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Chen J, Song Y, Ma L, Jin Y, Yu J, Guo Y, Huang Y, Pu X. Computational insights into diverse binding modes of the allosteric modulator and their regulation on dopamine D1 receptor. Comput Biol Med 2024; 173:108283. [PMID: 38552278 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.108283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Allosteric drugs hold the promise of addressing many challenges in the current drug development of GPCRs. However, the molecular mechanism underlying their allosteric modulations remain largely elusive. The dopamine D1 receptor (DRD1), a member of Class A GPCRs, is critical for treating psychiatric disorders, and LY3154207 serves as its promising positive allosteric modulator (PAM). In the work, we utilized extensive Gaussian-accelerated molecular dynamics simulations (a total of 41μs) for the first time probe the diverse binding modes of the allosteric modulator and their regulation effects, based on the DRD1 and LY3154207 as representative. Our simulations identify four binding modes of LY3154207 (one boat mode, two metastable vertical modes and a novel cleft-anchored mode), in which the boat mode is the most stable while there three modes are similar in the stability. However, it is interesting to observed that the most stable boat mode inversely exhibits the weakest positive allosteric effect on influencing the orthosteric ligand binding and maintaining the activity of the transducer binding site. It should result from its induced weaker correlation between the allosteric site and the orthosteric site, and between the orthosteric site and the transducer binding site than the other three binding modes, as well as its weakened interaction between a crucial activation-related residue (S2025.46) and the orthosteric ligand (dopamine). Overall, the work offers atomic-level information to advance our understanding of the complex allosteric regulation on GPCRs, which is beneficial to the allosteric modulator design and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfang Chen
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
| | - Yuanpeng Song
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
| | - Luhan Ma
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
| | - Yizhou Jin
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
| | - Jin Yu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
| | - Yanzhi Guo
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
| | - Yan Huang
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
| | - Xuemei Pu
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
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2
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Matera MG, Rinaldi B, Calzetta L, Rogliani P, Cazzola M. Advances in adrenergic receptors for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: 2023 update. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2023; 24:2133-2142. [PMID: 37955136 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2023.2282673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Strong scientific evidence and large experience support the use of β2-agonists for the symptomatic alleviation of COPD. Therefore, there is considerable effort in discovering highly potent and selective β2-agonists. AREAS COVERED Recent research on novel β2-agonists for the treatment of COPD. A detailed literature search was performed in two major databases (PubMed/MEDLINE and Scopus) up to September 2023." EXPERT OPINION Compounds that preferentially activate a Gs- or β-arrestin-mediated signaling pathway via β- adrenoceptors (ARs) are more innovative. Pepducins, which target the intracellular region of β2-AR to modulate receptor signaling output, have the most interesting profile from a pharmacological point of view. They stabilize the conformation of the β2-AR and influence its signaling by interacting with the intracellular receptor-G protein interface. New bifunctional drugs called muscarinic antagonist-β2 agonist (MABA), which have both muscarinic receptor (mAChR) antagonism and β2-agonist activity in the same molecule, are a new opportunity. However, all tested compounds have been shown to act predominantly as mAChR antagonists or β2-agonists. An intriguing idea is to utilize allosteric modulators that bind to β2-ARs at sites different than those bound by orthosteric ligands to augment or reduce the signaling transduced by the orthosteric ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gabriella Matera
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Naples, Italy
| | - Barbara Rinaldi
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Naples, Italy
| | - Luigino Calzetta
- Unit of Respiratory Diseases and Lung Function, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Paola Rogliani
- Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Cazzola
- Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
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3
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Grogan A, Lucero EY, Jiang H, Rockman HA. Pathophysiology and pharmacology of G protein-coupled receptors in the heart. Cardiovasc Res 2023; 119:1117-1129. [PMID: 36534965 PMCID: PMC10202650 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvac171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), comprising the largest superfamily of cell surface receptors, serve as fundamental modulators of cardiac health and disease owing to their key roles in the regulation of heart rate, contractile dynamics, and cardiac function. Accordingly, GPCRs are heavily pursued as drug targets for a wide variety of cardiovascular diseases ranging from heart failure, cardiomyopathy, and arrhythmia to hypertension and coronary artery disease. Recent advancements in understanding the signalling mechanisms, regulation, and pharmacological properties of GPCRs have provided valuable insights that will guide the development of novel therapeutics. Herein, we review the cellular signalling mechanisms, pathophysiological roles, and pharmacological developments of the major GPCRs in the heart, highlighting the β-adrenergic, muscarinic, and angiotensin receptors as exemplar subfamilies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Grogan
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, DUMC 3104, 226 CARL Building, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Emilio Y Lucero
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, DUMC 3104, 226 CARL Building, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Haoran Jiang
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, DUMC 3104, 226 CARL Building, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Howard A Rockman
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, DUMC 3104, 226 CARL Building, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, DUMC 3104, 226 CARL Building, 12 Durham, NC 27710, USA
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4
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Liu H, Li Y, Gao Y. Asymmetric activation of class C GPCRs. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci 2023; 195:77-87. [PMID: 36707156 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Class C G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) comprise a unique GPCR subfamily with large ligand-binding extracellular domains and function as obligate dimers. The recently resolved cryo-EM structures of full-length GABAB, CaSR, and mGlus have revealed that these receptors are activated in an asymmetric manner, leading to G-protein-coupling on one protomer within the receptor dimer. In this review we discuss the mechanisms of asymmetric activation in class C GPCRs and the unique mode of interaction with the inhibitory Gi protein. Upon activation, the two seven-transmembrane domains (7TMs) of class C GPCRs rearrange to form a conserved asymmetric TM6-TM6 interface. In contrast to class A and B GPCRs, G-protein coupling does not involve the cytoplasmic opening of TM6, but is facilitated through the coordination of intracellular loops. Furthermore, positive and negative allosteric modulators (PAMs and NAMs) adopt distinct conformations to regulate the activity of class C GPCRs. Taken together, these recent findings on the mechanism of asymmetric activation of class C GPCRs highlight a novel mechanism of G protein activation and provide new insights into the design of therapeutics targeting these receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongnan Liu
- Department of Cardiology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanjun Li
- Department of Cardiology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Department of Cardiology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
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5
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Li M, Bao Y, Li M, Guo J. GPCR Allostery: a View from Computational Biology. Curr Med Chem 2023:CMC-EPUB-128847. [PMID: 36642879 DOI: 10.2174/0929867330666230113125246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent a large superfamily of cell-surface proteins that mediate cell signaling and regulate virtually various aspects of physiological and pathological processes, therefore serving as a rich source of drug targets. As intrinsically allosteric proteins, numerous functions of GPCRs are regulated via allostery, whereby allosteric modulators binding at a distal site regulate the function of the typical orthosteric site. However, only a few GPCR allosteric ligands have been presently approved as drugs due to the high dynamic structures of GPCRs. Fortunately, the rapid development of computational biology sheds light on understanding the mechanism of GPCR allosteric ligands, which is critical for the discovery of new therapeutic agents. Here, we present a comprehensive overview of the currently available resources and approaches in computational biology related to G protein-coupled receptor allostery and their conformational dynamics. In addition, current limitations and major challenges in the field are also discussed accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengrong Li
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yiqiong Bao
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Miaomiao Li
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jingjing Guo
- Centre in Artificial Intelligence Driven Drug Discovery, Faculty of Applied Science, Macao Polytechnic University, Macao 999078, China.,Engineering Research Centre of Applied Technology on Machine Translation and Artificial Intelligence, Macao Polytechnic University, Macao 999078, China
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6
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Holter KM, Pierce BE, Gould RW. Metabotropic glutamate receptor function and regulation of sleep-wake cycles. Int Rev Neurobiol 2023; 168:93-175. [PMID: 36868636 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors are the most abundant family of G-protein coupled receptors and are widely expressed throughout the central nervous system (CNS). Alterations in glutamate homeostasis, including dysregulations in mGlu receptor function, have been indicated as key contributors to multiple CNS disorders. Fluctuations in mGlu receptor expression and function also occur across diurnal sleep-wake cycles. Sleep disturbances including insomnia are frequently comorbid with neuropsychiatric, neurodevelopmental, and neurodegenerative conditions. These often precede behavioral symptoms and/or correlate with symptom severity and relapse. Chronic sleep disturbances may also be a consequence of primary symptom progression and can exacerbate neurodegeneration in disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Thus, there is a bidirectional relationship between sleep disturbances and CNS disorders; disrupted sleep may serve as both a cause and a consequence of the disorder. Importantly, comorbid sleep disturbances are rarely a direct target of primary pharmacological treatments for neuropsychiatric disorders even though improving sleep can positively impact other symptom clusters. This chapter details known roles of mGlu receptor subtypes in both sleep-wake regulation and CNS disorders focusing on schizophrenia, major depressive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, AD, and substance use disorder (cocaine and opioid). In this chapter, preclinical electrophysiological, genetic, and pharmacological studies are described, and, when possible, human genetic, imaging, and post-mortem studies are also discussed. In addition to reviewing the important relationships between sleep, mGlu receptors, and CNS disorders, this chapter highlights the development of selective mGlu receptor ligands that hold promise for improving both primary symptoms and sleep disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly M Holter
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Bethany E Pierce
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Robert W Gould
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States.
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7
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Aggarwal S, Mortensen OV. Discovery and Development of Monoamine Transporter Ligands. Adv Neurobiol 2023; 30:101-129. [PMID: 36928847 PMCID: PMC10074400 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-21054-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Monoamine transporters (MATs) are targets of a wide range of compounds that have been developed as therapeutic treatments for various neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders such as depression, ADHD, neuropathic pain, anxiety disorders, stimulant use disorders, epilepsy, and Parkinson's disease. The MAT family is comprised of three main members - the dopamine transporter (DAT), the norepinephrine transporter (NET), and the serotonin transporter (SERT). These transporters are through reuptake responsible for the clearance of their respective monoamine substrates from the extracellular space. The determination of X-ray crystal structures of MATs and their homologues bound with various substrates and ligands has resulted in a surge of structure-function-based studies of MATs to understand the molecular basis of transport function and the mechanism of various ligands that ultimately result in their behavioral effects. This review focusses on recent examples of ligand-based structure-activity relationship studies trying to overcome some of the challenges associated with previously developed MAT inhibitors. These studies have led to the discovery of unique and novel structurally diverse MAT ligands including allosteric modulators. These novel molecular scaffolds serve as leads for designing more effective therapeutic interventions by modulating the activities of MATs and ultimately their associated neurotransmission and behavioral effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaili Aggarwal
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Ole Valente Mortensen
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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8
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Jakowiecki J, Orzeł U, Gliździnska A, Możajew M, Filipek S. Specificities of Protein Homology Modeling for Allosteric Drug Design. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2627:339-348. [PMID: 36959457 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2974-1_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
The allosteric binding sites are usually located in the flexible areas of proteins, which are hardly visible in the crystal structures. However, there are notable exceptions like allosteric sites in receptors in class B and C of GPCRs, which are located within a well-defined bundle of transmembrane helices. Class B and C evolved from class A and even after swapping of orthosteric and allosteric sites the central binding site persisted and it can be used for easy design of allosteric drugs. However, studying the ligand binding to the allosteric sites in the most populated class A of GPCRs is still a challenge, since they are located mostly in unresolved parts of the receptor's structure, and especially N-terminus. This chapter provides an example of cannabinoid CB1 receptor N-terminal homology modeling, ligand-guided modeling of the allosteric site in GABA receptor, as well as C-linker modeling in the potassium ion channels where the allosteric phospholipid ligand PIP2 is bound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Jakowiecki
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Urszula Orzeł
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Gliździnska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mariusz Możajew
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sławomir Filipek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
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9
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Deutsch SI, Burket JA. From Mouse to Man: N-Methyl-d-Aspartic Acid Receptor Activation as a Promising Pharmacotherapeutic Strategy for Autism Spectrum Disorders. Med Clin North Am 2023; 107:101-117. [PMID: 36402493 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcna.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The BALB/c mouse displays hypersensitivity to behavioral effects of MK-801 (dizocilpine), a noncompetitive N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor "open-channel" blocker, and shows both no preference for an enclosed stimulus mouse over an inanimate object and reduced social interaction with a freely behaving stimulus mouse. NMDA receptor agonist interventions improved measures of social preference and social interaction of the BALB/c mouse model of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). A "proof of principle/proof of concept" translational 10-week clinical trial with 8-week of active medication administration was conducted comparing 20 DSM-IV-TR-diagnosed older adolescent/young adult patients with ASD randomized to once-weekly pulsed administration (50 mg/d) versus daily administration of d-cycloserine (50 mg/d). The results showed that d-cycloserine, a partial glycine agonist, was well tolerated, the 2 dosing strategies did not differ, and improvement was noted on the "lethargy/social withdrawal" and "stereotypic behavior" subscales of the Aberrant Behavior Checklist. NMDA receptor activation contributes to the regulation of mTOR signaling, a pathologic point of convergence in several monogenic syndromic forms of ASD. Furthermore, both NMDA receptor hypofunction and imbalance between NMDA receptor activation mediated by GluN2B and GluN2A-containing NMDA receptors occur as "downstream" consequences of several genetically unrelated abnormalities associated with ASD. NMDA receptor-subtype selective "positive allosteric modulators (PAMs)" are particularly appealing medication candidates for future translational trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen I Deutsch
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 825 Fairfax Avenue, Suite 710, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA
| | - Jessica A Burket
- Department of Molecular Biology & Chemistry, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, USA.
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10
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Farmer JP, Mistry SN, Laughton CA, Holliday ND. Development of fluorescent peptide G protein-coupled receptor activation biosensors for NanoBRET characterization of intracellular allosteric modulators. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22576. [PMID: 36183332 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202201024r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are widely therapeutically targeted, and recent advances in allosteric modulator development at these receptors offer further potential for exploitation. Intracellular allosteric modulators (IAM) represent a class of ligands that bind to the receptor-effector interface (e.g., G protein) and inhibit agonist responses noncompetitively. This potentially offers greater selectivity between receptor subtypes compared to classical orthosteric ligands. However, while examples of IAM ligands are well described, a more general methodology for assessing compound interactions at the IAM site is lacking. Here, fluorescent labeled peptides based on the Gα peptide C terminus are developed as novel binding and activation biosensors for the GPCR-IAM site. In TR-FRET binding studies, unlabeled peptides derived from the Gαs subunit were first characterized for their ability to positively modulate agonist affinity at the β2 -adrenoceptor. On this basis, a tetramethylrhodamine (TMR) labeled tracer was synthesized based on the 19 amino acid Gαs peptide (TMR-Gαs19cha18, where cha = cyclohexylalanine). Using NanoBRET technology to detect binding, TMR-Gαs19cha18 was recruited to Gs coupled β2 -adrenoceptor and EP2 receptors in an agonist-dependent manner, but not the Gi-coupled CXCR2 receptor. Moreover, NanoBRET competition binding assays using TMR-Gαs19cha18 enabled direct assessment of the affinity of unlabeled ligands for β2 -adrenoceptor IAM site. Thus, the NanoBRET platform using fluorescent-labeled G protein peptide mimetics offers novel potential for medium-throughput screens to identify IAMs, applicable across GPCRs coupled to a G protein class. Using the same platform, Gs peptide biosensors also represent useful tools to probe orthosteric agonist efficacy and the dynamics of receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Farmer
- School of Life Sciences, The Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | | | | - Nicholas D Holliday
- School of Life Sciences, The Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Excellerate Bioscience, Biocity, Nottingham, UK
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11
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Domin H. Group III metabotropic glutamate receptors as promising targets for neuroprotective therapy: Particular emphasis on the role of mGlu4 and mGlu7 receptors. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2022; 219:173452. [PMID: 36030890 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
There is still no effective treatment for central nervous system (CNS) pathologies, including cerebral ischemia, neurotrauma, and neurodegenerative diseases in which the Glu/GABA balance is disturbed with associated excitotoxicity. It is thus important to search for new efficacious therapeutic strategies. Preclinical studies on the role of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) in neuroprotection conducted over the years show that these receptors may have therapeutic potential in these CNS disorders. However, clinical trials, especially for treating Parkinson's disease, have been unsatisfactory. This review focuses on the specific role of group III mGluRs in neuroprotection in experimental in vitro and in vivo models of excitotoxicity/neurotoxicity using neurotoxins as well as ischemia, traumatic brain injury, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's diseases, and multiple sclerosis. The review highlights recent preclinical studies in which group III mGluR ligands (especially those acting at mGluR4 or mGluR7) were administered after damage, thus emphasizing the importance of the therapeutic time window in the treatment of ischemic stroke and traumatic brain injury. From a clinical standpoint, the review also highlights studies using group III mGluR agonists with favorable neuroprotective efficacy (histological and functional) in experimental ischemic stroke, including healthy normotensive and-hypertensive rats. This review also summarizes possible mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective activity of the group III mGluR ligands, which may be helpful in developing more effective and safe therapeutic strategies. Therefore, to fully assess the role of these receptors in neuroprotection, it is necessary to uncover new selective ligands, primarily those stimulating mGlu4 and mGlu7 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Domin
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Neurobiology, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343 Kraków, Poland.
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12
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Aathi MS, Kumar C, Prabhudesai KS, Shanmugarajan D, Idicula-Thomas S. Mapping of FSHR agonists and antagonists binding sites to identify potential peptidomimetic modulators. Biochim Biophys Acta Biomembr 2022; 1864:183842. [PMID: 34954201 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2021.183842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the critical role of follicle stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) signaling in human reproduction, FSHR has been widely explored for development of fertility regulators. Using high-throughput screening approaches, several low molecular weight (LMW) compounds that can modulate FSHR activity have been identified. However, the information about the binding sites of these molecules on FSHR is not known. In the present study, we extracted the structural and functional information of 161 experimentally validated LMW FSHR modulators available in PubMed records. The potential FSHR binding sites for these modulators were identified through molecular docking experiments. The binding sites were further mapped to the agonist or antagonist activity reported for these molecules in literature. MD simulations were performed to evaluate the effect of ligand binding on conformational changes in the receptor, specifically the transmembrane domain. A peptidomimetic library was screened using these binding sites. Six peptidomimetics that interacted with the residues of transmembrane domain and extracellular loops were evaluated for binding activity using in vitro cAMP assay. Two of the six peptidomimetics exhibited positive allosteric modulatory activity and four peptidomimetics exhibited negative allosteric modulatory activity. All six peptidomimetics interacted with Asp521 of hFSHR(TMD). Several of the experimentally known LMW FSHR modulators also participated in H-bond interactions with Asp521, suggesting its important role in FSHR modulatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthu Sankar Aathi
- Biomedical Informatics Centre, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Mumbai 400012, India
| | - Chandan Kumar
- Biomedical Informatics Centre, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Mumbai 400012, India
| | - Kaushiki S Prabhudesai
- Biomedical Informatics Centre, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Mumbai 400012, India
| | | | - Susan Idicula-Thomas
- Biomedical Informatics Centre, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Mumbai 400012, India.
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Perez SM, McCoy AM, Prevot TD, Mian MY, Carreno FR, Frazer A, Cook JM, Sibille E, Lodge DJ. Hippocampal α5-GABA A Receptors Modulate Dopamine Neuron Activity in the Rat Ventral Tegmental Area. Biol Psychiatry Glob Open Sci 2022; 3:78-86. [PMID: 36712569 PMCID: PMC9874136 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2021.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Aberrant dopamine neuron activity is attributable to hyperactivity in hippocampal subfields driving a pathological increase in dopamine neuron activity, which is positively correlated with psychosis in humans. Evidence indicates that hippocampal hyperactivity is due to loss of intrinsic GABAergic (gamma-aminobutyric acidergic) inhibition. We have previously demonstrated that hippocampal GABAergic neurotransmission can be modulated by targeting α5-GABAA receptors, which are preferentially expressed in hippocampal regions. Positive and negative allosteric modulators of α5-GABAA receptors (α5-PAMs and α5-NAMs) elicit effects on hippocampal-dependent behaviors. We posited that the selective manipulation of hippocampal inhibition, using α5-PAMs or α5-NAMs, would modulate dopamine activity in control rats. Further, α5-PAMs would reverse aberrant dopamine neuron activity in a rodent model with schizophrenia-related pathophysiologies (methylazoxymethanol acetate [MAM] model). Methods We performed in vivo extracellular recordings of ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons in anesthetized rats to compare the effects of two novel, selective α5-PAMs (GL-II-73, MP-III-022), a nonselective α-PAM (midazolam), and two selective α5-NAMs (L-655,708, TB 21007) in control and MAM-treated male Sprague Dawley rats (n = 5-9). Results Systemic or intracranial administration of selective α5-GABAA receptor modulators regulated dopamine activity. Specifically, both α5-NAMs increased dopamine neuron activity in control rats, whereas GL-II-73, MP-III-022, and L-655,708 attenuated aberrant dopamine neuron activity in MAM-treated rats, an effect mediated by the ventral hippocampus. Conclusions This study demonstrated that α5-GABAA receptor modulation can regulate dopamine neuron activity under control or abnormal activity, providing additional evidence that α5-PAMs and α5-NAMs may have therapeutic applications in psychosis and other psychiatric diseases where aberrant hippocampal activity is present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M. Perez
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas,Audie L. Murphy Memorial Veterans Hospital, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas,Address correspondence to Stephanie M. Perez, Ph.D.
| | - Alexandra M. McCoy
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas,Audie L. Murphy Memorial Veterans Hospital, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Thomas D. Prevot
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Md Yeunus Mian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Flavia R. Carreno
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Alan Frazer
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas,Audie L. Murphy Memorial Veterans Hospital, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas
| | - James M. Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Etienne Sibille
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel J. Lodge
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas,Audie L. Murphy Memorial Veterans Hospital, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas
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Abstract
The P2X7 receptor has been proposed as a novel drug target for different types of diseases associated with inflammation, including brain diseases, peripheral inflammation, and cancers. Structurally diverse P2X7 receptor antagonists, mainly negative allosteric modulators (NAMs), have been developed in recent years, and several P2X7 receptor antagonists are currently evaluated in clinical trials. The P2X7 receptor requires high micro- to even millimolar ATP concentrations to be activated. Selective agonists for the P2X7 receptor are not available. Positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) have been described, but PAMs with high potency and selectivity are still lacking. This chapter discusses medicinal chemistry approaches toward the development of P2X7 receptor modulators and presents a selection of recommended tool compounds for studying P2X7 receptors in humans and rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa E Müller
- Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Vigneshwaran Namasivayam
- Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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15
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Sheik Amamuddy O, Afriyie Boateng R, Barozi V, Wavinya Nyamai D, Tastan Bishop Ö. Novel dynamic residue network analysis approaches to study allosteric modulation: SARS-CoV-2 M pro and its evolutionary mutations as a case study. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:6431-6455. [PMID: 34849191 PMCID: PMC8613987 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The rational search for allosteric modulators and the allosteric mechanisms of these modulators in the presence of mutations is a relatively unexplored field. Here, we established novel in silico approaches and applied them to SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) as a case study. First, we identified six potential allosteric modulators. Then, we focused on understanding the allosteric effects of these modulators on each of its protomers. We introduced a new combinatorial approach and dynamic residue network (DRN) analysis algorithms to examine patterns of change and conservation of critical nodes, according to five independent criteria of network centrality. We observed highly conserved network hubs for each averaged DRN metric on the basis of their existence in both protomers in the absence and presence of all ligands (persistent hubs). We also detected ligand specific signal changes. Using eigencentrality (EC) persistent hubs and ligand introduced hubs we identified a residue communication path connecting the allosteric binding site to the catalytic site. Finally, we examined the effects of the mutations on the behavior of the protein in the presence of selected potential allosteric modulators and investigated the ligand stability. One crucial outcome was to show that EC centrality hubs form an allosteric communication path between the allosteric ligand binding site to the active site going through the interface residues of domains I and II; and this path was either weakened or lost in the presence of some of the mutations. Overall, the results revealed crucial aspects that need to be considered in rational computational drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Victor Barozi
- Research Unit in Bioinformatics (RUBi), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa
| | - Dorothy Wavinya Nyamai
- Research Unit in Bioinformatics (RUBi), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa
| | - Özlem Tastan Bishop
- Research Unit in Bioinformatics (RUBi), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa
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16
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Tan Z, Li T, Lei H, Zhai X. An update on allosteric modulators as a promising strategy targeting histone methyltransferase. Pharmacol Res 2021; 172:105865. [PMID: 34474102 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Histone methylation is a vital post-translational modification process in epigenetic regulation. The perturbation of histone methylation accounts for many diseases, including malignant cancers. Although achieving significant advances over past decades, orthosteric inhibitors targeting histone methyltransferases still suffer from challenges on subtype selectivity and acquired drug-resistant mutations. As an alternative, new compounds targeting the evolutionarily less conserved allosteric sites, exemplified by HKMTs and PRMTs inhibitors, offer a promising strategy to address this quandary. Herein, we highlight the allosteric sites and mechanisms in histone methyltransferases along with representative allosteric modulators, expecting to facilitate the discovery of allosteric modulators in favor of epigenetic therapy.
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17
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Dvorak NM, Wadsworth PA, Wang P, Zhou J, Laezza F. Development of Allosteric Modulators of Voltage-Gated Na + Channels: A Novel Approach for an Old Target. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 21:841-848. [PMID: 34036922 DOI: 10.2174/1568026621666210525105359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Given their primacy in governing the action potential (AP) of excitable cells, voltage-gated Na+ (Nav) channels are important pharmacological targets of therapeutics for a diverse array of clinical indications. Despite historically being a traditional drug target, therapeutics targeting Nav channels lack isoform selectivity, giving rise to off-target side effects. To develop isoform-selective modulators of Nav channels with improved target-specificity, the identification and pharmacological targeting of allosteric sites that display structural divergence among Nav channel isoforms represents an attractive approach. Despite the high homology among Nav channel α subunit isoforms (Nav1.1-Nav1.9), there is considerable amino acid sequence divergence among their constituent C-terminal domains (CTD), which enables structurally and functionally specific protein: protein interactions (PPI) with auxiliary proteins. Although pharmacological targeting of such PPI interfaces between the CTDs of Nav channels and auxiliary proteins represents an innovate approach for developing isoform-selective modulators of Nav channels, appreciable modulation of PPIs using small molecules has conventionally been difficult to achieve. After briefly discussing the challenges of modulating PPIs using small molecules, this current frontier review that follows subsequently expounds on approaches for circumventing such difficulties in the context of developing small molecule modulators of PPIs between transmembrane ion channels and their auxiliary proteins. In addition to broadly discussing such approaches, the implementation of such approaches is specifically discussed in the context of developing small molecule modulators between the CTD of Nav channels and auxiliary proteins. Developing allosteric modulators of ion channels by targeting their PPI interfaces with auxiliary proteins represents an innovative and promising strategy in ion channel drug discovery that could expand the "druggable genome" and usher in first-in-class PPI-targeting therapeutics for a multitude of channelopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolan M Dvorak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555, United States
| | - Paul A Wadsworth
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555, United States
| | - Pingyuan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555, United States
| | - Jia Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555, United States
| | - Fernanda Laezza
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555, United States
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18
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Engelberg IA, Foley CA, James LI, Frye SV. Improved methods for targeting epigenetic reader domains of acetylated and methylated lysine. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2021; 63:132-144. [PMID: 33852996 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Responsible for interpreting histone post-translational modifications, epigenetic reader proteins have emerged as novel therapeutic targets for a wide range of diseases. Chemical probes have been critical in enabling target validation studies and have led to translational advances in cancer and inflammation-related pathologies. Here, we present the most recently reported probes of reader proteins that recognize acylated and methylated lysine. We will discuss challenges associated with achieving potent antagonism of reader domains and review ongoing efforts to overcome these hurdles, focusing on targeting strategies including the use of peptidomimetic ligands, allosteric modulators, and protein degraders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle A Engelberg
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, United States
| | - Caroline A Foley
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, United States
| | - Lindsey I James
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, United States
| | - Stephen V Frye
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, United States.
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19
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Porcu A, Mostallino R, Serra V, Melis M, Sogos V, Beggiato S, Ferraro L, Manetti F, Gianibbi B, Bettler B, Corelli F, Mugnaini C, Castelli MP. COR758, a negative allosteric modulator of GABA B receptors. Neuropharmacology 2021; 189:108537. [PMID: 33798546 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Allosteric modulators of G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), including GABABRs (GABABRs), are promising therapeutic candidates. While several positive allosteric modulators (PAM) of GABABRs have been characterized, only recently the first negative allosteric modulator (NAM) has been described. In the present study, we report the characterization of COR758, which acts as GABABR NAM in rat cortical membranes and CHO cells stably expressing GABABRs (CHO-GABAB). COR758 failed to displace the antagonist [3H]CGP54626 from the orthosteric binding site of GABABRs showing that it acts through an allosteric binding site. Docking studies revealed a possible new allosteric binding site for COR758 in the intrahelical pocket of the GABAB1 monomer. COR758 inhibited basal and GABABR-stimulated O-(3-[35Sthio)-triphosphate ([35S]GTPγS) binding in brain membranes and blocked the enhancement of GABABR-stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding by the PAM GS39783. Bioluminescent resonance energy transfer (BRET) measurements in CHO-GABAB cells showed that COR758 inhibited G protein activation by GABA and altered GABABR subunit rearrangements. Additionally, the compound altered GABABR-mediated signaling such as baclofen-induced inhibition of cAMP production in transfected HEK293 cells, agonist-induced Ca2+ mobilization as well as baclofen and the ago-PAM CGP7930 induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2) in CHO-GABAB cells. COR758 also prevented baclofen-induced outward currents recorded from rat dopamine neurons, substantiating its property as a NAM for GABABRs. Altogether, these data indicate that COR758 inhibits G protein signaling by GABABRs, likely by interacting with an allosteric binding-site. Therefore, COR758 might serve as a scaffold to develop additional NAMs for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Porcu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042, Monserrato, Italy; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50-70, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rafaela Mostallino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Valeria Serra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Miriam Melis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Valeria Sogos
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Sarah Beggiato
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Section of Medicinal and Health Products, and LTTA Center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Luca Ferraro
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Section of Medicinal and Health Products, and LTTA Center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Manetti
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Siena, I-53100, Siena, SI, Italy
| | - Beatrice Gianibbi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Siena, I-53100, Siena, SI, Italy
| | - Bernhard Bettler
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50-70, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Federico Corelli
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Siena, I-53100, Siena, SI, Italy
| | - Claudia Mugnaini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Siena, I-53100, Siena, SI, Italy
| | - M Paola Castelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042, Monserrato, Italy; Guy Everett Laboratory, University of Cagliari, 09042, Monserrato, Italy; Center of Excellence "Neurobiology of Addiction", University of Cagliari, 09042, Monserrato, Italy.
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20
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Abstract
Methamphetamine abuse leads to devastating consequences, including addiction, crime, and death. Despite decades of research, no medication has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of Methamphetamine Use Disorder. Thus, there is a need for new therapeutic approaches. Animal studies demonstrate that methamphetamine exposure dysregulates forebrain function involving the Group-I metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGlu5), which is predominantly localized to postsynaptic sites. Allosteric modulators of mGlu5 offer a unique opportunity to modulate glutamatergic neurotransmission selectively, thereby potentially ameliorating methamphetamine-induced disruptions. Negative allosteric modulators of mGlu5 attenuate the effects of methamphetamine, including rewarding/reinforcing properties of the drug across animal models, and have shown promising effects in clinical trials for Anxiety Disorder and Major Depressive Disorder. Preclinical studies have also sparked great interest in mGlu5 positive allosteric modulators, which exhibit antipsychotic and anxiolytic properties, and facilitate extinction learning when access to methamphetamine is removed, possibly via the amelioration of methamphetamine-induced cognitive deficits. Clinical research is now needed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the mGlu5 receptor-related effects of methamphetamine and the contributions of these effects to addictive behaviors. The growing array of mGlu5 allosteric modulators provides excellent tools for this purpose and may offer the prospect of developing tailored and effective medications for Methamphetamine Use Disorder.
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21
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Saldaña-Shumaker SL, Grenning AJ, Cunningham CW. Modern approaches to the development of synthetic cannabinoid receptor probes. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2021; 203:173119. [PMID: 33508249 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2021.173119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system, which spans the central and peripheral nervous systems and regulates many biologic processes, is an important target for probe discovery and medications development. Whereas the earliest endocannabinoid receptor probes were derivatives of the non-selective phytocannabinoids isolated from Cannabis species, modern drug discovery techniques have expanded the definitions of what constitutes a CB1R or CB2R cannabinoid receptor ligand. This review highlights recent advances in synthetic cannabinoid receptor chemistry and pharmacology. We provide examples of new CB1R- and CB2R-selective probes, and discuss rational approaches to the design of peripherally-restricted agents. We also describe structural classes of positive- and negative allosteric modulators (PAMs and NAMs) of CB1R and CB2R. Finally, we introduce new opportunities for cannabinoid receptor probe development that have emerged in recent years, including biased agonists that may lead to medications lacking adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savanah L Saldaña-Shumaker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Concordia University Wisconsin, 12800 N. Lake Shore Drive, Mequon, WI 53097, USA
| | - Alexander J Grenning
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, PO Box 117200, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Christopher W Cunningham
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Concordia University Wisconsin, 12800 N. Lake Shore Drive, Mequon, WI 53097, USA.
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22
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Sampaio-Dias IE, Rodríguez-Borges JE, Yáñez-Pérez V, Arrasate S, Llorente J, Brea JM, Bediaga H, Viña D, Loza MI, Caamaño O, García-Mera X, González-Díaz H. Synthesis, Pharmacological, and Biological Evaluation of 2-Furoyl-Based MIF-1 Peptidomimetics and the Development of a General-Purpose Model for Allosteric Modulators (ALLOPTML). ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:203-215. [PMID: 33347281 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This work describes the synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of 2-furoyl-based Melanostatin (MIF-1) peptidomimetics as dopamine D2 modulating agents. Eight novel peptidomimetics were tested for their ability to enhance the maximal effect of tritiated N-propylapomorphine ([3H]-NPA) at D2 receptors (D2R). In this series, 2-furoyl-l-leucylglycinamide (6a) produced a statistically significant increase in the maximal [3H]-NPA response at 10 pM (11 ± 1%), comparable to the effect of MIF-1 (18 ± 9%) at the same concentration. This result supports previous evidence that the replacement of proline residue by heteroaromatic scaffolds are tolerated at the allosteric binding site of MIF-1. Biological assays performed for peptidomimetic 6a using cortex neurons from 19-day-old Wistar-Kyoto rat embryos suggest that 6a displays no neurotoxicity up to 100 μM. Overall, the pharmacological and toxicological profile and the structural simplicity of 6a makes this peptidomimetic a potential lead compound for further development and optimization, paving the way for the development of novel modulating agents of D2R suitable for the treatment of CNS-related diseases. Additionally, the pharmacological and biological data herein reported, along with >20 000 outcomes of preclinical assays, was used to seek a general model to predict the allosteric modulatory potential of molecular candidates for a myriad of target receptors, organisms, cell lines, and biological activity parameters based on perturbation theory (PT) ideas and machine learning (ML) techniques, abbreviated as ALLOPTML. By doing so, ALLOPTML shows high specificity Sp = 89.2/89.4%, sensitivity Sn = 71.3/72.2%, and accuracy Ac = 86.1%/86.4% in training/validation series, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, ALLOPTML is the first general-purpose chemoinformatic tool using a PTML-based model for the multioutput and multicondition prediction of allosteric compounds, which is expected to save both time and resources during the early drug discovery of allosteric modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo E. Sampaio-Dias
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - José E. Rodríguez-Borges
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Víctor Yáñez-Pérez
- Dept. of Organic Chemistry II, University of Basque Country (UPV-EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Sonia Arrasate
- Dept. of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Basque Country (UPV-EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Javier Llorente
- Dept. of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Basque Country (UPV-EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Dept. of Pharmacology, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José M. Brea
- Innopharma Screening Platform, Biofarma Research group, Centre of Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Harbil Bediaga
- Dept. of Organic Chemistry II, University of Basque Country (UPV-EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Dept. of Physical Chemistry, University of Basque Country (UPV-EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Dolores Viña
- Dept. of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Centre of Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María Isabel Loza
- Innopharma Screening Platform, Biofarma Research group, Centre of Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Olga Caamaño
- Dept. of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Xerardo García-Mera
- Dept. of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Humberto González-Díaz
- Dept. of Organic Chemistry II, University of Basque Country (UPV-EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Basque Center for Biophysics (CSIC UPV/EHU), University of Basque Country (UPV-EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Spain
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Bhattarai A, Wang J, Miao Y. Retrospective ensemble docking of allosteric modulators in an adenosine G-protein-coupled receptor. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1864:129615. [PMID: 32298791 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ensemble docking has proven useful in drug discovery and development. It increases the hit rate by incorporating receptor flexibility into molecular docking as demonstrated on important drug targets including G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Adenosine A1 receptor (A1AR) is a key GPCR that has been targeted for treating cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injuries, neuropathic pain and renal diseases. Development of allosteric modulators, compounds binding to distinct and less conserved GPCR target sites compared with agonists and antagonists, has attracted increasing interest for designing selective drugs of the A1AR. Despite significant advances, more effective approaches are needed to discover potent and selective allosteric modulators of the A1AR. METHODS Ensemble docking that integrates Gaussian accelerated molecular dynamic (GaMD) simulations and molecular docking using Autodock has been implemented for retrospective docking of known positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) in the A1AR. RESULTS Ensemble docking outperforms docking of the receptor cryo-EM structure. The calculated docking enrichment factors (EFs) and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC) are significantly increased. CONCLUSIONS Receptor ensembles generated from GaMD simulations are able to increase the success rate of discovering PAMs of A1AR. It is important to account for receptor flexibility through GaMD simulations and flexible docking. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Ensemble docking is a promising approach for drug discovery targeting flexible receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apurba Bhattarai
- Center for Computational Biology and Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Jinan Wang
- Center for Computational Biology and Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Yinglong Miao
- Center for Computational Biology and Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA.
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Lipinski CA, Reaume AG. High throughput in vivo phenotypic screening for drug repurposing: Discovery of MLR-1023 a novel insulin sensitizer and novel Lyn kinase activator with clinical proof of concept. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115425. [PMID: 32201192 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Drug discovery requires the combination of medicinal chemistry and biology. In this article Chris Lipinski, the medicinal chemist, describes the chemical origins at Pfizer of Tolimidone1 the starting point for the repurposed MLR-1023 (Ochman et al., 2012). Andrew Reaume, the biologist, describes his motivation to develop a high quality (i.e. in vivo model) phenotypic screening platform as an ideal drug repositioning platform.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew G Reaume
- Melior Discovery, Inc., 860 Springdale Drive, Exton, PA 19087, United States.
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25
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Prabhu SV, Singh SK. Identification of Potential Dual Negative Allosteric Modulators of Group I mGluR Family: A Shape Based Screening, ADME Prediction, Induced Fit Docking and Molecular Dynamics Approach Against Neurodegenerative Diseases. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 19:2687-2707. [PMID: 31702505 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666191105112800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutamate is the principal neurotransmitter in the human brain that exerts its effects through ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) and metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs). The mGluRs are a class of C GPCRs that play a vital role in various neurobiological functions, mGluR1 and mGluR5 are the two receptors distributed throughout the brain involved in cognition, learning, memory, and other important neurological processes. Dysfunction of these receptors can cause neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, X-fragile syndrome, anxiety, depression, etc., hence these receptors are high profile targets for pharmaceutical industries. OBJECTIVE The objective of our study is to find the novel dual negative allosteric modulators to regulate both mGluR1 and mGluR5. METHODS In this study, shape screening protocol was used to find the dual negative allosteric modulators for both mGluR1 and mGluR5 followed by ADME prediction, induced-fit docking (IFD) and molecular dynamics simulations. Further, DFT analysis and MESP studies were carried out for the selected compounds. RESULTS Around 247 compounds were obtained from the eMolecules database and clustered through the CANVAS module and filtered with ADME properties. Furthermore, IFD revealed that the top four compounds (16059796, 25004252, 4667236 and 11670690) having good protein-ligand interactions and binding free energies. The molecular electrostatic potential of the top compounds shows interactions in the amine group and the oxygen atom in the negative potential regions. Finally, molecular dynamics simulations were performed with all the selected as well as the reported compound 29 indicates that the screened hits have better stability of protein ligand complex. CONCLUSION Hence, from the results, it is evident that top hits 16059796, 25004252, 4667236 and 11670690 could be a novel and potent dual negative allosteric modulators for mGluR1 and mGluR5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitrarasu Vijaya Prabhu
- Computer Aided Drug Designing and Molecular Modeling Laboratory, Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu-630 004, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Singh
- Computer Aided Drug Designing and Molecular Modeling Laboratory, Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu-630 004, India
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Shukla AK, Dwivedi-Agnihotri H. Structure and function of β-arrestins, their emerging role in breast cancer, and potential opportunities for therapeutic manipulation. Adv Cancer Res 2020; 145:139-156. [PMID: 32089163 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
β-Arrestins (βarrs) are multifunctional intracellular proteins with an ability to directly interact with a large number of cellular partners including the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). βarrs contribute to multiple aspects of GPCR signaling, trafficking and downregulation. Considering the central involvement of GPCR signaling in the onset and progression of diverse types of cancers, βarrs have also emerged as key players in the context of investigating cancer phenotypes, and as potential therapeutic targets. In this chapter, we first provide a brief account of structure and function of βarrs and then highlight recent discoveries unfolding novel functional attributes of βarrs in breast cancer. We also underscore the recent paradigms of modulating βarr functions in cellular context and potential therapeutic opportunities going forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Shukla
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India.
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Abstract
Membrane receptors that are activated by the purine nucleoside adenosine (adenosine receptors) or by purine or pyrimidine nucleotides (P2Y and P2X receptors) transduce extracellular signals to the cytosol. They play important roles in physiology and disease. The G protein-coupled adenosine receptors comprise four subtypes: A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. The G-protein-coupled P2Y receptors are subdivided into eight subtypes: P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y4, P2Y6, P2Y11, P2Y12, P2Y13, and P2Y14, while the P2X receptors represent ATP-gated homomeric or heteromeric ion channels consisting of three subunits; the most important subunits are P2X1, P2X2, P2X3, P2X4, and P2X7. This chapter provides guidance for selecting suitable tool compounds for studying these large and important purine receptor families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa E Müller
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Younis Baqi
- Department of Chemistry, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Vigneshwaran Namasivayam
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Chavez-Abiega S, Mos I, Centeno PP, Elajnaf T, Schlattl W, Ward DT, Goedhart J, Kallay E. Sensing Extracellular Calcium - An Insight into the Structure and Function of the Calcium-Sensing Receptor (CaSR). Adv Exp Med Biol 2020; 1131:1031-63. [PMID: 31646544 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-12457-1_41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a G protein-coupled receptor that plays a key role in calcium homeostasis, by sensing free calcium levels in blood and regulating parathyroid hormone secretion in response. The CaSR is highly expressed in parathyroid gland and kidney where its role is well characterised, but also in other tissues where its function remains to be determined. The CaSR can be activated by a variety of endogenous ligands, as well as by synthetic modulators such as Cinacalcet, used in the clinic to treat secondary hyperparathyroidism in patients with chronic kidney disease. The CaSR couples to multiple G proteins, in a tissue-specific manner, activating several signalling pathways and thus regulating diverse intracellular events. The multifaceted nature of this receptor makes it a valuable therapeutic target for calciotropic and non-calciotropic diseases. It is therefore essential to understand the complexity behind the pharmacology, trafficking, and signalling characteristics of this receptor. This review provides an overview of the latest knowledge about the CaSR and discusses future hot topics in this field.
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29
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Orgován Z, Ferenczy GG, Keserű GM. Fragment-Based Approaches for Allosteric Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor (mGluR) Modulators. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:1768-1781. [PMID: 31393248 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190808150039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR) are members of the class C G-Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCR-s) and have eight subtypes. These receptors are responsible for a variety of functions in the central and peripheral nervous systems and their modulation has therapeutic utility in neurological and psychiatric disorders. It was previously established that selective orthosteric modulation of these receptors is challenging, and this stimulated the search for allosteric modulators. Fragment-Based Drug Discovery (FBDD) is a viable approach to find ligands binding at allosteric sites owing to their limited size and interactions. However, it was also observed that the structure-activity relationship of allosteric modulators is often sharp and inconsistent. This can be attributed to the characteristics of the allosteric binding site of mGluRs that is a water channel where ligand binding is accompanied with induced fit and interference with the water network, both playing a role in receptor activation. In this review, we summarize fragment-based drug discovery programs on mGluR allosteric modulators and their contribution identifying of new mGluR ligands with better activity and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Orgován
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Magyar Tudosok Korutja, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - György G Ferenczy
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Magyar Tudosok Korutja, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - György M Keserű
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Magyar Tudosok Korutja, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
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30
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Nguyen T, Thomas BF, Zhang Y. Overcoming the Psychiatric Side Effects of the Cannabinoid CB1 Receptor Antagonists: Current Approaches for Therapeutics Development. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:1418-1435. [PMID: 31284863 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190708164841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Cannabinoid CB1 Receptor (CB1R) is involved in a variety of physiological pathways and has long been considered a golden target for therapeutic manipulation. A large body of evidence in both animal and human studies suggests that CB1R antagonism is highly effective for the treatment of obesity, metabolic disorders and drug addiction. However, the first-in-class CB1R antagonist/inverse agonist, rimonabant, though demonstrating effectiveness for obesity treatment and smoking cessation, displays serious psychiatric side effects, including anxiety, depression and even suicidal ideation, resulting in its eventual withdrawal from the European market. Several strategies are currently being pursued to circumvent the mechanisms leading to these side effects by developing neutral antagonists, peripherally restricted ligands, and allosteric modulators. In this review, we describe the progress in the development of therapeutics targeting the CB1R in the last two decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy Nguyen
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Brian F Thomas
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
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Sampaio-Dias IE, Silva-Reis SC, García-Mera X, Brea J, Loza MI, Alves CS, Algarra M, Rodríguez-Borges JE. Synthesis, Pharmacological, and Biological Evaluation of MIF-1 Picolinoyl Peptidomimetics as Positive Allosteric Modulators of D 2R. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:3690-3702. [PMID: 31347842 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This work describes the synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of picolinoyl-based peptidomimetics of melanocyte stimulating hormone release inhibiting factor 1 (MIF-1) as dopamine modulating agents. Eight novel peptidomimetics were tested for their ability to enhance the maximal effect of tritiated N-propylapomorphine ([3H]-NPA) at dopamine D2 receptors (D2R). Methyl picolinoyl-l-valyl-l-alaninate (compound 6b) produced a statistically significant increase in the maximal [3H]-NPA response at 0.01 nM (11.9 ± 3.7%), which is close to the effect of MIF-1 in this assay at same concentration (18.3 ± 9.1%). Functional assays measuring cAMP mobilization in the presence of dopamine corroborate the activity of peptidomimetic 6b as a positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of D2R. In this assay, 6b produced a typical bell-shaped dose-response curve similar to that of the parent neuropeptide (18.3 ± 7.1% for 6b vs 15.4 ± 5.5% for MIF-1, both at 0.1 nM). Dose-response curves for dopamine in the presence of 6b show EC50 (0.33 ± 0.21 μM for 6b vs 0.17 ± 0.07 μM for MIF-1) and Emax (86.0 ± 5.4% for 6b vs 93.6 ± 4.4% for MIF-1) comparable to those of MIF-1, both at 0.01 nM. Furthermore, peptidomimetic 6b was tested for agonist activity at the human D2R and the results show that it displays no intrinsic agonism effect, endorsing its activity as a PAM of D2R. Cytotoxic and neurotoxic assays were performed for peptidomimetic 6b using HEK 293T cells and cortex neurons from 19 day old Wistar-Kyoto rat embryos, respectively, suggesting this analogue displays no toxicity effect in these assays up to 100 μM. Conformational energy minimization for 6b shows that this peptidomimetic cannot adopt the postulated type-II β-turn bioactive conformation, endorsing the possibility of an extended bioactive conformation as claimed by other researchers as a second bioactive conformation of MIF-1. Overall, the pharmacological and toxicological profile of peptidomimetic 6b together with its favorable druglike properties and structural simplicity makes it a potential lead compound for further development and optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo E. Sampaio-Dias
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara C. Silva-Reis
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Xerardo García-Mera
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Brea
- Innopharma Screening Platform, Biofarma Research Group, Centre of Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M. Isabel Loza
- Innopharma Screening Platform, Biofarma Research Group, Centre of Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carla S. Alves
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário
da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Manuel Algarra
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário
da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | - José E. Rodríguez-Borges
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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32
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Astl L, Verkhivker GM. Data-driven computational analysis of allosteric proteins by exploring protein dynamics, residue coevolution and residue interaction networks. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2019:S0304-4165(19)30179-5. [PMID: 31330173 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2019.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Computational studies of allosteric interactions have witnessed a recent renaissance fueled by the growing interest in modeling of the complex molecular assemblies and biological networks. Allosteric interactions in protein structures allow for molecular communication in signal transduction networks. METHODS In this work, we performed a large scale comprehensive and multi-faceted analysis of >300 diverse allosteric proteins and complexes with allosteric modulators. By modeling and exploring coarse-grained dynamics, residue coevolution, and residue interaction networks for allosteric proteins, we have determined unifying molecular signatures shared by allosteric systems. RESULTS The results of this study have suggested that allosteric inhibitors and allosteric activators may differentially affect global dynamics and network organization of protein systems, leading to diverse allosteric mechanisms. By using structural and functional data on protein kinases, we present a detailed case study that that included atomic-level analysis of coevolutionary networks in kinases bound with allosteric inhibitors and activators. CONCLUSIONS We have found that coevolutionary networks can form direct communication pathways connecting functional regions and can recapitulate key regulatory sites and interactions responsible for allosteric signaling in the studied protein systems. The results of this computational investigation are compared with the experimental studies and reveal molecular signatures of known regulatory hotspots in protein kinases. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This study has shown that allosteric inhibitors and allosteric activators can have a different effect on residue interaction networks and can exploit distinct regulatory mechanisms, which could open up opportunities for probing allostery and new drug combinations with broad range of activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindy Astl
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA 92618, United States of America
| | - Gennady M Verkhivker
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA 92618, United States of America; Department of Pharmacology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States of America.
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Iorio MT, Rehman S, Bampali K, Stoeger B, Schnürch M, Ernst M, Mihovilovic MD. Variations on a scaffold - Novel GABA A receptor modulators. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 180:340-349. [PMID: 31325782 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Allosteric ligands of GABAA receptors exist in many different chemotypes owing to their great usefulness as therapeutics, with benzodiazepines being among the best known examples. Many allosteric binding sites have been described, among them a site at the extracellular interface between the alpha principal face and the beta complementary face (α+/β-). Pyrazoloquinolinones have been shown to bind at α+/β-binding sites of GABAA receptors, exerting chiefly positive allosteric modulation at this location. In order to further explore molecular determinants of this type of allosteric modulation, we synthesized a library of ligands based on the PQ pharmacophore employing a ring-chain bioisosteric approach. In this study we analyzed the structure-activity-relationship (SAR) of these novel ligands based on an azo-biaryl structural motif in α1β3 GABAA receptors, indicating interesting novel properties of the compound class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Iorio
- TU Wien, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Getreidemarkt 9/163-OC, 1060, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Sabah Rehman
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Brain Research, Spitalgasse 4, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Konstantina Bampali
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Brain Research, Spitalgasse 4, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Berthold Stoeger
- TU Wien, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Getreidemarkt 9/163-OC, 1060, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Michael Schnürch
- TU Wien, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Getreidemarkt 9/163-OC, 1060, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Margot Ernst
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Brain Research, Spitalgasse 4, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Marko D Mihovilovic
- TU Wien, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Getreidemarkt 9/163-OC, 1060, Vienna, Austria.
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Sapkota K, Dore K, Tang K, Irvine M, Fang G, Burnell ES, Malinow R, Jane DE, Monaghan DT. The NMDA receptor intracellular C-terminal domains reciprocally interact with allosteric modulators. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 159:140-153. [PMID: 30503374 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) have multiple prominent roles in CNS function but their excessive or insufficient activity contributes to neuropathological/psychiatric disorders. Consequently, a variety of positive and negative allosteric modulators (PAMs and NAMs, respectively) have recently been developed. Although these modulators bind to extracellular domains, in the present report we find that the NMDAR's intracellular C-terminal domains (CTDs) significantly influence PAM/NAM activity. GluN2 CTD deletion robustly affected NAM and PAM activity with both enhancing and inhibiting effects that were compound-specific and NMDAR subunit-specific. In three cases, individual PAMs became NAMs at specific GluN2-truncated receptors. In contrast to GluN2, GluN1 CTD removal only reduced PAM activity of UBP684 and CIQ, and did not affect NAM activity. Consistent with these findings, agents altering phosphorylation state or intracellular calcium levels displayed receptor-specific and compound-specific effects on PAM activity. It is possible that the GluN2's M4 domain transmits intracellular modulatory signals from the CTD to the M1/M4 channel gating machinery and that this site is a point of convergence in the direct or indirect actions of several PAMs/NAMs thus rendering them sensitive to CTD status. Thus, allosteric modulators are likely to have a marked and varied sensitivity to post-translational modifications, protein-protein associations, and intracellular ions. The interaction between PAM activity and NMDAR CTDs appears reciprocal. GluN1 CTD-deletion eliminated UBP684, but not pregnenolone sulfate (PS), PAM activity. And, in the absence of agonists, UBP684, but not PS, was able to promote movement of fluorescently-tagged GluN1-CTDs. Thus, it may be possible to pharmacologically target NMDAR metabotropic activity in the absence of channel activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Sapkota
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5800, USA
| | - Kim Dore
- Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, Department of Neuroscience and Section for Neurobiology, Division of Biology, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093-0634, USA
| | - Kang Tang
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5800, USA
| | - Mark Irvine
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Guangyu Fang
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Erica S Burnell
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway H91TK33, Ireland
| | - Roberto Malinow
- Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, Department of Neuroscience and Section for Neurobiology, Division of Biology, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093-0634, USA
| | - David E Jane
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Daniel T Monaghan
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5800, USA.
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Belhocine A, Veglianese P, Hounsou C, Dupuis E, Acher F, Durroux T, Goudet C, Pin JP. Profiling of orthosteric and allosteric group-III metabotropic glutamate receptor ligands on various G protein-coupled receptors with Tag-lite ® assays. Neuropharmacology 2018; 140:233-245. [PMID: 30099051 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Group-III metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors are important synaptic regulators and are potential druggable targets for Parkinson disease, autism and pain. Potential drugs include orthosteric agonists in the glutamate binding extracellular domain and positive allosteric modulators interacting with seven-pass transmembrane domains. Orthosteric agonists are rarely completely specific for an individual group-III mGlu subtype. Furthermore they often fail to pass the blood-brain barrier and they constitutively activate their target receptor. These properties limit the potential therapeutic use of orthosteric agonists. Allosteric modulators are more specific and maintain the biological activity of the targeted receptor. However, they bind in a hydrophobic pocket and this limits their bio-availability and increases possible off-target action. It is therefore important to characterize the action of potential drug targets with a multifaceted and deeply informative assay. Here we aimed at multifaceted deep profiling of the effect of seven different agonists, and seven positive allosteric modulators on 34 different G protein-coupled receptors by a Tag-lite® assay. Our results did not reveal off-target activity of mGlu orthosteric agonists. However, five allosteric modulators had either positive or negative effects on non-cognate G protein-coupled receptors. In conclusion, we demonstrate the power of the Tag-lite® assay for potential drug ligand profiling on G protein-coupled receptors and its potential to identify positive allosteric compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Francine Acher
- Laboratoire de Chimie et de Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, CNRS UMR8601, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | - Cyril Goudet
- IGF, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
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Kolarič A, Švajger U, Tomašič T, Brox R, Frank T, Minovski N, Tschammer N, Anderluh M. Insight into structural requirements for selective and/or dual CXCR3 and CXCR4 allosteric modulators. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 154:68-90. [PMID: 29777988 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Based on the previously published pyrazolopyridine-based hit compound for which negative allosteric modulation of both CXCR3 and CXCR4 receptors was disclosed, we designed, synthesized and biologically evaluated a set of novel, not only negative, but also positive allosteric modulators with preserved pyrazolopyridine core. Compound 9e is a dual negative modulator, inhibiting G protein activity of both receptors. For CXCR4 receptor para-substituted aromatic group of compounds distinguishes between negative and positive modulation. Para-methoxy substitution leads to functional antagonism, while para-chloro triggers agonism. Additionally, we discovered that chemotaxis is not completely correlated with G protein pathways. This is the first work in which we have on a series of compounds successfully demonstrated that it is possible to produce selective as well as dual-acting modulators of chemokine receptors, which is very promising for future research in the field of discovery of selective or dual modulators of chemokine receptors.
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Abstract
GPCRs play a pervasive physiological role and, in turn, are the leading target class for pharmaceuticals. Beginning with the determination of the structure of rhodopsin, and dramatically accelerating since the reporting of the first ligand-mediated GPCR X-ray structures, our understanding of the structural and functional characteristics of these proteins has grown dramatically. Deploying this now rapidly emerging information for drug discovery has already been extensively demonstrated through a watershed of studies appearing in numerous scientific reports. Included in these expositions are areas such as sites and characteristics of ligand to GPCR binding, protein activation, effector bias, allosteric mechanisms, dimerization, polypharmacology and others. Computational chemistry studies are demonstrating an increasing role in capitalizing on the structural studies to further advance our understanding of these proteins as well as to drive drug discovery. Such drug discovery activities range from the design of orthosteric site inhibitors through, for example, allosteric modulators, biased ligands, partial agonists and bitopic ligands. Herein, these topics are outlined through specific examples in the hopes of providing a glimpse of the state of the field.
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Chierrito TPC, Pedersoli-Mantoani S, Roca C, Requena C, Sebastian-Perez V, Castillo WO, Moreira NCS, Pérez C, Sakamoto-Hojo ET, Takahashi CS, Jiménez-Barbero J, Cañada FJ, Campillo NE, Martinez A, Carvalho I. From dual binding site acetylcholinesterase inhibitors to allosteric modulators: A new avenue for disease-modifying drugs in Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 139:773-791. [PMID: 28863358 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The lack of an effective treatment for Alzheimer' disease (AD), an increasing prevalence and severe neurodegenerative pathology boost medicinal chemists to look for new drugs. Currently, only acethylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors and glutamate antagonist have been approved to the palliative treatment of AD. Although they have a short-term symptomatic benefits, their clinical use have revealed important non-cholinergic functions for AChE such its chaperone role in beta-amyloid toxicity. We propose here the design, synthesis and evaluation of non-toxic dual binding site AChEIs by hybridization of indanone and quinoline heterocyclic scaffolds. Unexpectely, we have found a potent allosteric modulator of AChE able to target cholinergic and non-cholinergic functions by fixing a specific AChE conformation, confirmed by STD-NMR and molecular modeling studies. Furthermore the promising biological data obtained on human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell assays for the new allosteric hybrid 14, led us to propose it as a valuable pharmacological tool for the study of non-cholinergic functions of AChE, and as a new important lead for novel disease modifying agents against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talita P C Chierrito
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café, s/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Susimaire Pedersoli-Mantoani
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café, s/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Roca
- IPSBB Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Requena
- IPSBB Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Victor Sebastian-Perez
- IPSBB Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Willian O Castillo
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Natalia C S Moreira
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Concepción Pérez
- Instituto de Química Médica (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elza T Sakamoto-Hojo
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Department of Biology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, 14040-900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Catarina S Takahashi
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Department of Biology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, 14040-900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Jesús Jiménez-Barbero
- IPSBB Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain; CIC BioGUNE, Parque Tecnologico de Bizkaia, Edif. 801A, 48160, Derio-Bizkaia, Bilbao, Spain
| | - F Javier Cañada
- IPSBB Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria E Campillo
- IPSBB Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Martinez
- IPSBB Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ivone Carvalho
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café, s/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Abstract
The cannabinoid CB1 receptor is abundant in the central nervous system and regulates neuronal transmission and other key physiological processes including those leading to pain, inflammation, memory, and feeding behavior. CB1 is activated by the endogenous ligands, arachidonoyl ethanolamine and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol, by various synthetic ligands (e.g., CP55940), and by Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, the psychoactive component of Cannabis sativa. These CB1 ligands are orthosteric and transduce downstream signals by binding CB1 and primarily inducing Gi coupling, but Gs and β-arrestin coupling are also possible. Recently, allosteric modulators for CB1 were discovered that bind to topographically distinct sites and can noncompetitively impact the potency and efficacy of orthosteric compounds. These offer the exciting potential for mechanistic analyses and for developing therapeutics. Yet, it is critical to elucidate whether a compound is a positive allosteric modulator or a negative allosteric modulator of orthosteric ligand-induced CB1 profiles to understand pathway specificity and ameliorate diseases. In this chapter, we present equilibrium and kinetic binding analysis to reveal the impact of allosteric modulators on CB1. Also described are activities consistent with CB1 activation (or inactivation) and include cellular internalization of CB1 and downstream signaling patterns. Since many CB1 allosteric modulators do not enhance G protein coupling, it is critical to distinguish CB1 activation and biased signaling patterns via β-arrestin from CB1 inactivation. These strategies can illuminate pathway specificity and are valuable for the fine-tuning of CB1 function.
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Dravolina OA, Zvartau E, Danysz W, Bespalov AY. mGlu1 receptor as a drug target for treatment of substance use disorders: time to gather stones together? Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:1333-45. [PMID: 28285325 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4581-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Modulation of the mGlu1 receptor was repeatedly shown to inhibit various phenomena associated with exposure to abused drugs. Efficacy in preclinical models was observed with both positive and negative allosteric modulators (PAMs and NAMs, respectively) using essentially non-overlapping sets of experimental methods. Taken together, these data indicate that the mGlu1 receptor certainly plays a significant role in the plasticity triggered by the exposure to abused drugs and is involved in the maintenance of drug-seeking and drug-taking behaviors. Understanding whether modulation of the mGlu1 receptor activity can also affect drug-seeking and drug-taking in humans could have a significant impact on the future development of medications in this field. We argue that the mGlu1 receptor NAMs have a significant value as potential tools for human experimental pharmacology that could help to validate methods used in preclinical research. Compared with the PAMs, the mGlu1 receptor NAMs appear to be better candidates for this role due to the following: (1) a number of highly potent, selective, and chemically diverse mGlu1 receptor NAMs to choose from; (2) availability of high-quality PET ligands to monitor target exposure; and (3) a rich pharmacological profile with a number of effects that can complement anti-addictive action (e.g., anxiolytic/antidepressant) and may also serve as additional pharmacodynamic readouts during the preclinical-to-clinical translation. We believe that the mGlu1 receptor NAMs have a significant value as potential tools for human experimental pharmacology that could help to validate methods used in preclinical research.
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Johnstone S, Albert JS. Pharmacological property optimization for allosteric ligands: A medicinal chemistry perspective. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:2239-2258. [PMID: 28408223 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.03.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
New strategies to potentially improve drug safety and efficacy emerge with allosteric programs. Biased allosteric modulators can be designed with high subtype selectivity and defined receptor signaling endpoints, however, selecting the most meaningful parameters for optimization can be perplexing. Historically, "potency hunting" at the expense of physicochemical and pharmacokinetic optimization has led to numerous tool compounds with excellent pharmacological properties but no path to drug development. Conversely, extensive physicochemical and pharmacokinetic screening with only post hoc bias and allosteric characterization has led to inefficacious compounds or compounds with on-target toxicities. This field is rapidly evolving with new mechanistic understanding, changes in terminology, and novel opportunities. The intent of this digest is to summarize current understanding and debates within the field. We aim to discuss, from a medicinal chemistry perspective, the parameter choices available to drive SAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn Johnstone
- Department of Chemistry, IntelliSyn Pharma, 7171 Frederick-Banting, Montreal, Quebec H4S 1Z9, Canada.
| | - Jeffrey S Albert
- Department of Chemistry, IntelliSyn Pharma, 7171 Frederick-Banting, Montreal, Quebec H4S 1Z9, Canada; Department of Chemistry, AviSyn Pharma, 4275 Executive Square, Suite 200, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States.
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Jayakar SS, Ang G, Chiara DC, Hamouda AK. Photoaffinity Labeling of Pentameric Ligand-Gated Ion Channels: A Proteomic Approach to Identify Allosteric Modulator Binding Sites. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1598:157-197. [PMID: 28508361 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6952-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Photoaffinity labeling techniques have been used for decades to identify drug binding sites and to study the structural biology of allosteric transitions in transmembrane proteins including pentameric ligand-gated ion channels (pLGIC). In a typical photoaffinity labeling experiment, to identify drug binding sites, UV light is used to introduce a covalent bond between a photoreactive ligand (which upon irradiation at the appropriate wavelength converts to a reactive intermediate) and amino acid residues that lie within its binding site. Then protein chemistry and peptide microsequencing techniques are used to identify these amino acids within the protein primary sequence. These amino acid residues are located within homology models of the receptor to identify the binding site of the photoreactive probe. Molecular modeling techniques are then used to model the binding of the photoreactive probe within the binding site using docking protocols. Photoaffinity labeling directly identifies amino acids that contribute to drug binding sites regardless of their location within the protein structure and distinguishes them from amino acids that are only involved in the transduction of the conformational changes mediated by the drug, but may not be part of its binding site (such as those identified by mutational studies). Major limitations of photoaffinity labeling include the availability of photoreactive ligands that faithfully mimic the properties of the parent molecule and protein preparations that supply large enough quantities suitable for photoaffinity labeling experiments. When the ligand of interest is not intrinsically photoreactive, chemical modifications to add a photoreactive group to the parent drug, and pharmacological evaluation of these chemical modifications become necessary. With few exceptions, expression and affinity-purification of proteins are required prior to photolabeling. Methods to isolate milligram quantities of highly enriched pLGIC suitable for photoaffinity labeling experiments have been developed. In this chapter, we discuss practical aspects of experimental strategies to identify allosteric modulator binding sites in pLGIC using photoaffinity labeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selwyn S Jayakar
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gordon Ang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Sciences Center, Kingsville, TX, USA
| | - David C Chiara
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ayman K Hamouda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Sciences Center, Kingsville, TX, USA. .,Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, USA. .,Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Kingsville, TX, USA.
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43
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Abstract
The 90-kDa heat-shock protein (Hsp90) is a molecular chaperone responsible for the stability and function of a wide variety of client proteins that are critical for cell growth and survival. Many of these client proteins are frequently mutated and/or overexpressed in cancer cells and are therefore being actively pursued as individual therapeutic targets. Consequently, Hsp90 inhibition offers a promising strategy for simultaneous degradation of several anticancer targets. Currently, most Hsp90 inhibitors under clinical evaluation act by blocking the binding of ATP to the Hsp90 N-terminal domain and thereby, induce the degradation of many Hsp90-dependent oncoproteins. Although, they have shown some promising initial results, clinical challenges such as induction of the heat-shock response, retinopathy, and gastrointestinal tract toxicity are emerging from human trials, which constantly raise concerns about the future development of these inhibitors. Novobiocin derivatives, which do not bind the chaperone's N-terminal ATPase pocket, have emerged over the past decade as an alternative strategy to inhibit Hsp90, but to date, no derivative has been investigated in the clinical setting. In recent years, a number of natural or synthetic compounds have been identified that modulate Hsp90 function via various mechanisms. These compounds not only offer new chemotypes for the development of future Hsp90 inhibitors but can also serve as chemical probes to unravel the biology of Hsp90. This chapter presents a synopsis of inhibitors that directly, allosterically, or even indirectly alters Hsp90 function, and highlights their proposed mechanisms of action.
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Abstract
Allosteric modulation is the regulation of a protein by binding of an effector molecule at the proteins allosteric site (a site other than that of the endogenous ligand). Allosteric modulators, by virtue of the fact that they may stabilize different global conformations of a receptor, have the potential to disrupt protein-protein interactions of very large proteins and elicit diverse functional responses. The existence of ligands that allosterically modulate the G protein receptor (GPCR) functions provides both challenges and opportunities for drug development campaigns. A number of therapeutic advantages of allosteric modulators over classic orthosteric ligands were proposed, involving nature of response, improved selectivity and ligand-directed signaling. In this review I discuss various aspects of allosteric modulation of GPCRs, which arise from the interactions of receptors with synthetic or endogenous small molecules, ions, lipids and diverse proteins. Detection and quantification of allosteric modulation will be also addressed. In the conclusion I will present future opportunities and challenges in the development of allosteric modulators as therapeutics.
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45
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Kane LT, Costa BM. Identification of novel allosteric modulator binding sites in NMDA receptors: A molecular modeling study. J Mol Graph Model 2015; 61:204-13. [PMID: 26280688 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The dysfunction of N-methyl-d-Aspartate receptors (NMDARs), a subtype of glutamate receptors, is correlated with schizophrenia, stroke, and many other neuropathological disorders. However, not all NMDAR subtypes equally contribute towards these disorders. Since NMDARs composed of different GluN2 subunits (GluN2A-D) confer varied physiological properties and have different distributions in the brain, pharmacological agents that target NMDARs with specific GluN2 subunits have significant potential for therapeutic applications. In our previous research, we have identified a family of novel allosteric modulators that differentially potentiate and/or inhibit NMDARs of differing GluN2 subunit composition. To further elucidate their molecular mechanisms, in the present study, we have identified four potential binding sites for novel allosteric modulators by performing molecular modeling, docking, and in silico mutations. The molecular determinants of the modulator binding sites (MBS), analysis of particular MBS electrostatics, and the specific loss or gain of binding after mutations have revealed modulators that have strong potential affinities for specific MBS on given subunits and the role of key amino acids in either promoting or obstructing modulator binding. These findings will help design higher affinity GluN2 subunit-selective pharmaceuticals, which are currently unavailable to treat psychiatric and neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas T Kane
- Edward Via Virginia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Blaise M Costa
- Edward Via Virginia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg VA, 24061, USA.
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46
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Shang Y, Filizola M. Opioid receptors: Structural and mechanistic insights into pharmacology and signaling. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 763:206-13. [PMID: 25981301 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Opioid receptors are important drug targets for pain management, addiction, and mood disorders. Although substantial research on these important subtypes of G protein-coupled receptors has been conducted over the past two decades to discover ligands with higher specificity and diminished side effects, currently used opioid therapeutics remain suboptimal. Luckily, recent advances in structural biology of opioid receptors provide unprecedented insights into opioid receptor pharmacology and signaling. We review here a few recent studies that have used the crystal structures of opioid receptors as a basis for revealing mechanistic details of signal transduction mediated by these receptors, and for the purpose of drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Shang
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, One Gustave, L. Levy Place, Box 1677, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Marta Filizola
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, One Gustave, L. Levy Place, Box 1677, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Nguyen T, German N, Decker AM, Li JX, Wiley JL, Thomas BF, Kenakin TP, Zhang Y. Structure-activity relationships of substituted 1H-indole-2-carboxamides as CB1 receptor allosteric modulators. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:2195-2203. [PMID: 25797163 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A series of substituted 1H-indole-2-carboxamides structurally related to compounds Org27569 (1), Org29647 (2) and Org27759 (3) were synthesized and evaluated for CB1 allosteric modulating activity in calcium mobilization assays. Structure-activity relationship studies showed that the modulation potency of this series at the CB1 receptor was enhanced by the presence of a diethylamino group at the 4-position of the phenyl ring, a chloro or fluoro group at the C5 position and short alkyl groups at the C3 position on the indole ring. The most potent compound (45) had an IC₅₀ value of 79 nM which is ∼2.5 and 10 fold more potent than the parent compounds 3 and 1, respectively. These compounds appeared to be negative allosteric modulators at the CB1 receptor and dose-dependently reduced the Emax of agonist CP55,940. These analogs may provide the basis for further optimization and use of CB1 allosteric modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy Nguyen
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Nadezhda German
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Ann M Decker
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Jun-Xu Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214, United States
| | - Jenny L Wiley
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Brian F Thomas
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Terry P Kenakin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
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Abidi SM, Khan P, Saifullah MK. Characterization of the glutamate dehydrogenase activity of Gigantocotyle explanatum and Gastrothylax crumenifer (Trematoda: Digenea). J Parasit Dis 2009; 33:57-64. [PMID: 23129890 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-009-0010-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 12/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) (EC 1.4.1.3) is a ubiquitous enzyme, which is present at the protein and carbohydrate metabolism crossroads. The enzyme activity was investigated in biliary and rumen amphistomes, Gigantocotyle explanatum and Gastrothylax crumenifer, respectively, infecting the Indian water buffalo Bubalus bubalis. The enzyme activity was consistently higher in G. explanatum as compared to G. crumenifer, where NAD(H) was utilized as coenzyme and the pH optima was recorded at 8. The K(m) and V(max) values for α-ketoglutarate were 2.1 mM and 9.09 units in G. explanatum, whereas 3.03 mM and 1.90 units in G. crumenifer, respectively. Among the allosteric modulator nucleotides, AMP, ADP, ATP, GMP, CMP and UMP, only AMP enhanced GLDH activity in G. crumenifer while ADP was stimulatory in G. explanatum. The amino acid leucine stimulated the GLDH activity in both the amphistomes while alanine was stimulatory only in G. crumenifer. Pronounced interspecific differences in response to different metabolic inhibitors like diethyldithiocarbamate, semicarbazide hydrochloride and mercurial ions were also observed. The osmotic stress alters the enzyme activity, particularly in hypertonic saline the GLDH activity increased significantly (p < 0.01) in G. explanatum, while insignificant effects were observed in rumen dwelling G. crumenifer. Histoenzymology revealed region/tissue specific distribution of GLDH with prominent staining in tissues like vitellaria, lymph system and tegument/subtegument, thus showing specific distribution of GLDH indicating differential metabolic state. Such intergeneric differences in GLDH activity could also be a consequence of occupying different microenvironments within the same host.
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