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Eghan K, Lee S, Yoo D, Kim CH, Kim WK. Adverse effects of bifenthrin exposure on neurobehavior and neurodevelopment in a zebrafish embryo/larvae model. Chemosphere 2023; 341:140099. [PMID: 37690556 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Bifenthrin, a third-generation synthetic pyrethroid, is widely used as an agricultural insecticide. However, it can flow into surface and groundwater, leading to adverse consequences such as immunotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, hormone dysregulation, or neurotoxicity. Nevertheless, the entire range of its neurotoxic consequences, particularly in aquatic organisms, remains unclear. In this study, we conducted an extensive examination of how exposure to bifenthrin affects the behavior and nervous system function of aquatic vertebrates, using a zebrafish model and multiple-layered assays. We exposed wild-type and transgenic lines [tg(elavl3:eGFP) and tg(mbp:mGFP)] to bifenthrin from <3 h post-fertilization (hpf) to 120 hpf. Our findings indicate that bifenthrin exposure concentrations of 103.9 and 362.1 μg/L significantly affects the tail-coiling response at 24 hpf and the touch-evoked responses at 72 hpf. Moreover, it has a significant effect on various aspects of behavior such as body contact, distance between subjects, distance moved, and turn angle. We attribute these effects to changes in acetylcholinesterase and dopamine levels, which decrease in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, neuroimaging revealed neurogenesis defects, e.g., shortened brain and axon widths, and demyelination of oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells. Additionally, the transcription of genes related to neurodevelopment (e.g., gap43, manf, gfap, nestin, sox2) were significantly upregulated and neurotransmitters (e.g., nlgn1, drd1, slc6a4a, ache) was significantly downregulated. In summary, our data shows that bifenthrin exposure has detrimental effects on neurodevelopmental and neurotransmission systems in the zebrafish embryo/larvae model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kojo Eghan
- Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea; Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, South Korea.
| | - Sangwoo Lee
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, South Korea.
| | - Donggon Yoo
- Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea; Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, South Korea.
| | - Cheol-Hee Kim
- Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, South Korea.
| | - Woo-Keun Kim
- Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea; Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, South Korea.
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Thierry DN, Djamouko-Djonkam L, Gisèle FD, Audrey MMP, Timoléon T, Serge Hubert ZT, Sinclair WC, Christophe AN. Assessment of the impact of the biological larvicide VectoMax G: Combination of Bacillus thuringiensis and Lysinibacillus sphaericus on non-target aquatic organisms in Yaoundé-Cameroon. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17723. [PMID: 37533979 PMCID: PMC10391952 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been a renewed interest for larviciding during the recent decade. Although biological larvicides are considered not to be harmful to non-target organisms, there is still not sufficient data on the effect of new long-lasting larvicide formulations such as VectoMax G combining Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis and Lysinibacullus sphaericus on the environment especially on non-target organisms. The present study aimed to assess the possible influence of VectoMax G on the diversity and abundance of the aquatic fauna cohabiting with mosquito larvae in breeding habitats during a larviciding trial in the city of Yaoundé. Twelve districts of the city of Yaoundé divided into 6 intervention and 6 control sites were chosen for the study. In each district 4 semi-permanent or permanent aquatic habitats were followed. VectoMax G application was done once every two weeks during 6 months and aquatic organisms were collected 48 h after each treatment. All collected organisms were brought to the laboratory for identification. Physico-chemical parameters were recorded as well. A high diversity of the zooplankton was recorded in the intervention areas with 28 species collected against 14 species in the control areas. Cladocerans were the most represented group in both sites while Ostracods were found only in control sites. A total of 19 macro-invertebrates species were recorded in the control areas vs 16 species in the intervention areas. Gasteropods were the most represented groups of macro-invertebrates. Vertebrates such as larvivorous fishes and amphibians larvae were also found in approximately similar densities in both sites. The study indicated no significant influence of larviciding with VectoMax G on the diversity and abundance of the non-target aquatic fauna in the city of Yaoundé.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djepand-Ngognouak Thierry
- Malaria Research Laboratory, Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Landre Djamouko-Djonkam
- Malaria Research Laboratory, Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Applied Biology and Ecology Research Unit (VBID-URBEA), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Dschang, P.O. Box 067, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Foko Dadji Gisèle
- Laboratory of Zoology, Higher Teacher Training College, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 47, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Mayi Marie Paul Audrey
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Applied Biology and Ecology Research Unit (VBID-URBEA), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Dschang, P.O. Box 067, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Tchuinkam Timoléon
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Applied Biology and Ecology Research Unit (VBID-URBEA), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Dschang, P.O. Box 067, Dschang, Cameroon
| | | | - Wondji Charles Sinclair
- Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, L3 5QA, Liverpool, UK
- Centre for Research in Infectious Disease (CRID), Yaoundé, P.O. Box 13591, Cameroon
| | - Antonio-Nkondjio Christophe
- Malaria Research Laboratory, Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, L3 5QA, Liverpool, UK
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Guimarães ATB, Estrela FN, Rodrigues ASDL, Chagas TQ, Pereira PS, Silva FG, Malafaia G. Nanopolystyrene particles at environmentally relevant concentrations causes behavioral and biochemical changes in juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). J Hazard Mater 2021; 403:123864. [PMID: 33264938 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The biometric, behavioral and biochemical toxicity of polystyrene nanoplastics (PS NPs) in aquatic freshwater vertebrates and in environmentally relevant concentrations remains poorly known. Thus, using different toxicity biomarkers we tested the hypothesis that the exposure of Ctenopharyngodon idella juveniles to small PS NPs concentrations (0.04 ng/L, 34 ng/L and 34 μg/L), for a short period-of-time, may affect their growth/development, individual and collective behavior, and biochemical parameters. Animals exposed to NPs did not show increased biometric parameters (i.e.: body biomass, total and standard length, peduncle height, head height and visceral somatic and hepatosomatic indices). Despite the lack of damage on the locomotor (open field test) and visual (visual stimulus test) abilities of the evaluated fish, the expected increase in locomotor activity during the vibratory stimulus test was not evident in animals exposed to NPs. Non-exposed animals were the only ones showing increased activity/locomotion time in the presence of the predatory stimulus during the individual anti-predatory response test. The behavior of animals directly confronted with a potential predator has evidenced the influence of NPs on shoals' aggregation and on the distance kept by individuals from the predatory stimulus. These changes were associated with PS NPs accumulation in animals' brains, oxidative stress and increased acetylcholinesterase activity (hepatic and cerebral). Therefore, the current study has confirmed the initial hypothesis and showed that, even at low concentrations, PS NPs can affect the health of C. idella individuals at early life stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraão Tiago Batista Guimarães
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Goiânia, Brazil; Laboratório de Pesquisas Biológicas, Instituto Federal Goiano- Campus Urutaí, Urutaí, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Neves Estrela
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Goiânia, Brazil; Laboratório de Pesquisas Biológicas, Instituto Federal Goiano- Campus Urutaí, Urutaí, Brazil
| | - Aline Sueli de Lima Rodrigues
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Conservação de Recursos Naturais do Cerrado, Instituto Federal Goiano- Campus Urutaí, Urutaí, Brazil
| | - Thales Quintão Chagas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Goiânia, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Conservação de Recursos Naturais do Cerrado, Instituto Federal Goiano- Campus Urutaí, Urutaí, Brazil
| | - Paulo Sérgio Pereira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Guimarães Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Malafaia
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Goiânia, Brazil; Laboratório de Pesquisas Biológicas, Instituto Federal Goiano- Campus Urutaí, Urutaí, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Conservação de Recursos Naturais do Cerrado, Instituto Federal Goiano- Campus Urutaí, Urutaí, Brazil.
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Guimarães ATB, Estrela FN, Pereira PS, de Andrade Vieira JE, de Lima Rodrigues AS, Silva FG, Malafaia G. Toxicity of polystyrene nanoplastics in Ctenopharyngodon idella juveniles: A genotoxic, mutagenic and cytotoxic perspective. Sci Total Environ 2021; 752:141937. [PMID: 33207528 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The increased contamination of surface water with plastic waste is proportional to the increased consumption of products that use them as raw material. However, the impact of these residues on aquatic biota remains limited, mainly when it comes to nanoplastics (NPs). Thus, the aim of the current study is to test the hypothesis that the exposure of Ctenopharyngodon idella juveniles to polystyrene nanoplastics (PS NPs) at low concentrations (0.04 ng/L, 34 ng/L and 34 μg/L), for 20 days, leads to DNA damage and has mutagenic and cytotoxic effects on their erythrocytes. Comet assay enabled observing that DNA damage (inferred from the greater tail length, DNA percentage in the tail and Olive tail moment) induced by PS NPs has increased as the pollutant concentrations have increased, as well as that the formation of micronuclei and other nuclear abnormalities was equitable in animals exposed to this pollutant. On the other hand, there were significant changes in erythrocyte shape and size, oxidative stress generation (NO levels, lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide), antioxidant system inhibition (mediated by total hepatic glutathione) and PS NPs accumulation in the liver and brain of animals exposed to higher concentrations of it. Therefore, the current study has confirmed the initial hypothesis and enhanced the knowledge about the genotoxic, mutagenic and cytotoxic potential of PS NPs in freshwater fish at early developmental stage, relating these effects to biochemical changes and significant accumulation of these nanomaterials. Besides, it is a warning about the (eco) toxicological risk represented by these nanopollutants in aquatic environments. CAPSULE: Polystyrene nanoplastics are capable of inducing DNA damage, mutagenic and cytotoxicity changes in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraão Tiago Batista Guimarães
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Goiânia, Brazil; Laboratório de Pesquisas Biológicas, Instituto Federal Goiano - Campus Urutaí, Urutaí, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Neves Estrela
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Goiânia, Brazil; Laboratório de Pesquisas Biológicas, Instituto Federal Goiano - Campus Urutaí, Urutaí, Brazil
| | - Paulo Sergio Pereira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Goiânia, Brazil
| | | | | | - Fabiano Guimarães Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Malafaia
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Goiânia, Brazil; Laboratório de Pesquisas Biológicas, Instituto Federal Goiano - Campus Urutaí, Urutaí, Brazil.
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Robert J, Edholm ES, De Jesus Andino F. Evaluating Blood Cell Populations in Xenopus Using Flow Cytometry and Differential Counts by Cytospin. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1865:265-73. [PMID: 30151773 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8784-9_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Analyses by flow cytometry and differential counts by cytospin of peripheral blood leukocytes are two reliable and convenient methods used to assess the immune status and immune responses in the amphibian Xenopus. Here, we describe these methods and discuss their challenges and limitations.
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Wang Y, Lv L, Yu Y, Yang G, Xu Z, Wang Q, Cai L. Single and joint toxic effects of five selected pesticides on the early life stages of zebrafish (Denio rerio). Chemosphere 2017; 170:61-67. [PMID: 27974272 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Instead of individual ones, pesticides are usually detected in water environment as mixtures of contaminants. Laboratory tests were conducted in order to investigate the effects of individual and joint pesticides (phoxim, atrazine, chlorpyrifos, butachlor and λ-cyhalothrin) on zebrafish (Denio rerio). Results from 96-h semi-static toxicity test indicated that λ-cyhalothrin had the greatest toxicity to the three life stages (embryonic, larval and juvenile stages) of D. rerio with LC50 values ranging from 0.0031 (0.0017-0.0042) to 0.38 (0.21-0.53) mg a.i. L-1, followed by butachlor and chlorpyrifos with LC50 values ranging from 0.45 (0.31-0.59) to 1.93 (1.37-3.55) and from 0.28 (0.13-0.38) to 13.03 (7.54-19.71) mg a.i. L-1, respectively. In contrast, atrazine showed the least toxicity with LC50 values ranging from 6.09 (3.34-8.35) to 34.19 (24.42-51.9) mg a.i. L-1. The larval stage of D. rerio was a vulnerable period to most of the selected pesticides in the multiple life stages tested. Pesticide mixtures containing phoxim and λ-cyhalothrin exerted synergistic effects on the larvae of D. rerio. Moreover, the binary mixture of phoxim-atrazine also displayed synergistic response to zebrafish. It has been assumed that most chemicals are additive in toxicity. Therefore, it is crucial to clarify the synergistic interaction for pesticide regulators and environment managers. In the present study, our data provided a clear picture on ecological risk of these pesticide mixtures to aquatic organisms. Moreover, joint effects play a more important role than individual ones, which require more attention when defining standard for water environment quality and risk assessment protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lu Lv
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yijun Yu
- Quality Supervision Division, Zhejiang Provincial Department of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310020, China
| | - Guiling Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhenlan Xu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Leiming Cai
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China.
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Parker MO. Adult vertebrate behavioural aquatic toxicology: Reliability and validity. Aquat Toxicol 2016; 170:323-329. [PMID: 26358137 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Current advances in the ability to assay adult aquatic vertebrate behaviour are potentially very useful to aquatic toxicologists wishing to characterise the effects of pollutants on behaviour, cognition or neurodevelopment. This review considers two specific challenges faced by researchers wishing to exploit these technologies: maximising reliability and validity. It will suggest two behavioural procedures, with the potential for automation and high-throughput implementation, which can be used to measure social cohesion and anxiety, two areas of interest in behavioural aquatic toxicology. In addition, the review will make recommendations about how these procedures (and others) could be carried out to maximise reliability and validity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew O Parker
- School of Health Sciences and Social Work, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK.
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Mathieu-Denoncourt J, Wallace SJ, de Solla SR, Langlois VS. Plasticizer endocrine disruption: Highlighting developmental and reproductive effects in mammals and non-mammalian aquatic species. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2015; 219:74-88. [PMID: 25448254 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Due to their versatility, robustness, and low production costs, plastics are used in a wide variety of applications. Plasticizers are mixed with polymers to increase flexibility of plastics. However, plasticizers are not covalently bound to plastics, and thus leach from products into the environment. Several studies have reported that two common plasticizers, bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalates, induce adverse health effects in vertebrates; however few studies have addressed their toxicity to non-mammalian species. The aim of this review is to compare the effects of plasticizers in animals, with a focus on aquatic species. In summary, we identified three main chains of events that occur in animals exposed to BPA and phthalates. Firstly, plasticizers affect development by altering both the thyroid hormone and growth hormone axes. Secondly, these chemicals interfere with reproduction by decreasing cholesterol transport through the mitochondrial membrane, leading to reduced steroidogenesis. Lastly, exposure to plasticizers leads to the activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, the increase of fatty acid oxidation, and the reduction in the ability to cope with the augmented oxidative stress leading to reproductive organ malformations, reproductive defects, and decreased fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Mathieu-Denoncourt
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Department, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON K7K 7B4, Canada
| | - Sarah J Wallace
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Department, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON K7K 7B4, Canada
| | - Shane R de Solla
- Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - Valerie S Langlois
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Department, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON K7K 7B4, Canada.
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