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Lan Z, Tachibana RO, Kanno K. Chronic exposure of female mice to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors during lactation induces vocal behavior deficits in pre-weaned offspring. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2023; 230:173606. [PMID: 37516283 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2023.173606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Developmental factors for autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) have been an ongoing debate despite an increasing number of reports on genetic factors. Recent studies have suggested maternal intake of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) as a possible developmental factor elevating the risk for ASD in offspring. Here, we show that maternal exposure of mice to an SSRI, Fluoxetine (FLX), induces abnormal ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs), an indicator of ASD-related behavior. We tested the effect of FLX intake during pregnancy, lactation, or both. We found that the lactation and both conditions decreased the number of USVs emitted by offspring pups. An index for assessing the syllables' frequency modulation revealed that highly modulated syllables appeared to be inhibited only in both conditions. Furthermore, we found that the number of serotonergic neurons at adulthood was reduced in the progeny of mice treated with FLX in all conditions. In addition, maternal exposure to FLX through pregnancy and lactation induced a high death rate of early post-natal pups. These suggest that the maternal exposure to SSRIs affects early development of offsprings as well as the serotonergic system. Focusing on vocal communication, our results indicate that intake of an SSRI during lactation increases the risk of abnormal USVs in pups, and provides potential insights into the development of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziguo Lan
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Course of Psychology, Department of Humanities, Faculty of Law, Economics and Humanities, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan; Division of Neurobiology and Physiology, Department of Neuroscience, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryosuke O Tachibana
- Center for Evolutionary Cognitive Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts & Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan; Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kouta Kanno
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Course of Psychology, Department of Humanities, Faculty of Law, Economics and Humanities, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan.
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Ka M, Moffat JJ, Kim WY. MACF1, Involved in the 1p34.2p34.3 Microdeletion Syndrome, is Essential in Cortical Progenitor Polarity and Brain Integrity. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2022; 42:2187-2204. [PMID: 33871731 PMCID: PMC8523589 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01088-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
1p34.2p34.3 deletion syndrome is characterized by an increased risk for autism. Microtubule Actin Crosslinking Factor 1 (MACF1) is one candidate gene for this syndrome. It is unclear, however, how MACF1 deletion is linked to brain development and neurodevelopmental deficits. Here we report on Macf1 deletion in the developing mouse cerebral cortex, focusing on radial glia polarity and morphological integrity, as these are critical factors in brain formation. We found that deleting Macf1 during cortical development resulted in double cortex/subcortical band heterotopia as well as disrupted cortical lamination. Macf1-deleted radial progenitors showed increased proliferation rates compared to control cells but failed to remain confined within their defined proliferation zone in the developing brain. The overproliferation of Macf1-deleted radial progenitors was associated with elevated cell cycle speed and re-entry. Microtubule stability and actin polymerization along the apical ventricular area were decreased in the Macf1 mutant cortex. Correspondingly, there was a disconnection between radial glial fibers and the apical and pial surfaces. Finally, we observed that Macf1-mutant mice exhibited social deficits and aberrant emotional behaviors. Together, these results suggest that MACF1 plays a critical role in cortical progenitor proliferation and localization by promoting glial fiber stabilization and polarization. Our findings may provide insights into the pathogenic mechanism underlying the 1p34.2p34.3 deletion syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhan Ka
- Research Center for Substance Abuse Pharmacology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeffrey J Moffat
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Woo-Yang Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA.
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Lin R, Zhou H, Diao X, Wang J, Feng R, Wen T. A preliminary study on abnormal brain function and autistic behavior in mice caused by dcf1 deletion. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 579:29-34. [PMID: 34583192 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Autism is one of the urgent problems in neuroscience. Early research in our laboratory found that dcf1 gene-deficient mice exhibited autistic behavior. Reviewing the literature, we know that the caudate putamen (CPu) brain region is closely related to the occurrence of autism. In this study, we observed that the electrical signal in the abnormal brain region of adult mice was enhanced by using field potential detection for the corresponding brain region. We then used retrovirus markers to track neurons in the CPu brain region and found that there are neural projections in the hippocampus-CPu brain region. Therefore, we selected DREADDs (Designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs) to inhibit the abnormal brain region of the mouse and found, through behavioral testing, that this can inhibit the autistic behavior of mice. This research provides new evidence for the understanding of the cause of autism and has accumulated new basis for the treatment of autism. It has theoretical significance and potential application value for the understanding and treatment of autism.
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Wu J, Dai YC, Lan XY, Zhang HF, Bai SZ, Hu Y, Han SP, Han JS, Zhang R. Postnatal AVP treatments prevent social deficit in adolescence of valproic acid-induced rat autism model. Peptides 2021; 137:170493. [PMID: 33422647 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Studies have shown that arginine-vasopressin (AVP) is an important neuropeptide regulating social behaviors. The present work aimed to detect changes in the AVP numbers and level in a valproic acid (VPA)-induced rat model of autism and the underlying mechanism of its pathogenesis. Our results indicated that infants exposed to VPA showed obviously impaired communication and repetitive behaviors with reduced number of AVP-ir cells in paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The postnatal subcutaneous injection of AVP can alleviate social preference deficits and stereotyped behaviors, accompanied with the increase of the AVP concentrations in the CSF. We concluded that AVP system was involved in etiology of VPA-induced autism-like symptoms and postnatal AVP treatment rescued the behavioral deficits,which could be a promising treatment for autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- Medical and Health Analysis Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Yu-Chuan Dai
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Xing-Yu Lan
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China; Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education/National Health and Family Planning Commission, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China; Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Hong-Feng Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, PR China
| | - Shu-Zhen Bai
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China; Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education/National Health and Family Planning Commission, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China; Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Ying Hu
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China; Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education/National Health and Family Planning Commission, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China; Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Song-Ping Han
- Wuxi Shenpingxintai Medical Technology Co., Ltd. Wuxi 214000, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Ji-Sheng Han
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China; Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education/National Health and Family Planning Commission, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China; Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China; Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education/National Health and Family Planning Commission, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China; Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, PR China; Autism Research Center of Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, PR China.
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Wang T, Zhang T, Sun L, Li W, Zhang C, Yu L, Guan Y. Gestational B-vitamin supplementation alleviates PM 2.5-induced autism-like behavior and hippocampal neurodevelopmental impairment in mice offspring. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2019; 185:109686. [PMID: 31546205 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Gestational exposure to PM2.5 is a worldwide environmental issue associated with long-lasting behavior abnormalities and neurodevelopmental impairments in the hippocampus of offspring. PM2.5 may induce hippocampus injury and lead to autism-like behavior such as social communication deficits and stereotyped repetitive behavior in children through neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Here, we investigated the preventive effect of B-vitamin on PM2.5-induced deleterious effects by focusing on anti-inflammation, antioxidant, synaptic remodeling and neurodevelopment. Pregnant mice were randomly divided into three groups including control group (mice subject to PBS only), model group (mice subject to both 30 μL PM2.5 of 3.456 μg/μL and 10 mL/(kg·d) PBS), and intervention group (mice subject to both 30 μL PM2.5 of 3.456 μg/μL and 10 mL/(kg·d) B-vitamin supplementation (folic acid, vitamin B6 and vitamin B12 with concentrations at 0.06, 1.14 and 0.02 mg/mL, respectively)). In the current study B-vitamin significantly alleviated neurobehavioral impairment reflected in reduced social communication disorders, stereotyped repetitive behavior, along with learning and spatial memory impairment in PM2.5-stimulated mice offspring. Next, B-vitamin corrected synaptic loss and reduced mitochondrial damage in hippocampus of mice offspring, demonstrated by normalized synapse quantity, synaptic cleft, postsynaptic density (PSD) thickness and length of synaptic active area. Furthermore, significantly down-regulated expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines including NF-κB, TNF-α and IL-1β, and lipid peroxidation were found. We observed elevated levels of oxidant-related genes (SOD, GSH and GSH-Px). Moreover, decreased cleaved caspase-3 and TUNEL-positive cells suggested inhibited PM2.5-induced apoptosis by B-vitamin. Furthermore, B-vitamin increased neurogenesis by increasing EdU-positive cells in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of offspring. Collectively, our results suggest that B-vitamin supplementation exerts preventive effect on autism-like behavior and neurodevelopmental impairment in hippocampus of mice offspring gestationally exposed to PM2.5, to which alleviated mitochondrial damage, increased anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capacity and synaptic efficiency, reduced neuronal apoptosis and improved hippocampal neurogenesis may contribute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Neurologic Disorders and Regeneration Repair Lab of Shandong Higher Education, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Tianliang Zhang
- Experimental Center for Medical Research, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Lijuan Sun
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Neurologic Disorders and Regeneration Repair Lab of Shandong Higher Education, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Wanwei Li
- School of Public Health and Management, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Can Zhang
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Li Yu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Neurologic Disorders and Regeneration Repair Lab of Shandong Higher Education, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China.
| | - Yingjun Guan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Neurologic Disorders and Regeneration Repair Lab of Shandong Higher Education, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China.
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Zahra A, Jiang J, Chen Y, Long C, Yang L. Memantine rescues prenatal citalopram exposure-induced striatal and social abnormalities in mice. Exp Neurol 2018; 307:145-54. [PMID: 29913137 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal exposure to citalopram (CTM), an antidepressant drug, has been associated with altered behavior, including autism-like symptoms in both human and rodent offspring. However, the neurological basis underlying these abnormal behaviors is not well understood. Here, we examined behavioral, morphological, and biochemical alterations in the male and female offspring of C57BL/6 mouse mothers that had been exposed to CTM during the last trimester of gestation. We observed abnormal behavior such as anxiety, altered locomotion and disordered social interactions in 2-5 months old offspring with prenatal CTM exposure. Using Golgi-Cox staining, we found that CTM caused significantly reduced dendritic length and number of dendritic branches in striatal neurons, as well as altered subunit levels of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII). Memantine, a selective NMDAR antagonist, improved prenatal CTM-induced abnormal protein levels and social interaction deficits. These results highlight potential mechanisms underlying the abnormal behavior observed in children who are prenatally exposed to CTM.
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Shao SS, Huang K, Yan SQ, You Y, Pan WJ, Chen X, Cao H, Zhu P, Hao JH, Tao FB. [Association between pregnancy-related anxiety of pregnant women and autism-like behavior in their offspring at 18 months of age]. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2018; 39:826-829. [PMID: 29936755 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-6450.2018.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the relationship of pregnancy-related anxiety of pregnant women in second/third trimesters and autism-like behaviors in their offspring at 18 months of age. Methods: Based on a prospective cohort study design, we evaluated the situation of pregnancy-related anxiety of women during second and third trimesters through a Pregnancy-Related Anxiety Questionnaire. Subjects under study were classified into three groups, 1) those with pregnancy- related anxiety during both trimesters, 2) those with pregnancy-related anxiety at one trimester and 3) those without pregnancy-related anxiety in either trimester. When their children were 18 months, autism-like behaviors (ALB) were evaluated, using the part A of Checklist for Autism in Toddlers-23, and then classified into three groups as non-ALB group, minor ALB group and major ALB group. Multi-nominal logistic Regression was used to analyze the relationship of pregnancy-related anxiety with autism-like behaviors. Results: Compared with non-ALB group, children whose mother with pregnancy-related anxiety during both trimesters presented significant higher risk on ALB than children whose mother without pregnancy-related anxiety in these two periods (relative risk, RR=2.43, 95% CI: 1.21-4.86, P=0.012), major factors as pregnant women's IQ and gestational diabetes mellitus, premature delivery and education levels of fosterers on these pregnant women were under control. Our results from the stratified analysis showed: when in the subgroup that mother was the main fosterer of the child, there was an significant increase of risk in children whose mothers with pregnancy-related anxiety during both trimesters (RR=4.22, 95%CI: 1.73-10.32, P=0.002). Conclusion: The association between pregnancy-related anxiety and autism-like behavior was not strong but influenced by the fosterer of the child.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Shao
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Heifei 230032, China
| | - K Huang
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Heifei 230032, China
| | - S Q Yan
- Maternal and Child Health Care Center of Ma'anshan, Ma'anshan 243000, China
| | - Y You
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Heifei 230032, China
| | - W J Pan
- Maternal and Child Health Care Center of Ma'anshan, Ma'anshan 243000, China
| | - X Chen
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Heifei 230032, China
| | - H Cao
- Maternal and Child Health Care Center of Ma'anshan, Ma'anshan 243000, China
| | - P Zhu
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Heifei 230032, China
| | - J H Hao
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Heifei 230032, China
| | - F B Tao
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Heifei 230032, China
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Zou Y, Lu Q, Zheng D, Chu Z, Liu Z, Chen H, Ruan Q, Ge X, Zhang Z, Wang X, Lou W, Huang Y, Wang Y, Huang X, Liu Z, Xie W, Zhou Y, Yao P. Prenatal levonorgestrel exposure induces autism-like behavior in offspring through ERβ suppression in the amygdala. Mol Autism 2017; 8:46. [PMID: 28824796 PMCID: PMC5561609 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-017-0159-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by impairments in social communication and restricted or repetitive behaviors or interests. ASD is now diagnosed in more than one out of 100 children and is biased towards males by a ratio of at least 4:1. Many possible explanations and potential causative factors have been reported, such as genetics, sex, and environmental factors, although the detailed mechanisms of ASD remain unclear. METHODS The dams were exposed through oral contraceptives to either vehicle control (VEH) alone, levonorgestrel (LNG) alone, ethinyl estradiol (EE) alone, or a combination of LNG/EE for 21 days during their pregnancy. The subsequent 10-week-old offspring were used for autism-like behavior testing, and the limbic tissues were isolated for analysis. In another experimental group, 8-week-old male offspring were treated by infusion of ERβ overexpression/knockdown lentivirus in the amygdala, and the offspring were analyzed after 2 weeks. RESULTS We show that prenatal exposure of either LNG alone or a LNG/EE combination, but not EE alone, results in suppression of ERβ (estrogen receptor β) and its target genes in the amygdala with autism-like behavior in male offspring, while there is a much smaller effect on female offspring. However, we find that there is no effect on the hippocampus and hypothalamus. Further investigation shows that ERβ suppression is due to LNG-mediated altered methylation on the ERβ promoter and results in tissue damage with oxidative stress and the dysfunction of mitochondria and fatty acid metabolism, which subsequently triggers autism-like behavior. Overexpression of ERβ in the amygdala completely restores LNG-induced ERβ suppression and autism-like behaviors in offspring, while ERβ knockdown mimics this effect, indicating that ERβ expression in the amygdala plays an important role in autism-like behavior development. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that prenatal levonorgestrel exposure induces autism-like behavior in offspring through ERβ suppression in the amygdala. To our knowledge, this is the first time the potential effect of oral contraceptives on the contribution of autism-like behavior in offspring has been discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanlin Zou
- Internal Medicine of Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 People's Republic of China.,Tongji Wenchang Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wenchang, 571321 People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaomei Lu
- Internal Medicine of Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 People's Republic of China.,Tongji Wenchang Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wenchang, 571321 People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Zheng
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhigang Chu
- Institute of Burns, Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoyu Liu
- Internal Medicine of Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 People's Republic of China.,Tongji Wenchang Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wenchang, 571321 People's Republic of China
| | - Haijia Chen
- SALIAI Stem Cell Institute of Guangdong, Guangzhou SALIAI Stem Cell Science and Technology Co. LTD, Guangzhou, 510055 People's Republic of China
| | - Qiongfang Ruan
- Institute of Burns, Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohu Ge
- SALIAI Stem Cell Institute of Guangdong, Guangzhou SALIAI Stem Cell Science and Technology Co. LTD, Guangzhou, 510055 People's Republic of China
| | - Ziyun Zhang
- Internal Medicine of Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 People's Republic of China.,Tongji Wenchang Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wenchang, 571321 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- SALIAI Stem Cell Institute of Guangdong, Guangzhou SALIAI Stem Cell Science and Technology Co. LTD, Guangzhou, 510055 People's Republic of China
| | - Wenting Lou
- Institute of Burns, Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060 People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjian Huang
- Tongji Wenchang Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wenchang, 571321 People's Republic of China
| | - Yifei Wang
- SALIAI Stem Cell Institute of Guangdong, Guangzhou SALIAI Stem Cell Science and Technology Co. LTD, Guangzhou, 510055 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Huang
- Institute of Burns, Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengxiang Liu
- Internal Medicine of Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 People's Republic of China.,Tongji Wenchang Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wenchang, 571321 People's Republic of China
| | - Weiguo Xie
- Institute of Burns, Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060 People's Republic of China
| | - Yikai Zhou
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 People's Republic of China
| | - Paul Yao
- Internal Medicine of Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 People's Republic of China.,Tongji Wenchang Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wenchang, 571321 People's Republic of China.,Institute of Burns, Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060 People's Republic of China
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