Photochem Photobiol 2022; 98:1110-1121. [PMID: 35067943 DOI: 10.1111/php.13596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chronic exposure of the retina to short wavelength visible light is a risk factor in pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration. The proper functioning and survival of photoreceptors depends on efficient phagocytosis of photoreceptor outer segments (POS) by retinal pigment epithelium. The purpose of this study was to analyze the phagocytic activity of blue light-treated ARPE-19 cells, and to examine whether the observed effects could be related to altered levels of POS phagocytosis receptor proteins and/or to oxidation of cellular proteins and lipids. POS phagocytosis was measured by flow cytometry. Phagocytosis receptor proteins αv and β5 integrin subunits and Mer tyrosine kinase (MerTK) were quantified by western blotting. The intact functional heterodimer αvβ5 was quantified by immunoprecipitation followed by immunoblotting. Cellular protein and lipid hydroperoxides were analyzed by coumarin boronic acid probe and iodometric assay, respectively. Cell irradiation induced reversible inhibition of specific phagocytosis and transient reductions in phagocytosis receptor proteins. Full recovery of functional heterodimer was apparent. Significant photooxidation of cellular proteins and lipids was observed. The results indicate that transient inhibition of specific phagocytosis by blue light could be related to the reduction in phagocytosis receptor proteins. Such changes may arise from oxidative modifications of cell phagocytic machinery components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena M Olchawa
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387, Krakow, Poland.,Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Anja M Herrnreiter
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Christine M B Skumatz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Eye Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Olga I Krzysztynska-Kuleta
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Krystian T Mokrzynski
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Janice M Burke
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.,Emeritus Professor of Ophthalmology
| | - Tadeusz J Sarna
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
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17
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Puddu A, Ravera S, Panfoli I, Bertola N, Maggi D. High Glucose Impairs Expression and Activation of MerTK in ARPE-19 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031144. [PMID: 35163068 PMCID: PMC8835591 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MerTK (Mer Tyrosine Kinase) is a cell surface receptor that regulates phagocytosis of photoreceptor outer segments (POS) in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. POS phagocytosis is impaired in several pathologies, including diabetes. In this study, we investigate whether hyperglycemic conditions may affect MerTK expression and activation in ARPE-19 cells, a retinal pigment epithelial cellular model. ARPE-19 cells were cultured in standard (CTR) or high-glucose (HG) medium for 24 h. Then, we analyzed: mRNA levels and protein expression of MerTK and ADAM9, a protease that cleaves the extracellular region of MerTK; the amount of cleaved Mer (sMer); and the ability of GAS6, a MerTK ligand, to induce MerTK phosphorylation. Since HG reduces miR-126 levels, and ADAM9 is a target of miR-126, ARPE-19 cells were transfected with miR-126 inhibitor or mimic; then, we evaluated ADAM9 expression, sMer, and POS phagocytosis. We found that HG reduced expression and activation of MerTK. Contextually, HG increased expression of ADAM9 and the amount of sMer. Overexpression of miR-126 reduced levels of sMer and improved phagocytosis in ARPE-19 cells cultured with HG. In this study, we demonstrate that HG compromises MerTK expression and activation in ARPE-19 cells. Our results suggest that HG up-regulates ADAM9 expression, leading to increased shedding of MerTK. The consequent rise in sMer coupled to reduced expression of MerTK impairs binding and internalization of POS in ARPE-19 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Puddu
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Silvia Ravera
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università di Genoa, Via De Toni 14, 16132 Genova, Italy; (S.R.); (N.B.)
| | - Isabella Panfoli
- Dipartimento di Farmacia (DIFAR), Università di Genova, V.le Benedetto XV 3, 16132 Genova, Italy;
| | - Nadia Bertola
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università di Genoa, Via De Toni 14, 16132 Genova, Italy; (S.R.); (N.B.)
| | - Davide Maggi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy;
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18
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Chiang YW, Su CH, Sun HY, Chen SP, Chen CJ, Chen WY, Chang CC, Chen CM, Kuan YH. Bisphenol A induced apoptosis via oxidative stress generation involved Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and mitochondrial dependent pathways in human retinal pigment epithelium (ARPE-19) cells. Environ Toxicol 2022; 37:131-141. [PMID: 34664771 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an estrogen-like compound, and an environmental hormone, that is commonly used in daily life. Therefore, it may enter the human body through food or direct contact, causing BPA residues in blood and urine. Because most studies focused on the analysis of BPA in reproductive cells or tissues, regarding evidence the effect of BPA on human retinal pigment epithelium (ARPE-19) cells unavailable. Accordingly, the present study explored the cytotoxicity of BPA on ARPE-19 cells. After BPA treatment, the expression of Bcl-XL an antiapoptotic protein, in the mitochondria decreased, and the expression of Bax, a proapoptotic protein increased. Then the mitochondrial membrane potential was affected. BPA changed in mitochondrial membrane potential led to the release of cytochrome C, which activated caspase-9 to promote downstream caspase-3 leading to cytotoxicity. The nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) pathway play a major role in age-related macular degeneration. Our results showed that expression of HO-1 and Nrf2 suppressed by BPA. Superoxide dismutase and catalase, which Nrf2 downstream antioxidants, were degraded by BPA. AMP-activated kinase (AMPK), which can regulate the phosphorylation of Nrf2, and the phosphorylation of AMPK expression was reduced by BPA. Finally, BPA-induced ROS generation and cytotoxicity were reduced by N-acetyl-l-cysteine. Taken together, these results suggest that BPA induced ARPE-19 cells via oxidative stress, which was associated with down regulated Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, and the mitochondria dependent apoptotic signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Wei Chiang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Optometry, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hung Su
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Han-Yin Sun
- Department of Optometry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Pin Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jung Chen
- Department of Education and Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ying Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Che Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Traditional Herbal Medicine Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Mu Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsiang Kuan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacy, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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19
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Liu J, Li Y, Pu Q, Qiu H, Di D, Cao Y. A polysaccharide from Lycium barbarum L.: Structure and protective effects against oxidative stress and high-glucose-induced apoptosis in ARPE-19 cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 201:111-120. [PMID: 34968548 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.12.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs) are beneficial for vision; however, relevant research has mainly focused on entire crude polysaccharides, with the basis and exact structure of the polysaccharide rarely explored. In this study, LICP009-3F-2a, a novel polysaccharide from Lycium barbarum L., was separated and then purified using anion-exchange and size-exclusion chromatography. Structural characteristics were investigated using chemical and spectroscopic methods, which revealed that LICP009-3F-2a has an Mw of 13720 Da and is an acidic heteropolysaccharide composed of rhamnose (39.1%), arabinose (7.4%), galactose (22.5%), glucose (8.3%), galacturonic acid (13.7%), and glucuronic acid (4.0%). Linkage and NMR data revealed that LICP009-3F-2a has the following backbone: →2)-α-L-Rha-(1→2,4)-α-L-Rha- (1→4)-α-D-GalAp-(1→3,6)-β-D-Galp-(1→3,6)-β-D-Galp-(1→6)-β-D-Galp-(1→, with three main branches, including: α-L-Araf-(1→5)-α-L-Araf-(1→6)-β-D-Glcp-(1→2,4)-α-L-Rha-(1→, β-D-Glcp-(1→4)-β-D-Glcp-(1→3,6)-β-D-Galp-(1→, and β-D-Galp-(1→3)-β-D-Galp-(1→3,6) -β-D-Galp-(1→. Differential scanning colorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis showed that LICP009-3F-2a is thermally stable, while X-ray diffractometry showed that LICP009-3F-2a has a semi-crystalline structure. In addition, LICP009-3F-2a protects ARPE-19 cells from H2O2-induced oxidative damage by regulating the expression of antioxidant SOD1 and CAT enzymes and down-regulating MMP2 expression. Moreover, LICP009-3F-2a promotes the proliferation of ARPE-19 cells in a concentration-dependent manner, and protects ARPE-19 cells from hyperglycemia by inhibiting apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfei Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yunchun Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qiaosheng Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hongdeng Qiu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Duolong Di
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Youlong Cao
- National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center, Yinchuan 750002, Ningxia, China.
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20
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D’Angeli F, Guadagni F, Genovese C, Nicolosi D, Trovato Salinaro A, Spampinato M, Mannino G, Lo Furno D, Petronio Petronio G, Ronsisvalle S, Sipala F, Falzone L, Calabrese V. Anti-Candidal Activity of the Parasitic Plant Orobanche crenata Forssk. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:1373. [PMID: 34827311 PMCID: PMC8615231 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10111373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans (C. albicans) and Candida glabrata (C. glabrata) are part of the human microbiome. However, they possess numerous virulence factors, which confer them the ability to cause both local and systemic infections. Candidiasis can involve multiple organs, including the eye. In the present study, we investigated the anti-candidal activity and the re-epithelizing effect of Orobanche crenata leaf extract (OCLE). By the microdilution method, we demonstrated an inhibitory effect of OCLE on both C. albicans and C. glabrata growth. By crystal violet and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, we showed the ability of OCLE to inhibit the biofilm formation and the viability of yeast cells, respectively. By germ tube and adhesion assays, we proved the capacity of OCLE to affect the morphological transition of C. albicans and the adhesion of both pathogens to human retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19), respectively. Besides, by MTT and wound healing assay, we evaluated the cytotoxic and re-epithelizing effects of OCLE on ARPE-19. Finally, the Folin-Ciocalteu and the ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry revealed a high content of phenols and the presence of several bioactive molecules in the extract. Our results highlighted new properties of O. crenata, useful in the control of Candida infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floriana D’Angeli
- Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele Roma Open University, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy; (F.D.); (F.G.)
| | - Fiorella Guadagni
- Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele Roma Open University, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy; (F.D.); (F.G.)
- InterInstitutional Multidisciplinary Biobank (BioBIM), IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Genovese
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, “Kore” University of Enna, Contrada Santa Panasia, 94100 Enna, Italy
- Nacture S.r.l, Spin-Off University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Daria Nicolosi
- Nacture S.r.l, Spin-Off University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy;
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Angela Trovato Salinaro
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy; (A.T.S.); (M.S.); (V.C.)
| | - Mariarita Spampinato
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy; (A.T.S.); (M.S.); (V.C.)
| | - Giuliana Mannino
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy; (G.M.); (D.L.F.)
| | - Debora Lo Furno
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy; (G.M.); (D.L.F.)
| | - Giulio Petronio Petronio
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences “Vincenzo Tiberio”, University of Molise, Via Francesco de Sanctis 1, 86100 Campobasso, Italy;
| | - Simone Ronsisvalle
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, Section of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (S.R.); (F.S.)
| | - Federica Sipala
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, Section of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (S.R.); (F.S.)
| | - Luca Falzone
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Vittorio Calabrese
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy; (A.T.S.); (M.S.); (V.C.)
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21
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Gao FF, Quan JH, Choi IW, Lee YJ, Jang SG, Yuk JM, Lee YH, Cha GH. FAF1 downregulation by Toxoplasma gondii enables host IRF3 mobilization and promotes parasite growth. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:9460-9472. [PMID: 34464509 PMCID: PMC8500981 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Fas‐associated factor 1 (FAF1) has gained a reputation as a member of the FAS death‐inducing signalling complex. However, the role of FAF1 in the immunity response is not fully understood. Here, we report that, in the human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell line ARPE‐19 cells, FAF1 expression level was downregulated by Toxoplasma gondii infection, and PI3K/AKT inhibitors reversed T. gondii‐induced FAF1 downregulation. In silico analysis for the FAF1 promoter sequence showed the presence of a FOXO response element (FRE), which is a conserved binding site for FOXO1 transcription factor. In accordance with the finding, FOXO1 overexpression potentiated, whereas FOXO1 depletion inhibited intracellular FAF1 expression level. We also found that FAF1 downregulation by T. gondii is correlated with enhanced IRF3 transcription activity. Inhibition of PI3K/AKT pathway with specific inhibitors had no effect on the level of T. gondii‐induced IRF3 phosphorylation but blocked IRF3 nuclear import and ISGs transcription. These results suggest that T. gondii can downregulate host FAF1 in PI3K/AKT/FOXO1‐dependent manner, and the event is essential for IRF3 nuclear translocation to active the transcription of ISGs and thereby T. gondii proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Fei Gao
- Brain Korea 21 FOUR Project for Medical Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea.,Department of Medical Science and Department of Infection Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Juan-Hua Quan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - In-Wook Choi
- Department of Medical Science and Department of Infection Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Yeon-Jae Lee
- Brain Korea 21 FOUR Project for Medical Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea.,Department of Medical Science and Department of Infection Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Seul-Gi Jang
- Brain Korea 21 FOUR Project for Medical Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea.,Department of Medical Science and Department of Infection Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jae-Min Yuk
- Brain Korea 21 FOUR Project for Medical Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea.,Department of Medical Science and Department of Infection Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Young-Ha Lee
- Brain Korea 21 FOUR Project for Medical Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea.,Department of Medical Science and Department of Infection Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Guang-Ho Cha
- Department of Medical Science and Department of Infection Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
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22
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Ekinci C, Guler EM, Kocyigit A, Kirik F, Ozdemir H. Effects of 1,25 Dihydroxyvitamin D 3 on Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cell Lines. Int Ophthalmol 2021. [PMID: 34021828 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-021-01895-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the effects of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 (vitamin D3) either alone or under oxidative damage on human retinal pigment epithelium cell lines. METHODS The human retinal pigment epithelial cell lines were pretreated with hydrogen peroxide with different concentrations (100-1000 μM) and durations (4, 12 and 24 h) to determine the appropriate dose. A group of cells were treated with vitamin D3 alone, and another group of cells were co-treated with different concentrations of (10-100 nM) vitamin D3 and hydrogen peroxide. Anti-cytotoxic, anti-apoptotic and anti-genotoxic effects of vitamin D3 on the hydrogen peroxide treated cell line were evaluated. In addition, mitochondrial membrane potentials of treated cell lines were measured. RESULTS Vitamin D3 showed statistically significant anti-cytotoxic effects and increased cell viability in all concentrations (p < 0.001). It has also significantly decreased the intracellular ROS generation at concentrations between 10-60 nM and increased intracellular reactive oxygen species in high doses over 90 nM (p < 0.01). When apoptosis was evaluated, vitamin D3 caused statistically significant decrease in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.001). In terms of DNA damage which was caused by oxidative stress, it was observed that vitamin D3 significantly reduced the damage in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.001). At the doses of 10-50 nM, vitamin D3 significantly decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Our study suggests that 1,25 (OH)2 D3 is capable for alleviating the oxidative damage in ARPE cell lines. With these results, vitamin D is thought to be a therapeutic alternative for the prevention of age-related macular degeneration. This warrants further investigations.
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23
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Zhou L, Shi DP, Chu WJ, Song S, Hao XH, Yang LL, Xu HF. Nicotinamide suppresses bevacizumab-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition of ARPE-19 cells by attenuating oxidative stress. Int J Ophthalmol 2021; 14:481-488. [PMID: 33875936 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2021.04.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effects of nicotinamide (NAM) on bevacizumab (BEV)-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of human retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19) and the underling mechanisms. METHODS ARPE-19 cells were treated with BEV for 24, 48, and 72h, and the variation degrees of EMT-related markers (fibronectin, α-SMA, vimentin, and ZO-1) were assessed by Western blotting to select the optimal treatment time point which exhibited the most obvious changes of EMT-related markers for the subsequent experiments. Furthermore, NAM was added to the medium, the mRNA and protein levels of the EMT-related markers were then measured. The accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and H2O2 and the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of the cells were also measured to evaluate the level of oxidative stress. RESULTS After being treated with BEV for 72h, the protein expression levels of EMT-related markers in ARPE-19 cells showed significant changes. Meanwhile the levels of ROS and H2O2 were obviously increased, and the TAC of ARPE-19 cells was decreased. Totally 72h was chosen to be the optimal treatment time point in subsequent experiments. Furthermore, NAM inhibited BEV-induced EMT by downregulating fibronectin, α-SMA, and vimentin and upregulating ZO-1, decreased the accumulation of ROS and H2O2, and enhanced TAC in BEV-treated ARPE-19 cells. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that NAM suppressed BEV-induced EMT in ARPE-19 cells by attenuating oxidative stress. Hence, NAM may be a potential therapeutic agent for alleviating neovascular fibrosis of the ocular fundus after anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhou
- Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong Province, China.,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao 266071, Shandong Province, China
| | - De-Peng Shi
- Qingdao Eye Hospital, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao 266071, Shandong Province, China
| | - Wen-Juan Chu
- Qingdao Eye Hospital, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao 266071, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shan Song
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao 266071, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiang-Hui Hao
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao 266071, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ling-Ling Yang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao 266071, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hai-Feng Xu
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao 266071, Shandong Province, China.,Qingdao Eye Hospital, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao 266071, Shandong Province, China
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24
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Layús BI, Gomez MA, Cazorla SI, Rodriguez AV. Drops of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CRL 759 culture supernatant attenuates eyes inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide. Benef Microbes 2021; 12:163-174. [PMID: 33769229 DOI: 10.3920/bm2020.0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Anti-inflammatory effect of soluble secreted compounds of probiotic bacteria was widely demonstrated as therapy for different inflammatory diseases, but was not investigated in inflammatory eye disorders. The aim of this study was to determine whether Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CRL759 cell-free supernatant reduced inflammatory parameters and clinical signs in ocular inflammations. First, we evaluated the effect of L. plantarum CRL759 supernatant in vitro on human retinal cell line, ARPE-19 cells, stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Then, we investigated in vivo its capacity to decrease inflammation by local administration on the eyes of mice with endotoxin induced inflammation. In vitro assays demonstrated that L. plantarum CRL759 supernatant reduced the production of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, nitric oxide and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in LPS-stimulated ARPE-19 cells. Our in vivo data proved that L. plantarum supernatant significantly reduced the clinical score of endotoxin treated mice and diminished levels of tumour necrosis factor alpha, interferon gamma and protein concentration in aqueous humour. Histological examination showed reduction of infiltrating inflammatory cells in the posterior segment of the eyes. As far as we know, this is the first report showing that Lactobacillus spp. supernatant administered as drops reduces some parameters of ocular inflammation. This promising strategy is safe and could alleviate symptoms and signs of ocular inflammation in people that are refractories to the conventional therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- B I Layús
- CONICET, CERELA, Batalla de Chacabuco 145, 4000 San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - M A Gomez
- Hospital Ángel C. Padilla, Juan Bautista Alberdi 550, 4000 San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - S I Cazorla
- CONICET, CERELA, Batalla de Chacabuco 145, 4000 San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - A V Rodriguez
- CONICET, Cell Signaling Laboratory, Batalla de Chacabuco 145, 4000 San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
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25
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Wu J, Cui D, Li H, Zeng J. Protective effects of NAC and salubrinal on apoptosis of retinal pigment epithelial cells induced by all-trans retinoic acid. Eur J Ophthalmol 2021; 32:395-401. [PMID: 33726556 DOI: 10.1177/11206721211000674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Accumulation of endogenous all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) plays a role in the degeneration of photoreceptor cells and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells, contributing to age-related macular degeneration (AMD). This study attempted to investigate the influence of antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and selective endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) inhibitor salubrinal on apoptosis of ARPE-19 cells induced by ATRA. METHODS The RPE cell line (ARPE-19) was treated with ATRA, ATRA+NAC, ATRA+salubrinal or ATRA+NAC+salubrinal and the control was untreated. After 24 h of cell culture, the levels of apoptosis, multicaspase and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected by flow cytometry. Western blot analysis was employed to detect the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) and cleaved caspase-3 in the groups. RESULTS The results of flow cytometry showed that NAC and salubrinal decreased the levels of apoptosis, ROS and multicaspase. ATRA increased VEGF-A levels associated with neovascularisation. NAC and salubrinal inhibited an increase in VEGF-A, CHOP and caspase-3 caused by ATRA in ARPE-19 cells. CONCLUSIONS In ARPE-19 cells, the levels of ROS and ERS can be increased by ATRA, contributing to apoptosis, which can be effectively inhibited by NAC and salubrinal. Thus, ATRA may play an important role in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of age-related macular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wu
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongmei Cui
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Honghui Li
- Chengdu Air Eye Hospital, Sichuan, China
| | - Junwen Zeng
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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26
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Özkaya D, Nazıroğlu M. Bevacizumab induces oxidative cytotoxicity and apoptosis via TRPM2 channel activation in retinal pigment epithelial cells: Protective role of glutathione. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2021; 259:1539-1554. [PMID: 33544179 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-021-05074-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Bevacizumab (BEV) is a blocker of circulating VEGF A generation. However, BEV has adverse apoptotic and cytotoxic effects via upregulation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and TRPM2 activation, and downregulation of cytosolic glutathione (GSH) in neuronal cells. We investigated the possible protective effects of GSH treatment on BEV-induced oxidant and apoptotic adverse actions in the TRPM2 expressing adult retinal pigment epithelial-19 (ARPE-19) and SH-SY5Y neuronal cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS The ARPE-19 and SH-SY5Y cells were divided into five main groups: Control, GSH (10 mM for 2 h), BEV (0.25 mg/ml for 24 h), BEV+GSH, and BEV+TRPM2 channel blockers (ACA or 2-APB). In the SH-SY5Y cells, the Ca2+ analyses (Fluo-3) were performed only, although Fluo-3 and the remaining analyses were performed in the ARPE-19 cells. RESULTS The levels of apoptosis, cell death, mitochondrial ROS, lipid peroxidation, caspase-3, caspase-9, ADP-ribose-induced TRPM2 current density, cytosolic-free Zn2+, and Ca2+ were increased by BEV, although their levels were diminished by the treatments of GSH and TRPM2 blockers. The BEV-induced decreases of cell viability, GSH levels, and glutathione peroxidase activities were increased by the treatment of GSH. BEV-induced increase of TRPM2 expression was decreased by the treatment of GSH, although BEV-induced decrease of VEGF A expression was further decreased by the treatment of GSH. CONCLUSION Our data confirmed that BEV-induced mitochondrial ROS and apoptosis in the human retinal epithelial cells were modulated by GSH and TRPM2 inhibition. The treatment of GSH may be considered as a therapeutic approach to BEV-induced ARPE-19 cell injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilek Özkaya
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Nazıroğlu
- Neuroscience Research Center, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey. .,Drug Discovery Unit, BSN Health, Analyses, Innovation, Consultancy, Organization, Agriculture, Industry and Trade Limited Company, Göller Bölgesi Teknokenti, Isparta, Turkey. .,Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, 32260, Isparta, Turkey.
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27
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Liu S, Fang Y, Yu J, Chang X. Hawthorn polyphenols reduce high glucose-induced inflammation and apoptosis in ARPE-19 cells by regulating miR-34a/SIRT1 to reduce acetylation. J Food Biochem 2021; 45:e13623. [PMID: 33491221 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy is a major complication in patients with diabetes. Herein, we investigate how hawthorn polyphenol extract (HPE) affects high glucose-induced oxidation, inflammation, and apoptosis in ARPE-19 cells. HPLC-MS/MS was used to determine HPE content and composition. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was assessed using fluorescence microscopy, while glucose-induced gene and protein expressions were analyzed using real-time PCR and western blotting in cells transfected with miR-34a mimics. We found that treating cells with 10 μg/ml of HPE, 30 μM procyanidin B2, chlorogenic acid, epicatechin, or resveratrol (positive control) significantly reduced ROS production and decreased apoptosis and inflammation-related factors (p < .01). Moreover, the expression level of SIRT1 was increased, while that of acetylated NF-κB p65 and p53 proteins was decreased. These data suggest that HPE can inhibit oxidative damage, inflammation, and apoptosis through the AMPK/SIRT1/NF-κB pathway, and decrease miR-34a/SIRT1/p53 pathway activation in ARPE-19 cells, thereby demonstrating a potential use as a food additive to mitigate hyperglycemia-induced retinal damage. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Hawthorn polyphenol extract (HPE) significantly reduced ROS levels, apoptosis, and the expression of inflammation-related factors in ARPE-19 cells. HPE also inhibited the AMPK/SIRT1/NF-κB and miR-34a/SIRT1/p53 pathways, which are involved in hyperglycemia-induced inflammation and apoptosis of ARPE-19 cells by regulating acetylation. Thus, HPE, as a potential food additive, may mitigate hyperglycemia-induced retinal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suwen Liu
- College of Food Science & Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Yuan Fang
- College of Food Science & Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Jincheng Yu
- College of Food Science & Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Xuedong Chang
- College of Food Science & Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, China.,Hebei (Chengde) Hawthorn Industrial Technology Research Institute, Chengde, China
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28
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Zhang F, Liu L, Zhang H, Liu ZL. Effect of Platelet-Activating Factor on Barrier Function of ARPE-19 Cells. Drug Des Devel Ther 2020; 14:4205-4214. [PMID: 33116408 PMCID: PMC7567541 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s251941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Aim To examine the effects of platelet-activating factor (PAF) on the barrier functions of cultured retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. Methods A human RPE cell line (ARPE-19) was cultured on microporous filter supports and treated with PAF and WEB 2086, a specific PAF-receptor (PAF-R) antagonist. The permeability of the RPE monolayer was measured using transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) and sodium fluorescein flux. The expression of the tight junction protein zonula occludens (ZO)-1 and the adherens junction protein N-cadherin was assessed using immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. We also measured the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) concentrations in PAF-treated cultures and re-measured RPE monolayer permeability in the presence of VEGF-neutralizing antibodies. Results PAF significantly decreased the TER and enhanced the sodium fluorescein flux of the RPE monolayer and downregulated the expression of ZO-1 and N-cadherin. These effects were abolished by WEB 2086-mediated blockage of the PAF-R. PAF stimulation increased VEGF expression in RPE cells, and the antibody-mediated neutralization of VEGF caused a partial recovery of the barrier properties. Conclusion The barrier functions of ARPE-19 cells were altered by PAF, and these effects were partly mediated by an upregulation of VEGF expression in these cells. Our results contribute to the growing body of evidence supporting the role of PAF in choroidal neovascularization. Our findings suggest that PAF is a novel target in the development of therapies for increased permeability of the RPE monolayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Eye Hospital of China Medical University, Key Lens Research Laboratory of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe-Li Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
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29
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Tsuji T, Inatani M, Tsuji C, Cheranov SM, Kadonosono K. Oxytocin induced epithelium-mesenchimal transition through Rho-ROCK pathway in ARPE-19 cells, a human retinal pigmental cell line. Tissue Cell 2020; 64:101328. [PMID: 32473703 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2019.101328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Previous reports suggest that oxytocin receptors (OXTRs) are expressed in the retinal pigment epithelium in primates. Oxytocinergic signaling activates the Rho-ROCK pathway, which reorganizes the actin cytoskeleton and alters other cellular biophysical characteristics. Such changes could be involved in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and development of proliferative vitreous retinopathy. Here, we investigated whether oxytocin (OXT) binding to OXTRs in the retinal pigment epithelium can induce Rho-ROCK-mediated cellular activity. We performed four different assays of Rho-ROCK signaling in a human retinal pigment epithelium cell line (ARPE-19) such as induction of actin fibers, wound healing, cell growth, and collagen gel contraction. The assays were performed with or without OXT (100 nM) exposure, as well as with exposure to ripasudil, a specific ROCK inhibitor. The actin stress fiber formation, a phenotype mediated by activated Rho GTPase, was induced by OXT. OXT also accelerated wound closure 19 h after administration, increased cell growth 24 h afterwards, and induced stronger collagen gel contractions. All four cellular responses were inhibited with the addition of 50 μM ripasudil. Taken together, OXT-mediated activation of Rho-ROCK signal transduction could play a role in regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition in the retinal pigment epithelium, and increase the possibility of subsequent proliferative vitreous retinopathy after vitrectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Tsuji
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Fukui University, 23-3 Shimoaizuki, Matsuoka, Eiheiji, Yoshida, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan; Department of Ophthalmology & Micro-technology, Yokohama City University, Medical School, Yokohama City University, Medical School, 4-57 Urafune-cho Minami-ku, Yokohama City, 232-0024, Japan.
| | - Masaru Inatani
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Fukui University, 23-3 Shimoaizuki, Matsuoka, Eiheiji, Yoshida, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan
| | - Chiharu Tsuji
- Department of Basic Research on Social Recognition and Memory, Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Stanislav M Cheranov
- Department of Basic Research on Social Recognition and Memory, Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Kadonosono
- Department of Ophthalmology & Micro-technology, Yokohama City University, Medical School, Yokohama City University, Medical School, 4-57 Urafune-cho Minami-ku, Yokohama City, 232-0024, Japan
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Song Q, Zhao Y, Li Q, Han X, Duan J. Puerarin protects against iron overload-induced retinal injury through regulation of iron-handling proteins. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 122:109690. [PMID: 31786468 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Excess iron content can build up in the retina and lead to iron-mediated retinal injury. An important isoflavone C-glucoside, puerarin, has been reported to be involved in retinal protection. In this experiment, we studied the effects and potential mechanisms of puerarin on retinal injury in vivo and in vitro. We found that puerarin reduced serum and retinal iron content, attenuated the pathophysiological changes and retinal iron deposition, and partially prevented the decrease of rhodopsin and retinal pigment epithelium-specific 65 kDa protein expression in retinas of iron-overload mice. Puerarin rescued the abnormal expression of iron-handling proteins in the mouse retina and suppressed the oxidative stress induced by iron overload, as evident from the enhanced activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase and decreased content of malondialdehyde. Moreover, puerarin inhibited the phosphorylation of p38 and ERK mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), thereby protecting the retinal cells from apoptosis by suppressing cytochrome c release, caspase activation, and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage in vivo. Also, the ability of puerarin to regulate iron-handling proteins, decrease intracellular Fe2+, and inhibit cell apoptosis was further confirmed in ARPE-19 cells. The experimental data verify the protective role of puerarin in the treatment of retinal injury caused by iron overload; its possible mechanisms might be associated with regulation of iron-handling proteins, enhancement of the antioxidant capacity, and the inhibition of MAPK and STAT3 activation and the apoptotic pathways under iron overload conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongtao Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.37 Twelve Bridge Road, Chengdu 610075, Sichuan, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.37 Twelve Bridge Road, Chengdu 610075, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.37 Twelve Bridge Road, Chengdu 610075, Sichuan, China
| | - Xue Han
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Liver-Kidney Patterns, Shijiazhuang 050200, Hebei, China
| | - Junguo Duan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.37 Twelve Bridge Road, Chengdu 610075, Sichuan, China.
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Fabian E, Reglodi D, Horvath G, Opper B, Toth G, Fazakas C, Vegh AG, Wilhelm I, Krizbai IA. Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide acts against neovascularization in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1455:160-172. [PMID: 31317557 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine whether pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) could influence the neovascularization processes in hyperosmotic and oxidative stress in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Hyperosmotic conditions and oxidative stress were induced by 200 mM sucrose and 250 µM hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ), respectively. Morphology and elasticity of adult retinal pigment epithelial (ARPE-19) cells were measured by atomic force microscopy, while the investigation of junctional molecules, such as occludin and ZO-1, was carried out using immunofluorescence. For cell viability measurement, the MTT test was used. The effect of PACAP on the key angiogenic factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor, angiogenin, and endothelin-1, was measured by an angiogenesis array and flow cytometry. Hyperosmotic stress-induced reorganization of the cytoskeleton and impairment of the junctions decreased cell viability and upregulated several angiogenic factors. In oxidative stress, we found that opening of the junctions decreased viability and upregulated the expression of angiogenic factors. PACAP was shown to be protective in both conditions. Retinal pigment epithelium cells play an important role in several diseases, such as diabetic retinopathy and macular edema. Therefore, protecting retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells with PACAP could be a novel and potential treatment in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Fabian
- Department of Anatomy, University of Pécs, Medical School, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Group, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Dora Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, University of Pécs, Medical School, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Group, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Horvath
- Department of Anatomy, University of Pécs, Medical School, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Group, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Balazs Opper
- Department of Anatomy, University of Pécs, Medical School, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Group, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Gabor Toth
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Csilla Fazakas
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Attila G Vegh
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Imola Wilhelm
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary.,Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldiş Western University of Arad, Arad, Romania
| | - Istvan A Krizbai
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary.,Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldiş Western University of Arad, Arad, Romania
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Nadal-Nicolas FM, Becerra SP. Pigment Epithelium-derived Factor Protects Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells Against Cytotoxicity "In Vitro". Adv Exp Med Biol 2019; 1074:457-464. [PMID: 29721976 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-75402-4_56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration. Hydrogen peroxide and sodium iodate can mediate oxidative injury. Sodium iodate induces a selective retinal degeneration targeting the RPE. We describe a method of chronic sodium iodate-mediated injury on RPE cells that may serve to evaluate protective factors against oxidative stress. Cytotoxicity and cell viability curves of ARPE-19 cells with sodium iodate were generated. The antioxidant pigment epithelium-derived factor decreased sodium iodate-mediated cytotoxicity without affecting ARPE-19 cell viability. A cell culture system to evaluate protection against oxidative stress injury with PEDF is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco M Nadal-Nicolas
- Section of Protein Structure and Function, Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, NEI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - S Patricia Becerra
- Section of Protein Structure and Function, Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, NEI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Trigueros S, Domènech EB, Toulis V, Marfany G. In Vitro Gene Delivery in Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells by Plasmid DNA-Wrapped Gold Nanoparticles. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10040289. [PMID: 30970664 PMCID: PMC6523520 DOI: 10.3390/genes10040289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Many rare diseases course with affectation of neurosensory organs. Among them, the neuroepithelial retina is very vulnerable due to constant light/oxidative stress, but it is also the most accessible and amenable to gene manipulation. Currently, gene addition therapies targeting retinal tissue (either photoreceptors or the retinal pigment epithelium), as a therapy for inherited retinal dystrophies, use adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based approaches. However, efficiency and safety of therapeutic strategies are relevant issues that are not always resolved in virus-based gene delivery and alternative methodologies should be explored. Based on our experience, we are currently assessing the novel physical properties at the nanoscale of inorganic gold nanoparticles for delivering genes to the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) as a safe and efficient alternative approach. In this work, we present our preliminary results using DNA-wrapped gold nanoparticles (DNA-gold NPs) for successful in vitro gene delivery on human retinal pigment epithelium cell cultures, as a proof-of-principle to assess its feasibility for retina in vivo gene delivery. Our results show faster expression of a reporter gene in cells transfected with DNA-gold NPs compared to DNA-liposome complexes. Furthermore, we show that the DNA-gold NPs follow different uptake, internalization and intracellular vesicle trafficking routes compared to pristine NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sònia Trigueros
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK.
| | - Elena B Domènech
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- CIBERER, ISCIII, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Vasileios Toulis
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- CIBERER, ISCIII, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Gemma Marfany
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- CIBERER, ISCIII, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB-IRSJD), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Abstract
Oxidative stress-mediated injury of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) can precede progressive retinal degeneration and ultimately lead to blindness (e.g., age-related macular degeneration (AMD)). The RPE expresses the PNPLA2 gene and produces its protein product PEDF-R that exhibits lipase activity. We have shown that transient PNPLA2 overexpression decreases dead-cell proteolytic activity and that synthetic peptides derived from a central region of PEDF-R efficiently protect ARPE-19 and pig primary RPE cells from oxidative stress. This study aims to evaluate the effect of loss of PNPLA2 in RPE cells undergoing oxidative stress. Loss of PNPLA2 conferred increased resistance to cells when subjected to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Subramanian
- Section of Protein Structure and Function, Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, NEI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - S Patricia Becerra
- Section of Protein Structure and Function, Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, NEI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Chittasupho C, Posritong P, Ariyawong P. Stability, Cytotoxicity, and Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cell Binding of Hyaluronic Acid-Coated PLGA Nanoparticles Encapsulating Lutein. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018; 20:4. [PMID: 30560323 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-018-1256-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of lutein was limited due to water insolubility and susceptible to heat and light degradation. In this study, hyaluronic acid (HA)-coated PLGA nanoparticles encapsulating lutein were fabricated by a solvent displacement method to improve the physicochemical properties and the stability of lutein. A biphasic release profile of lutein was observed, following zero-order release kinetics. The physical stability of lutein stored at 4°C, 30°C, and 40°C for 30 days was enhanced when lutein was encapsulated in the nanoparticles. The degradation of lutein in PLGA NPs coated with HA was fitted to a second-order kinetic model. The rate constant increased with increasing storage temperature. The activation energy of lutein-NPs was 63.26 kJ/mol. The half-lives of lutein in PLGA-NPs were about 49, 4, and 2 days at a storage temperature of 4°C, 30°C, and 40°C, respectively. The results suggested that lutein-NPs should be stored at 4°C to prevent physical and chemical degradation. The photodegradation of lutein in NPs followed a second-order kinetic model. The rate constant was 0.0155 mg-1 ml day-1. Cell viability study revealed that HA-coated PLGA nanoparticles encapsulating lutein did not show toxicity against retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19). The NPs bound ARPE-19 cells in a time- and a dose-dependent manner. The binding efficiency of lutein-NPs decreased at higher concentrations, suggesting that the NPs might reach binding saturation capacity. In conclusion, HA-coated PLGA nanoparticles could be used to deliver lutein and improved physicochemical property of lutein. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Bardak H, Uğuz AC, Bardak Y. Curcumin regulates intracellular calcium release and inhibits oxidative stress parameters, VEGF, and caspase-3/-9 levels in human retinal pigment epithelium cells. Physiol Int 2018; 104:301-315. [PMID: 29278024 DOI: 10.1556/2060.104.2017.4.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to observe whether curcumin (cur), a polyphenolic compound derived from the dietary spice turmeric, a yellow substance obtained from the root of the plant Curcuma longa Linn, has any protective effect against blue light irradiation in human retinal pigment epithelium (ARPE-19) cells. For this purpose, we evaluated the intracellular calcium release mechanism, poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP), procaspase-3/-9 protein expression levels, caspase activation, and reactive oxygen species levels. ARPE-19 cells were divided into four main groups, such as control, cur, blue light, and cur + blue light. Results were evaluated by Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests as post hoc tests. The cells in cur and cur + blue light samples were incubated with 20 μM cur. Blue light exposure was performed for 24 h in an incubator. Lipid peroxidation and cytosolic-free Ca2+ [Ca2+]i concentrations were higher in the blue light exposure samples than in the control samples; however, their levels were determined as significantly lower in the cur and cur + blue light exposure samples than in the blue light samples alone. PARP and procaspase-3 levels were significantly higher in blue light samples. Cur administration significantly decreased PARP and procaspase-3 expression levels. Reduced glutathione and glutathione peroxidase values were lower in the blue light exposure samples, although they were higher in the cur and cur + blue light exposure samples. Caspase-3 and -9 activities were lower in the cur samples than in the blue light samples. Moreover, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels were significantly higher in the blue light exposure samples. In conclusion, cur strongly induced regulatory effects on oxidative stress, intracellular Ca2+ levels, VEGF levels, PARP expression levels, and caspase-3 and -9 values in an experimental oxidative stress model in ARPE-19 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Bardak
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology, Haydarpasa Numune Research and Training Hospital , Istanbul, Turkey
| | - A C Uğuz
- 2 Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biophysics, Süleyman Demirel University , Isparta, Turkey.,3 Neuroscience Research Center, Süleyman Demirel University , Isparta, Turkey
| | - Y Bardak
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology, Haydarpasa Numune Research and Training Hospital , Istanbul, Turkey
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Dinç E, Ayaz L, Kurt AH. Effects of Bevacizumab, Ranibizumab, and Aflibercept on MicroRNA Expression in a Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cell Culture Model of Oxidative Stress. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2018; 34:346-353. [PMID: 29389239 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2017.0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to evaluate the effects of bevacizumab, ranibizumab, and aflibercept on the microRNA (miRNA) expression in human retinal pigment epithelium cell (ARPE-19) culture model of oxidative stress. METHODS Control cells were cultured in the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-free medium. In H2O2 group ARPE-19 cells were exposed to 600 μM H2O2 alone for 18 h. In study groups, cells were preincubated with bevacizumab, ranibizumab, and aflibercept (1.25-2.5, 0.5 and 2.0 mg/mL, respectively) for 3 h before H2O2 exposure. Another group of ARPE-19 cells were incubated with drugs for 3 h without H2O2 exposure. Cell viability and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels were evaluated by MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The expression levels of 1,152 miRNAs were determined by quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS Incubation with 600 μM H2O2 alone for 18 h decreased cell viability by ∼50%. Cell viability was greater in the anti-VEGF drug groups compared with the H2O2 group, but the differences were not significant (P > 0.05). VEGF levels were significantly lower in the anti-VEGF drug groups compared with the H2O2 group (P < 0.05 for all study groups), with no significant differences between the study groups (P > 0.05). Incubation with anti-VEGF drugs alone had no effect on miRNA expression in ARPE-19 cells. However, preincubation with bevacizumab, ranibizumab, and aflibercept significantly altered the profile of H2O2-modulated miRNA expression. CONCLUSIONS Preincubation with anti-VEGF drugs can alter the miRNA expression profile in response to H2O2-induced oxidative stress, and these drugs may have epigenetic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdem Dinç
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University , Mersin, Turkey
| | - Lokman Ayaz
- 2 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Trakya University , Edirne, Turkey
| | - Akif Hakan Kurt
- 3 Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University , Kahramanmaraş, Turkey
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Shen C, Ma W, Zheng W, Huang H, Xia R, Li C, Zhu X. The antioxidant effects of riluzole on the APRE-19 celll model injury-induced by t-BHP. BMC Ophthalmol 2017; 17:210. [PMID: 29169345 PMCID: PMC5701292 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-017-0614-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) causes the dysfunction of the retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. In this study, we examined the effects of riluzole, a sustained activator of the TRAAK potassium channel, on human RPE (ARPE-19) cells in an oxidant-induced cell-injury model and elucidate the mechanism of riluzole on RPE cell apoptosis. Methods The follow four groups of ARPE-19 cells were treated with riluzole and/or tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP) for 24.0 h: control, t-BHP, riluzole, and t-BHP + riluzole. Cell apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry, and Western blotting was performed to analyze the expression of the weakly inward rectifying potassium (TRAAK) channel. Finally, the mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) was detected by flow cytometry, and cytochrome C (Cyt-c) release was assessed by Western blotting. Results The viability of the cells in the cotreated group was significantly higher (85.6 ± 3.1%) than that in the t-BHP group (66.2 ± 2.5%). In addition, the cells in the cotreated group had a higher effect on increasing the expression of TRAAK than the t-BHP group. The results also showed that Cyt-c translocation significantly decreased and Δψm increased in the cotreated group. Conclusions These results demonstrate that riluzole protects RPE cells from apoptosis. The protection mechanism of riluzole could be from stabilizing mitochondrial Δψm and preventing the release of Cyt-c. Changes in TRAAK expression might also contribute to the protection of RPE cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaolan Shen
- The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Wei Ma
- The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenbin Zheng
- Frist Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hao Huang
- The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Renchun Xia
- People's hospital of Deyang city, Deyang, Sichuan, China
| | - Chu Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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Bardak H, Uğuz AC, Bardak Y. Protective effects of melatonin and memantine in human retinal pigment epithelium (ARPE-19) cells against 2-ethylpyridine-induced oxidative stress: implications for age-related macular degeneration. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2017; 37:112-120. [PMID: 28707481 DOI: 10.1080/15569527.2017.1354218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the possible protective effects of melatonin and memantine (MMT) against 2-ethylpyridine (2-EP)-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in human RPE (ARPE-19) cells in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS The ARPE-19 cells were divided into seven groups. Oxidative stress was triggered by incubating the ARPE-19 cells with 30 μM of 2-EP for 24 h. Then, 200 μM of melatonin was administered over three days and 20 μM of MMT over six hours prior to the experiment. The effects of melatonin and MMT on the intracellular calcium release mechanism, reactive oxygen species production, caspase-3 and caspase-9 activities, as well as vascular endothelial growth factor levels were measured. RESULTS Melatonin and MMT were found to significantly decrease apoptosis levels. The intracellular calcium release was regulated by both melatonin and MMT. Further, melatonin and MMT significantly decreased both caspase-3 and caspase-9 activities, as well as pro-caspase and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase expression, in ARPE-19 cells. Moreover, melatonin significantly increased the protective effect of MMT. The combination of melatonin and MMT significantly decreased 2-EP-induced oxidative toxicity and apoptosis by inhibiting the intracellular reactive oxygen species production and mitochondrial depolarization levels. CONCLUSIONS These notable findings are the first to demonstrate the synergistic protective effects of melatonin and MMT against 2-EP-induced oxidative stress in ARPE-19 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Handan Bardak
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Haydarpasa Numune Research and Training Hospital , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Abdülhadi Cihangir Uğuz
- b Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine , Süleyman Demirel University , Isparta , Turkey.,c Neuroscience Research Center , Süleyman Demirel University , Isparta , Turkey
| | - Yavuz Bardak
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Haydarpasa Numune Research and Training Hospital , Istanbul , Turkey
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Frede K, Ebert F, Kipp AP, Schwerdtle T, Baldermann S. Lutein Activates the Transcription Factor Nrf2 in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells. J Agric Food Chem 2017; 65:5944-5952. [PMID: 28665123 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b01929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The degeneration of the retinal pigment epithelium caused by oxidative damage is a stage of development in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The carotenoid lutein is a major macular pigment that may reduce the incidence and progression of AMD, but the underlying mechanism is currently not fully understood. Carotenoids are known to be direct antioxidants. However, carotenoids can also activate cellular pathways resulting in indirect antioxidant effects. Here, we investigate the influence of lutein on the activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) target genes in human retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19 cells) using lutein-loaded Tween40 micelles. The micelles were identified as a suitable delivery system since they were nontoxic in APRE-19 cells up to 0.04% Tween40 and led to a cellular lutein accumulation of 62 μM ± 14 μM after 24 h. Lutein significantly enhanced Nrf2 translocation to the nucleus 1.5 ± 0.4-fold compared to that of unloaded micelles after 4 h. Furthermore, lutein treatment for 24 h significantly increased the transcripts of NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) by 1.7 ± 0.1-fold, glutamate-cysteine ligase regulatory subunit (GCLm) by 1.4 ± 0.1-fold, and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) by 1.8 ± 0.3-fold. Moreover, we observed a significant enhancement of NQO1 activity by 1.2 ± 0.1-fold. Collectively, this study indicates that lutein not only serves as a direct antioxidant but also activates Nrf2 in ARPE-19 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Frede
- Plant Quality and Food Security, Leibniz-Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops Großbeeren/Erfurt e.V. , Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, Großbeeren 14979, Germany
- Department of Food Chemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam , Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, Nuthetal 14558, Germany
| | - Franziska Ebert
- Department of Food Chemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam , Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, Nuthetal 14558, Germany
| | - Anna P Kipp
- Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Dornburger Straße 24, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Tanja Schwerdtle
- Department of Food Chemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam , Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, Nuthetal 14558, Germany
| | - Susanne Baldermann
- Plant Quality and Food Security, Leibniz-Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops Großbeeren/Erfurt e.V. , Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, Großbeeren 14979, Germany
- Department of Food Chemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam , Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, Nuthetal 14558, Germany
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Aryan N, Betts-Obregon BS, Perry G, Tsin AT. Oxidative Stress Induces Senescence in Cultured RPE Cells. Open Neurol J 2016; 10:83-7. [PMID: 27651846 PMCID: PMC5012081 DOI: 10.2174/1874205x01610010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this research is to determine whether oxidative stress induces cellular senescence in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Cultured ARPE19 cells were subjected to different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide to induce oxidative stress. Cells were seeded into 24-well plates with hydrogen peroxide added to cell medium and incubated at 37°C + 5% CO2 for a 90-minute period [at 0, 300, 400 and 800 micromolar (MCM) hydrogen peroxide]. The number of viable ARPE19 cells were recorded using the Trypan Blue Dye Exclusion Method and cell senescence was measured by positive staining for senescence-associated beta-galactosidase (SA-beta-Gal) protein. Without hydrogen peroxide treatment, the number of viable ARPE19 cells increased significantly from 50,000 cells/well to 197,000 within 72 hours. Treatment with hydrogen peroxide reduced this level of cell proliferation significantly (to 52,167 cells at 400 MCM; to 49,263 cells at 800 MCM). Meanwhile, cells with a high level of positive senescence-indicator SA-Beta-Gal-positive staining was induced by hydrogen peroxide treatment (from a baseline level of 12% to 80% at 400 MCM and at 800 MCM). Our data suggests that oxidative stress from hydrogen peroxide treatment inhibited ARPE19 cell proliferation and induced cellular senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nona Aryan
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
| | - Brandi S Betts-Obregon
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
| | - George Perry
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
| | - Andrew T Tsin
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
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Tokarz P, Piastowska-Ciesielska AW, Kaarniranta K, Blasiak J. All-Trans Retinoic Acid Modulates DNA Damage Response and the Expression of the VEGF-A and MKI67 Genes in ARPE-19 Cells Subjected to Oxidative Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E898. [PMID: 27314326 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17060898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is characterized by the progressive degradation of photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. ARPE-19 is an RPE cell line established as an in vitro model for the study of AMD pathogenesis. Oxidative stress is an AMD pathogenesis factor that induces DNA damage. Thus, the oxidative stress-mediated DNA damage response (DDR) of ARPE-19 cells can be important in AMD pathogenesis. The metabolism of retinoids—which regulates cell proliferation, differentiation, and the visual cycle in the retina—was reported to be disturbed in AMD patients. In the present work, we studied the effect of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA, a retinoid) on DDR in ARPE-19 cells subjected to oxidative stress. We observed that ATRA increased the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), alkali-labile sites in DNA, DNA single-strand breaks, and cell death evoked by oxidative stress. ATRA did not modulate DNA repair or the distribution of cells in cell cycle in the response of ARPE-19 cells to oxidative stress. ATRA induced autophagy in the absence of oxidative stress, but had no effect on this process in the stress. ATRA induced over-expression of proliferation marker MKI67 and neovascularization marker VEGF-A. In conclusion, ATRA increased oxidative stress in ARPE-19 cells, resulting in more lesions to their DNA and cell death. Moreover, ATRA can modulate some properties of these cells, including neovascularization, which is associated with the exudative form of AMD. Therefore, ATRA can be important in the prevention, diagnosis, and therapy of AMD.
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Olchawa MM, Herrnreiter AM, Pilat AK, Skumatz CMB, Niziolek-Kierecka M, Burke JM, Sarna TJ. Zeaxanthin and α-tocopherol reduce the inhibitory effects of photodynamic stress on phagocytosis by ARPE-19 cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 89:873-82. [PMID: 26482868 PMCID: PMC4847939 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.10.411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Zeaxanthin and α-tocopherol have been previously shown to efficiently protect liposomal membrane lipids against photosensitized peroxidation, and to protect cultured RPE cells against photodynamic killing. Here the protective action of combined zeaxanthin and α-tocopherol was analyzed in ARPE-19 cells subjected to photodynamic (PD) stress mediated by rose Bengal (RB) or merocyanine-540 (MC-540) at sub-lethal levels. Stress-induced cytotoxicity was analyzed by the MTT assay. The peroxidation of membrane lipids was determined by HPLC-EC (Hg) measurements of cholesterol hydroperoxides using cholesterol as a mechanistic reporter molecule. The specific phagocytosis of FITC-labeled photoreceptor outer segments (POS) isolated from bovine retinas was measured by flow cytometry, and the levels of phagocytosis receptor proteins αv integrin subunit, β5 integrin subunit and MerTK were quantified by Western blot analysis. Cytotoxicity measures confirmed that PD stress levels used for phagocytosis analysis were sub-lethal and that antioxidant supplementation protected against higher, lethal PD doses. Sub-lethal PD stress mediated by both photosensitizers induced the accumulation of 5α-OOH and 7α/β-OOH cholesterol hydroperoxides and the addition of the antioxidants substantially inhibited their accumulation. Antioxidant delivery prior to PD stress also reduced the inhibitory effect of stress on POS phagocytosis and partially reduced the stress-induced diminution of phagocytosis receptor proteins. The use of a novel model system where oxidative stress was induced at sub-lethal levels enable observations that would not be detectable using lethal stress models. Moreover, novel observations about the protective effects of zeaxanthin and α-tocopherol on photodynamic damage to ARPE-19 cell membranes and against reductions in the abundance of receptor proteins involved in POS phagocytosis, a process essential for photoreceptor survival, supports the importance of the antioxidants in protecting of the retina against photooxidative injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena M Olchawa
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Anja M Herrnreiter
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Anna K Pilat
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Christine M B Skumatz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Magdalena Niziolek-Kierecka
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Janice M Burke
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Tadeusz J Sarna
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
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Kontturi LS, Collin EC, Murtomäki L, Pandit AS, Yliperttula M, Urtti A. Encapsulated cells for long-term secretion of soluble VEGF receptor 1: Material optimization and simulation of ocular drug response. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2014; 95:387-97. [PMID: 25460143 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Anti-angiogenic therapies with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibiting factors are effective treatment options for neovascular diseases of the retina, but these proteins can only be delivered as intravitreal (IVT) injections. To sustain a therapeutic drug level in the retina, VEGF inhibitors have to be delivered frequently, every 4-8weeks, causing inconvenience for the patients and expenses for the healthcare system. The aim of this study was to investigate cell encapsulation as a delivery system for prolonged anti-angiogenic treatment of retinal neovascularization. Genetically engineered ARPE-19 cells secreting soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (sVEGFR1) were encapsulated in a hydrogel of cross-linked collagen and interpenetrating hyaluronic acid (HA). The system was optimized in terms of matrix composition and cell density, and long-term cell viability and protein secretion measurements were performed. sVEGFR1 ARPE-19 cells in the optimized hydrogel remained viable and secreted sVEGFR1 at a constant rate for at least 50days. Based on pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modeling, delivery of sVEGFR1 from this cell encapsulation system is expected to lead only to modest VEGF inhibition, but improvements of the protein structure and/or secretion rate should result in strong and prolonged therapeutic effect. In conclusion, the hydrogel matrix herein supported the survival and protein secretion from the encapsulated cells. The PK/PD simulation is a convenient approach to predict the efficiency of the cell encapsulation system before in vivo experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena-Stiina Kontturi
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Estelle C Collin
- Network of Excellence for Functional Biomaterials, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | | | - Abhay S Pandit
- Network of Excellence for Functional Biomaterials, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Marjo Yliperttula
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Arto Urtti
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Wolkow N, Li Y, Maminishkis A, Song Y, Alekseev O, Iacovelli J, Song D, Lee JC, Dunaief JL. Iron upregulates melanogenesis in cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells. Exp Eye Res 2014; 128:92-101. [PMID: 25277027 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of our studies was to examine the relationship between iron and melanogenesis in retinal pigment epithelial cells, as prior observations had suggested that iron may promote melanogenesis. This relationship has potential clinical importance, as both iron overload and hyperpigmentation are associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Human fetal retinal pigment epithelial cells and ARPE-19 cells were treated with iron in the form of ferric ammonium citrate, after which quantitative RT-PCR and electron microscopy were performed. Melanogenesis genes tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein 1, Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome 3, premelanosome protein and dopachrome tautomerase were upregulated, as was the melanogenesis-controlling transcription factor, microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF). Iron-treated cells had increased pigmentation and melanosome number. Multiple transcription factors upstream of MITF were upregulated by iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Wolkow
- F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 305 Stellar-Chance Laboratories, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yafeng Li
- F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 305 Stellar-Chance Laboratories, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Arvydas Maminishkis
- Section of Epithelial and Retinal Physiology and Disease, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 10, Rm. 10B04, MSC 1861, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ying Song
- F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 305 Stellar-Chance Laboratories, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Oleg Alekseev
- F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 305 Stellar-Chance Laboratories, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jared Iacovelli
- F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 305 Stellar-Chance Laboratories, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Delu Song
- F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 305 Stellar-Chance Laboratories, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jennifer C Lee
- F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 305 Stellar-Chance Laboratories, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Joshua L Dunaief
- F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 305 Stellar-Chance Laboratories, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE The present report examines several subcultures of a single sample of ARPE-19 cells to determine their status with respect to cell mortality. If a transformation from mortal to immortal has occurred in these cells, it may impact their characteristics and, thereby, their utility for modeling natural retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. METHODS Five separate subcultures of ARPE-19 cells were grown as recommended by the supplier. During the course of culture, they were periodically monitored for signs of mortality including erosion of telomeres, increased senescence-associated beta-galactosidase (SABG) staining, altered morphology and reduced viability with an increased population doubling level (PDL). There were also observed for signs of immortality including continuous growth to very high population doubling levels and maintenance of short telomere lengths. RESULTS Each of the subcultures showed both mortal and immortal characteristics. Telomere erosion, increased SABG staining, changes in cell morphology and a modest drop in cell viability took place within a range of population doublings (59-77) in which cell senescence would be expected to occur. The cultures, however, continued to proliferate even after signs of senescence had appeared, with one subculture propagating to 257 population doublings. In addition, little further telomere erosion occurred at high PDL. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the ARPE-19 subcultures contained both mortal and immortal cells. Since no transformation event was witnessed during the study, it appears likely that both types of cells were present in the original sample. Based on the proportion of cells demonstrating senescence-related changes, the mortal cells were estimated to comprise approximately 27% of the total culture. Because of the differences that can exist between normal and immortalized cells, and given the large proportion of ARPE-19 cells that are immortalized, discretion should be exercised when using ARPE-19 cells to model native RPE cells for the study of retinal diseases such as AMD.
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Biasutto L, Chiechi A, Couch R, Liotta LA, Espina V. Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) exosomes contain signaling phosphoproteins affected by oxidative stress. Exp Cell Res 2013; 319:2113-2123. [PMID: 23669273 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of vision loss and blindness among the elderly population in the industrialized world. One of the typical features of this pathology is the gradual death of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, which are essential for maintaining photoreceptor functions and survival. The etiology is multifactorial, and oxidative stress is clearly one of the key factors involved in disease pathogenesis (Plafker, Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 664 (2010) 447-56; Qin, Drug Dev. Res. 68 (2007) 213-225). Recent work has revealed the presence of phosphorylated signaling proteins in the vitreous humour of patients affected by AMD or other retinal diseases. While the location of these signaling proteins is typically the cell membrane or intracellular compartments, vitreous samples were proven to be cell-free (Davuluri et al., Arch. Ophthalmol. 127 (2009) 613-21). To gain a better understanding of how these proteins can be shed into the vitreous, we used reverse phase protein arrays (RPMA) to analyze the protein and phosphoprotein content of exosomes shed by cultured ARPE-19 cells under oxidative stress conditions. Seventy two proteins were shown to be released by ARPE-19 cells and compartmentalized within exosomes. Forty one of them were selectively detected in their post-translationally modified form (i.e., phosphorylated or cleaved) for the first time in exosomes. Sets of these proteins were linked together reflecting activation of pathway units within exosomes. A subset of (phospho)proteins were altered in exosomes secreted by ARPE-19 cells subjected to oxidative stress, compared to that secreted by control/non stressed cells. Stress-altered exosome proteins were found to be involved in pathways regulating apoptosis/survival (i.e, Bak, Smac/Diablo, PDK1 (S241), Akt (T308), Src (Y416), Elk1 (S383), ERK 1/2 (T202/Y204)) and cell metabolism (i.e., AMPKα1 (S485), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (S79), LDHA). Exosomes may thus represent the conduit through which membrane and intracellular signaling proteins are released into the vitreous. Changes in their (phospho)protein content upon stress conditions suggest their possible role in mediating cell-cell signaling during physio-pathological events; furthermore, exosomes may represent a potential source of biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Biasutto
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy.
| | - Antonella Chiechi
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, 10900 University Blvd, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Robin Couch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University, 10900 University Blvd, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Lance A Liotta
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, 10900 University Blvd, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Virginia Espina
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, 10900 University Blvd, Manassas, VA 20110, USA.
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Cheng YW, Wang YL, Zhang YH, Peng SX, Chiou GCY. Proliferation of retinal pigment epithelial cells induced by (R,R)-XY-10 and (S,S)-XY-10 and their action mechanisms. Int J Ophthalmol 2010; 3:9-13. [PMID: 22553508 DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2010.01.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2009] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the mechanism of proliferation effect induced by (R,R)-XY-10 and (S,S)-XY-10 on retinal pigmented epithelial cells (ARPE-19). METHODS Human retinal pigmented epithelial cells (ARPE-19) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were used to investigate the effect of (R,R)-XY-10 and (S,S)-XY-10 on cell growth, and their mechanisms of proliferative action by using ERK, AKT, PI3K, Protein kinase C (PKC) and Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors. RESULTS (R,R)-XY-10 and (S,S)-XY-10 dose-dependently increased ARPE-19 cell proliferation, but not on HUVECs. When treated with proliferative inhibitors, H-7 (5µmol/L), hypericin (20µmol/L), PD98059 (2µmol/L), LY294002 (50µmol/L), SH-5 (10µmol/L) and L-NAME (100µmol/L), the proliferative effect was reduced by H-7, hypericin, PD98059 and LY294002, but not by SH-5 and L-NAME. CONCLUSION (R,R)-XY-10 and (S,S)-XY-10 can induce cell proliferation through MAPK and PI3K dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wen Cheng
- Institute of Ocular Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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