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Sekar V, Shaji S, Sundaram B. Microplastic prevalence and human exposure in the bottled drinking water in the west Godavari region of Andhra Pradesh, India. J Contam Hydrol 2024; 264:104346. [PMID: 38670001 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2024.104346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) are widespread, minute plastic particles present in various aquatic environments, raising concerns about their effect on human health and ecosystems. The detrimental effects of MPs on the environment, include the contamination of ecosystems, harm to aquatic life through ingestion, potential disruption of food chains, and long-term ecological consequences. Despite numerous studies confirming the MP's presence in aquatic environments, research specifically focused on MPs in bottled drinking water (BDW) is limited. Research on MPs in drinking water is vital to assess potential health risks and develop strategies for ensuring water safety and quality. This study fills a research gap by investigating microplastics (MPs) in nine brands of BDW in the West Godavari region of Andhra Pradesh, India. The average MP concentration in BDW was found to be 2.89 ± 0.48 items/L, with fibers being the predominant shape and sizes ranging from 500 to 1000 μm. Transparent and blue were the most common colors. From ATR-FTIR analysis, the dominant polymer found was polypropylene (PP) followed by polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The human risk assessment was also calculated using the formula of Estimated daily intake (EDI) and Lifetime intake (LTI). The calculation found that the EDI of MPs for children and adults ranged from 0.041 to 0.291 MPs per kilogram per day and 0.019 to 0.133 MPs per kilogram per day, respectively. The mean LTI of MP consumption of an individual, ranged from 17,958 to 2,54,861 MPs, considering an average age of 75 years. The current findings offer valuable information for ongoing evaluations of the potential human risks linked to MP exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijaykumar Sekar
- Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Sheha Shaji
- Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Baranidharan Sundaram
- Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Andhra Pradesh, India.
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Bazza A, Rhiyourhi M, Marhou A, Hamal M. Assessment of natural radioactivity in Moroccan bottled drinking waters using gamma spectrometry. Environ Monit Assess 2023; 195:1307. [PMID: 37831213 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11933-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Radioactive elements and their impact on the environment and the food chain, including humans, are a matter of major concern, for which appropriate investigations should be performed. The priority is to examine the concentration of radioactive substances in mineral and bottled spring water. This task aims to analyze the quality of 12 conditioned mineral waters by determining their main radionuclides concentrations, such as 238U, 232Th, and 40K. The identification and the quantification of these radionuclides are carried out by their progeny (except the 40K) by using a NaI(Tl) detector coupled with a multichannel analyzer (MCA) and connected to a computer. The activity measured in all samples varied from 0.95 to 3.38 mBq.L-1 with an average of 1.94 mBq.L-1; from 1.55 to 3.56 mBq.L-1 with an average of 2.46 mBq.L-1; and from 200.68 to 269.19 mBq.L-1 with an average of 236.6 mBq.L-1, for 238U, 232Th, and 40K, respectively. To compare the combined radiological effects of radionuclides present in water, a particular factor Ra(eq) is used. This study showed that the maximum value of Ra(eq) is 27.54 mBq.L-1, which is far below the activity limit of 370 mBq.year-1 set by the Organization of Economics and Development (OECD). Concerning the effective annual dose, the following maximums were measured: 1.61 μSv.year-1, 1.133 μSv.year-1, and 0.925 μSv.year-1 for infants, children, and adults, respectively. These values are even smaller than the dose recommended by the WHO which is 100 μSv.year-1. Regarding the excess lifetime cancer risk index, a maximum of 5.63 × 10-6 is found. This index value is still less than that proposed by James, namely 2.5 × 10-3. Thus, the quality of the studied samples respects the radiological international safety and health limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelkarim Bazza
- Laboratory of Physics of Matter and Radiations in Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed First University, Oujda, Morocco.
| | - Mohammed Rhiyourhi
- Laboratory of Physics of Matter and Radiations in Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed First University, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Ayoub Marhou
- Laboratory of Physics of Matter and Radiations in Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed First University, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Mohammed Hamal
- Laboratory of Physics of Matter and Radiations in Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed First University, Oujda, Morocco
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Stojanović S, Rac V, Mojsilović K, Vasilić R, Marković S, Damjanović-Vasilić L. Photocatalytic degradation of bisphenol A in aqueous solution using TiO 2/clinoptilolite hybrid photocatalyst. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:84046-84060. [PMID: 37354298 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28397-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic degradation of bisphenol A (BPA) was investigated using commercial TiO2 P25 nanoparticles supported on natural zeolite clinoptilolite (Cli). Employing ultrasound assisted solid-state dispersion method hybrid photocatalyst containing 20 wt% of TiO2, marked TCli-20, was prepared. The structural, morphological and surface properties, and particle size distribution of TCli-20 were studied by X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, Brunner-Emmet-Teller method and laser diffraction. The results revealed a successful loading of TiO2 P25 nanoparticles on Cli surface and the preservation of both zeolitic structure and optical properties of TiO2. The influence of catalyst dose, pH value and the addition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was evaluated. The optimal reaction conditions were 2 g/L of catalyst at near-neutral conditions (pH = 6.4) for complete BPA (5 mg/L) photodegradation after 180 min of exposure to simulated solar light. The addition of H2O2 was beneficial for the degradation process and led to the removal of BPA after 120 min of irradiation. BPA removal (60% for 180 min of irradiation) was reduced when TCli-20 was tested in bottled drinking water due to the presence of bicarbonate ions which acted as scavengers for hydroxyl radicals. Even though the photocatalytic activity of TCli-20 decreased after several cycles of usage, 70% of BPA was still successfully degraded during the fourth cycle. The reusability study showed easy separation, stability and good photocatalytic ability of investigated cost-effective hybrid photocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srna Stojanović
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, P.O. Box 47, 11158, Belgrade 118, Serbia
| | - Vladislav Rac
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Kristina Mojsilović
- Faculty of Physics, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 12-16, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Rastko Vasilić
- Faculty of Physics, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 12-16, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Smilja Marković
- Institute of Technical Sciences of SASA, Knez Mihailova 35/IV, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ljiljana Damjanović-Vasilić
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, P.O. Box 47, 11158, Belgrade 118, Serbia.
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Pourfadakari S, Dobaradaran S, De-la-Torre GE, Mohammadi A, Saeedi R, Spitz J. Evaluation of occurrence of organic, inorganic, and microbial contaminants in bottled drinking water and comparison with international guidelines: a worldwide review. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:55400-55414. [PMID: 35668268 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21213-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the levels of inorganic and organic substances as well as microbial contaminants in bottled drinking water on a global scale. The findings were compared to WHO guidelines, EPA standards, European Union (EU) directive, and standards drafted by International Bottled Water Association (IBWA). Our review showed that 46% of studies focused on the organic contaminants, 25% on physicochemical parameters, 12% on trace elements, 7% on the microbial quality, and 10% on microplastics (MPs) and radionuclides elements. Overall, from the 54 studies focusing on organic contaminants (OCs) compounds, 11% of studies had higher OCs concentrations than the standard permissible limit. According to the obtained results from this review, several OCs, inorganic contaminants (IOCs), including CHCl3, CHBrCl2, DEHP, benzene, styrene, Ba, As, Hg, pb, Ag, F, NO3, and SO4 in bottled drinking water of some countries were higher than the international guidelines values that may cause risks for human health in a long period of time. Furthermore, some problematic contaminants with known or unknown health effects such as EDCs, DBP, AA, MPs, and some radionuclides (40K and 222Rn) lack maximum permissible values in bottled drinking water as stipulated by international guidelines. The risk index (HI) for OCs and IOCs (CHBrCl2, Ba, As, and Hg) was higher than 1 in adults and children, and the value of HI for CHCl3 in children was more than 1. Thus, further studies are required to have a better understanding of all contaminants levels in bottled drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudabeh Pourfadakari
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Boostan 19 Alley, Imam Khomeini Street, Bushehr, 7514763448, Iran
| | - Sina Dobaradaran
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Boostan 19 Alley, Imam Khomeini Street, Bushehr, 7514763448, Iran.
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Niutrition, Bushehr, Iran.
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | | | - Azam Mohammadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Reza Saeedi
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, Safety and Environment, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jorg Spitz
- Akademie für Menschliche Medizin GmbH, Krauskopfallee 27, 65388, Schlangenbad, Germany
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Alhaddad FA, Abu-Dieyeh M, Da’ana D, Helaleh M, Al-Ghouti MA. Occurrence and removal characteristics of phthalate esters from bottled drinking water using silver modified roasted date pits. J Environ Health Sci Eng 2021; 19:733-751. [PMID: 34150270 PMCID: PMC8172698 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-021-00642-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This paper aims to investigate the occurrence and removal characteristics of phthalate esters from bottled drinking water using silver modified roasted date pits. Three adsorbents, namely roasted date pits (RODP), silver-modified roasted date pits (S-RODP), and activated carbon (AC) were used to investigate their adsorption characterizations in removing dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), and di-n-octyl phthalate (DNOP) from the collected bottle water samples. METHODS The occurrences of the phthalate esters in the collected bottled water samples were carried out at different temperatures (30, 50, and 60 °C), and analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis - selected ion monitoring. Batch adsorption isotherms were used to study and establish the efficiency of such adsorbents in removing phthalate esters, in which they describe the adsorbent-adsorbate interaction systems. Adsorption efficiency of the various adsorbents was investigated by using different adsorbent masses (0.05 g, 0.10 g, and 0.15 g) and temperature (30 °C, 50 °C, and 60 °C). Different physical and chemical characterizations were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area, pore radius, and pore volume. RESULTS The results indicated that the most abundant phthalate esters were DMP followed by DEP under 30 °C; however, DNOP was not detected in any of the tested water samples, except for one sample under 30 °C with a concentration of 0.031 μg/mL. The obtained results showed that phthalate esters leaching to the bottled drinking water were affected by storage temperature. The phthalate esters levels were increased with increasing the temperature to 60 °C. It was concluded that the ability of S-RODP for the adsorption of phthalate esters was better than the removal percentage obtained by AC and RODP. The removal percentage was increased from 90 to 99% by increasing the temperature from 30 to 50 °C and then decreased to 92.3% at 60 °C. CONCLUSION RODP was successfully used as an effective adsorbent for phthalate esters removal from drinking water. However, S-RODP has the highest removal abilities than other adsorbents due to the newly formed functional groups on its surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fedae A. Alhaddad
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, State of Qatar Doha
| | - Mohammed Abu-Dieyeh
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, State of Qatar Doha
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa, 13133 Jordan
| | - Dana Da’ana
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, State of Qatar Doha
| | - Murad Helaleh
- Section Head Supplements Testing, Anti Doping Lab Qatar, P.O. Box 27775, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohammad A. Al-Ghouti
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, State of Qatar Doha
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Ayalew AA, Takele T. Data set on performance evaluation of discharged wastewater quality from Guna water treatment plant for potable water purpose. Data Brief 2019; 28:104926. [PMID: 31886358 PMCID: PMC6920445 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2019.104926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This article provides to evaluate the quality of discharged water from Guna spring water treatment plant and to compare with WHO drinking water standards and Ethiopian bottled drinking water specification to reuse for potable water purpose. The discharged waste water quality analysis was conducted by Physical, Chemical, Biological and Bacteriological parameters of water in association with set of standards. Atomic adsorption spectroscopy (AAS), Flame photometer, UV–Visible spectrometer and Photo meter were used for characterization discharged water. All water quality parameter was determined in all unit process (softener, sand filter, activated carbon and ultra-filter). Bacteriological analysis (total coli form, fecal coli form and Escherichia coli type1) were conducted. During discharge water quality analysis, the effect of flow rate (2 m3/h, 4 m3/h and 6 m3/h) and discharge time (5,10 and 15 min) have been performed. We provided data set about Atomic adsorption spectroscopy (AAS), Flame photometer, Turbidity meter, Photometer and Bacteriological analysis parameter were verified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adane Adugna Ayalew
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Engineering Bahir Dar Institute of Technology, Bahir Dar University Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Tayachew Takele
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Engineering Bahir Dar Institute of Technology, Bahir Dar University Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
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Abstract
Fluoridation of drinking water has been recognized as one of the most effective ways of achieving community-wide exposure to the caries prevention effects of fluoride (F). A vast majority of people in Qatar use bottled water for drinking. Use of bottled water without knowing the F level may expose children to dental caries risk if the F level is lower than optimal or to dental fluorosis if the F level is too high. The aim of this study was to determine the F concentration of bottled water available in Qatar. A total of 32 brands of bottled water were evaluated. The F concentrations displayed on the labels were recorded. The F ion-selective electrode method was used to measure the F concentration in water samples, and three measurements were taken for every sample to ensure reproducibility. The p value was set at 0.05. The F concentration ranged from 0.06 to 3.0 ppm with a mean value of 0.8 ppm (±0.88). The F levels were provided by the manufacturers on the labels of 60 % of the samples, but this was significantly lower than the measured F levels (p < 0.0001). Moreover, bottled water that was produced in Saudi Arabia had significantly higher levels of F when compared to those produced in other countries (p < 0.05). There was a wide variation in the F levels in the different brands of bottled water. Furthermore, there was a significant disparity between the F levels which were measured and those that were provided on the labels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nigel M King
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | | | - Anand K Sajnani
- KIMS Qatar Medical Centre, Abdulrahman Bin Jassim Al Thani Street, P.O. Box. 82125, Wakra, Qatar.
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Guadayol M, Cortina M, Guadayol JM, Caixach J. Determination of dimethyl selenide and dimethyl sulphide compounds causing off-flavours in bottled mineral waters. Water Res 2016; 92:149-155. [PMID: 26852288 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Sales of bottled drinking water have shown a large growth during the last two decades due to the general belief that this kind of water is healthier, its flavour is better and its consumption risk is lower than that of tap water. Due to the previous points, consumers are more demanding with bottled mineral water, especially when dealing with its organoleptic properties, like taste and odour. This work studies the compounds that can generate obnoxious smells, and that consumers have described like swampy, rotten eggs, sulphurous, cooked vegetable or cabbage. Closed loop stripping analysis (CLSA) has been used as a pre-concentration method for the analysis of off-flavour compounds in water followed by identification and quantification by means of GC-MS. Several bottled water with the aforementioned smells showed the presence of volatile dimethyl selenides and dimethyl sulphides, whose concentrations ranged, respectively, from 4 to 20 ng/L and from 1 to 63 ng/L. The low odour threshold concentrations (OTCs) of both organic selenide and sulphide derivatives prove that several objectionable odours in bottled waters arise from them. Microbial loads inherent to water sources, along with some critical conditions in water processing, could contribute to the formation of these compounds. There are few studies about volatile organic compounds in bottled drinking water and, at the best of our knowledge, this is the first study reporting the presence of dimethyl selenides and dimethyl sulphides causing odour problems in bottled waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Guadayol
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory/Organic Pollutants, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, CSIC, Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Montserrat Cortina
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory/Organic Pollutants, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, CSIC, Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Josep M Guadayol
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya BarcelonaTech, Colom, 1, 08222 Terrassa, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Josep Caixach
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory/Organic Pollutants, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, CSIC, Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Amanlou M, Hosseinpour M, Azizian H, Khoshayand MR, Navabpoor M, Souri E. Determination of fluoride in the bottled drinking waters in iran. Iran J Pharm Res 2010; 9:37-42. [PMID: 24363704 PMCID: PMC3869560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fluoride is recognized as an effective agent for dental caries prevention. Generally, the main source of fluoride intake is drinking water. In this study, fluoride content in 18 commercial brands of bottled waters was investigated. Six samples from each batch of 18 Iranian commercial brands of bottled waters were supplied. The fluoride content of samples was analyzed by Fluoride Ion Selective Electrode. The mean ± SD fluoride content of the bottled waters was 0.202 ± 0.00152 mg/L with a range from 0.039 to 0.628 mg/L which was lower than the accepted limits for fluoride content of drinking water (1 mg/L). This finding suggested that in the region which water has high fluoride content, drinking bottled water is preferred to drinking tap water, as it could lower the risk of fluorosis. However, the risk of dental caries increases in people who mainly drink bottled waters; thus, they should use fluoride supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massoud Amanlou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Corresponding author: E-mail:
| | - Maedeh Hosseinpour
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Homa Azizian
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Khoshayand
- Department of Food and Drug Quality Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Navabpoor
- Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Effat Souri
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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