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Shen AL, Moran SM, Glover EN, Lin BC, Carney PR, Bradfield CA. Familial isolated pituitary adenoma is independent of Ahr genotype in a novel mouse model of disease. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28231. [PMID: 38590848 PMCID: PMC10999881 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Human familial isolated pituitary adenoma (FIPA) has been linked to germline heterozygous mutations in the gene encoding the aryl hydrocarbon receptor-interacting protein (AIP, also known as ARA9, XAP2, FKBP16, or FKBP37). To investigate the hypothesis that AIP is a pituitary adenoma tumor suppressor via its role in aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) signaling, we have compared the pituitary phenotype of our global null Aip (AipΔC) mouse model with that of a conditional null Aip model (Aipfx/fx) carrying the same deletion, as well as pituitary phenotypes of Ahr global null and Arnt conditional null animals. We demonstrate that germline AipΔC heterozygosity results in a high incidence of pituitary tumors in both sexes, primarily somatotropinomas, at 16 months of age. Biallelic deletion of Aip in Pit-1 cells (Aipfx/fx:rGHRHRcre) increased pituitary tumor incidence and also accelerated tumor progression, supporting a loss-of-function/loss-of-heterozygosity model of tumorigenesis. Tumor development exhibited sexual dimorphism in wildtype and Aipfx/fx:rGHRHRcre animals. Despite the role of AHR as a tumor suppressor in other cancers, the observation that animals lacking AHR in all tissues, or ARNT in Pit-1 cells, do not develop somatotropinomas argues against the hypothesis that pituitary tumorigenesis in AIP-associated FIPA is related to decreased activities of either the Ahr or Arnt gene products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L. Shen
- The McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, United States
| | - Susan M. Moran
- The McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, United States
| | - Edward N. Glover
- The McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, United States
| | - Bernice C. Lin
- The McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, United States
- Current address, Lin-Zhi International, 2945, Oakmead Village Court, Santa Clara, CA, 95051, United States
| | - Patrick R. Carney
- The McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, United States
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, United States
| | - Christopher A. Bradfield
- The McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, United States
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Gaspar LM, Gonçalves CI, Saraiva C, Cortez L, Amaral C, Nobre E, Lemos MC. Low frequency of AIP mutations in patients with young-onset sporadic pituitary macroadenomas. J Endocrinol Invest 2023; 46:2299-2307. [PMID: 37149543 PMCID: PMC10558361 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-023-02083-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mutations in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor interacting protein (AIP) gene cause familial isolated pituitary adenomas (FIPA). AIP mutations have also been found in patients with apparently sporadic pituitary adenomas, particularly in young patients with large adenomas. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of AIP germline mutations in patients with young-onset sporadic pituitary macroadenomas. METHODS The AIP gene was sequenced in 218 Portuguese patients with sporadic pituitary macroadenomas diagnosed before the age of 40 years. RESULTS Heterozygous rare sequence variants in AIP were identified in 18 (8.3%) patients. However, only four (1.8%) patients had pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants. These consisted of two already known mutations (p.Arg81* and p.Leu115Trpfs*41) and two novel mutations (p.Glu246*, p.Ser53Thrfs*36). All four patients had GH-secreting adenomas diagnosed between the ages of 14 and 25 years. The frequency of AIP pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in patients under the age of 30 and 18 years was 3.4% and 5.0%, respectively. CONCLUSION The frequency of AIP mutations in this cohort was lower than in other studies. Previous reports may have overestimated the contribution of AIP mutations due to the inclusion of genetic variants of uncertain significance. The identification of novel AIP mutations expands the known spectrum of genetic causes of pituitary adenomas and may help understand the role of AIP mutations in the molecular mechanisms underlying pituitary tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Gaspar
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - C I Gonçalves
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - C Saraiva
- Serviço de Endocrinologia, Hospital de Egas Moniz, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Ocidental, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - L Cortez
- Serviço de Endocrinologia, Hospital de Curry Cabral, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - C Amaral
- Serviço de Endocrinologia, Hospital de Santo António, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - E Nobre
- Serviço de Endocrinologia, Diabetes e Metabolismo, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - M C Lemos
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal.
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Fernández-Aceñero MJ, Barderas R, Peláez García A, Martínez-Useros J, Díez-Valladares L, Pérez-Aguirre, Ortega Medina L, de la Serna Esteban S, García-Botella S, Díaz Del Arco C, Galindo C. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor interacting protein (AIP) significantly influences prognosis of pancreatic carcinoma. Ann Diagn Pathol 2021; 53:151742. [PMID: 33975263 DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2021.151742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor interacting protein (AIP) in one of AHR ligands. The aim of this study is to analyze the prognostic influence of AIP in pancreatic carcinoma. MATERIAL AND METHODS Retrospective case series with immunohistochemical analysis of AIP. We have estimated a multivariate Cox's model for the outcome (progression free and overall survival). RESULTS 204 patients were included in the study. As expected prognosis was poor and 67.8% died of disease. As for AIP 9.8% of the cases showed nuclear staining of the epithelial tumor cells and 59.4% a cytoplasmic one. Stroma was stained in 53.1% of the cases. Univariate survival analysis revealed a significantly worse prognosis of patients with cytoplasmic AIP expression (stroma and epithelium), but nuclear expression was associated to a better prognosis. In the multivariate analysis stromal AIP expression was an independent prognosticator of progression free survival, together with pT stage, histological grade and history of diabetes. DISCUSSION AIP Is a conserved cochaperone protein binding to many proteins. AIP has been proposed as a potential tumor suppressor gene. To date, no study has analyzed the immunohistochemical expression of AIP in pancreatic carcinoma. Our results indicate that both epithelial and stromal cytoplasmic expression of AIP is associated to bad prognosis, while nuclear translocation seems to improve prognosis. CONCLUSION Although we must deepen into the complex signaling pathways underlying this potential association, our results open a way to inhibiting AHR as a potential target against pancreatic carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Fernández-Aceñero
- Departments of Surgical Pathology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, UFIEC, Chronic Disease Programme, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
| | - R Barderas
- Departments of Surgical Pathology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, UFIEC, Chronic Disease Programme, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Peláez García
- Molecular Pathology and Therapeutic Targets Group, IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Martínez-Useros
- Oncology Translational Research Unit, University Hospital "Fundacion Jimenez Diaz", Madrid, Spain
| | - L Díez-Valladares
- Department of Surgery, Hospital Clínico Universitario San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pérez-Aguirre
- Department of Surgery, Hospital Clínico Universitario San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - L Ortega Medina
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Hospital Clínico Universitario San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - S García-Botella
- Department of Surgery, Hospital Clínico Universitario San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Díaz Del Arco
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Hospital Clínico Universitario San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Galindo
- Medical College, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
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Díaz Del Arco C, Estrada Muñoz L, Barderas Manchado R, Peláez García A, Ortega Medina L, Molina Roldán E, Solís Fernández G, García Gómez de Las Heras S, Fernández Aceñero MJ. Prognostic Role of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Interacting Protein (AIP) Immunohistochemical Expression in Patients with Resected Gastric Carcinomas. Pathol Oncol Res 2020; 26:2641-50. [PMID: 32648210 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-020-00863-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) interacting protein (AIP) is a chaperone which binds to inactive AHR in the cell cytoplasm. AHR is best known for mediating the toxicity of halogenated aromatics, but it has also been linked to carcinogenesis and tumor progression in several tumor types. Our aims are to assess the features of AIP immunohistochemical (IHC) staining and to evaluate its possible role as a prognostic marker in gastric cancer (GC). Retrospective study of 147 cases of resected GC. Clinicopathological features were collected, tissue microarrays were constructed for AIP IHC and statistical analysis were performed. AIP staining was observed in 50.3% of tumors. All AIP-positive cases exhibited cytoplasmic or membranous staining, variably associated with nuclear co-staining. 93.2% of AIP-positive tumors showed AIP immunoreactivity in 100% of cells. Staining intensity was mild, moderate and intense in 33.8%, 13.5% and 52.7% of cases. Tumors were stratified according to AIP staining intensity into low expression (no or mild AIP immunoreactivity) and high expression (moderate or intense AIP immunoreactivity). 36.6% of our cases showed high AIP expression. High AIP expression was significantly and independently correlated to tumor progression and cancer death. Tumors with high AIP expression showed lower survival and higher progression rates. AIP expression might be useful for determining GC prognosis. More studies are needed to clarify the role of AHR pathway in GC, AIP expression and its potential use as a surrogate marker for selecting patients for AHR modulation therapy.
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Cai F, Hong Y, Xu J, Wu Q, Reis C, Yan W, Wang W, Zhang J. A Novel Mutation of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Interacting Protein Gene Associated with Familial Isolated Pituitary Adenoma Mediates Tumor Invasion and Growth Hormone Hypersecretion. World Neurosurg 2018; 123:e45-e59. [PMID: 30447469 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Germline mutations in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor-interacting protein (AIP) gene were identified in nearly 20% of families with familial isolated pituitary adenoma. Some variants of AIP have been confirmed to induce tumor cell proliferation and invasiveness; however, the mechanism is still unclear. METHODS A novel missense mutation (c.512C>T, p.T171I) was discovered in 3 patients from a Chinese family with familial isolated pituitary adenoma. In silico and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification analysis predicted the mutation to be pathogenic. GH3 and 293FT cell lines were used to verify the variant's effect on cell proliferation (Cell Counting Kit-8), invasiveness (Transwell) and growth hormone (GH) secretion (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) by transfection with different vectors: control, blank vector, wild-type AIP, p.T171I variant (experimental group), p.Q315* variant, and AIP small interfering RNA. Furthermore, Zac1, Sstr2, interleukin (IL)-6, and Stat3/phosphorylation-Stat3 expression (reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, Western blot) in each group was also evaluated. RESULTS The experimental group, p.Q315* variant group, and AIP small interfering RNA-overexpressing group promoted cell proliferation at 24 and 48 hours, respectively (compared with the control group; P < 0.01 for both). Similarly, the cells in the experimental group manifested more invasion and GH secretion compared with the control group (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively). Furthermore, the experimental group cells expressed less Sstr2 (a prerequisite for the responsiveness to somatostatin analogues) and Zac1 (tumor suppressor gene), but more IL-6 and phosphorylated-Stat3 (GH-secretion related). CONCLUSIONS The novel AIP mutation c.512C>T (p.T171I) is a pathogenic variant that promoted cell proliferation, invasiveness, and GH secretion through regulation of Sstr2, Zac1, and IL-6/phosphorylated-Stat3 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Cai
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Hong
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinghong Xu
- Department of Pathology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qun Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cesar Reis
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Wei Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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