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Zhang Y, Zang L, Zhao S, Cheng W, Zhang L, Sun L. Brominated metal phthalocyanine-based covalent organic framework for enhanced selective photocatalytic reduction of CO 2. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 655:1-11. [PMID: 37924586 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.10.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have great potential for photocatalytic CO2 reduction, owing to their adjustable structures, porous characteristics, and highly ordered nature. However, poor light absorption, fast recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pairs, and suboptimal coordination conditions have contributed to the hindered efficiency and selectivity observed in photocatalytic CO2 reduction processes. In this work, the integration of bromine (Br) atoms into COFs was achieved through the synthesis process involving nickel (II) tetraaminophthalocyanine (NiTAPc) and 3,6-dibromopyromellitic dianhydride (BPMDA) using a solvothermal approach. The coupling of a porous framework structure alongside the incorporation of Br atoms yields a significant enhancement in photoelectric properties compared to bromine-free COFs. Meanwhile, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that the introduction of Br atoms can facilitate the adjustment of the electron configuration around the phthalocyanine unit and diminish the required energy for the photocatalytic reaction. When subjected to visible light irradiation, the NiTAPc-BPMDA COF showcased a CO yield of 148.25 μmol g-1 over a 5-hour period, accompanied by an impressive selectivity of 98%. This work highlights the collaborative influence of phthalocyanines and Br atoms within COF-based photocatalysts, offering an alternative approach for designing and constructing high-performance photocatalysts with elevated yield and selectivity. The synergistic role of phthalocyanines and Br atoms within the COF-based photocatalysts provides an alternative strategy for photocatalysts with high yield and selectivity in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, PR China
| | - Linlin Zang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212000, PR China.
| | - Shuting Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, PR China
| | - Weipeng Cheng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, PR China
| | - Long Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, PR China
| | - Liguo Sun
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, PR China.
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Diletti G, Ceci R, De Benedictis A, Leva M, Migliorati G, Pirito L, Vairano I, Fernandes AR. Poly brominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PBDD/Fs) in Italian food: Occurrence and dietary exposure. Sci Total Environ 2020; 741:139916. [PMID: 32585481 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to polychlorinated dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs) through the dietary pathway is widely recognised and regulations in some regions of the world help to limit food contamination. Similar information on the analogous polybrominated dioxins and furans (PBDD/Fs) is scarce, partly due to the higher threshold to analytical access and unavailability of some standard materials. The analytical methodology developed here determined twelve planar PBDD/F congeners using 13Carbon labelled PBDD/F surrogates and high resolution mass spectrometric detection, and was extensively validated prior to the analysis of a range of commonly consumed Italian foods. The methodology also allowed simultaneous determination of PCDD/Fs and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The results show that PBDD/Fs occurred in different foods over a range of concentrations from <0.001 pg/g to 4.58 pg/g in fish. The dietary exposure (upper bound) of different Italian population groups, resulting from these occurrence levels was estimated using the toxic equivalency (TEQ) approach that is commonly used for dioxin-like contaminants and ranged from 0.17 to 0.42 pg TEQ/kg bodyweight/day (lower bound - 0.01 pg TEQ/kg bodyweight/day) depending on the population subgroup. Although precautionary, upper bound values may provide a more realistic estimate of toxicity as not all congeners and foods were measured. As expected, children were more highly exposed than adults due to lower body weight. These exposure levels were between a quarter and a third of that arising from the sum of PCDD/Fs and PCBs (0.61 to 1.38 pg WHO-TEQ/kg bodyweight/day), but they contribute to dioxin-like toxicity. If this data is considered in view of the revised tolerable dioxin-like dietary intake published by EFSA in 2018, it is evident that the tolerable weekly intake of 2 pg/kg bodyweight/week would be exceeded by some of the assessed population sub-groups, or all sub-groups if the cumulative intake is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianfranco Diletti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise G. Caporale, via Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, TE, Italy
| | - Roberta Ceci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise G. Caporale, via Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, TE, Italy
| | - Alfonso De Benedictis
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise G. Caporale, via Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, TE, Italy
| | - Manuela Leva
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise G. Caporale, via Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, TE, Italy
| | - Giacomo Migliorati
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise G. Caporale, via Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, TE, Italy
| | - Luigi Pirito
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise G. Caporale, via Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, TE, Italy
| | - Ilaria Vairano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise G. Caporale, via Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, TE, Italy
| | - Alwyn R Fernandes
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
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Koch C, Sures B. Degradation of brominated polymeric flame retardants and effects of generated decomposition products. Chemosphere 2019; 227:329-333. [PMID: 30999173 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Brominated flame retardants are often associated with adverse environmental effects. Nevertheless, these chemicals are required in order to comply with fire safety standards. Therefore, a better environmental profile is desirable. A "new" class of flame retardants is claimed to fulfil this request while still being feasible for established industrial processes. Different to previous brominated flame retardants, this new group is based on a polymeric structure that could indeed lead to a better environmental profile. However, not much is known about the long-term behaviour of such flame retardants. This short review summarizes what has already been published. With an annual production volume of 26,000 metric tons, "Polymeric FR" is currently the only industrially produced representative of this group. It has been shown to degrade under specific circumstances (following UV and heat exposure). Detected degradation products cause almost no acute toxicity, whereas chronic toxicity might be relevant. Nevertheless, as long as polymeric flame retardants are only used in building insulation, the actual risk seems to be rather limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Koch
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University Duisburg-Essen, 45141, Essen, Germany; Deutsche Rockwool GmbH & Co. KG, 45966, Gladbeck, Germany.
| | - Bernd Sures
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University Duisburg-Essen, 45141, Essen, Germany
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Fernandes AR, Lake IR, Dowding A, Rose M, Jones NR, Petch R, Smith F, Panton S. The potential of recycled materials used in agriculture to contaminate food through uptake by livestock. Sci Total Environ 2019; 667:359-370. [PMID: 30831370 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The potential for contaminant uptake from recycled materials used in livestock farming, to animal tissues and organs, was investigated in three practical modular studies involving broiler chickens, laying chickens and pigs. Six types of commercially available recycled materials were used either as bedding material for chickens or as fertilizer for cropland that later housed outdoor reared pigs. The contaminants studied included regulated contaminants e.g. polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs, dioxins) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), but related contaminants such as polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs), hexabrominated cyclododecane (HBCDD), polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), polybrominated dioxins (PBDD/Fs) and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) were also investigated. Contaminant occurrence in the recycled materials was verified prior to the studies and the relationship to tissue and egg concentrations in market ready animals was investigated using a weights of evidence approach. Contaminant uptake to animal tissues and eggs was observed in all the studies but the extent varied depending on the species and the recycled material. PCBs, PBDEs, PCDD/Fs, PCNs and PFAS showed the highest potential to transfer, with laying chickens showing the most pronounced effects. PBDD/Fs showed low concentrations in the recycled materials, making it difficult to evaluate potential transfer. Higher resulting occurrence levels in laying chickens relative to broilers suggests that period of contact with the materials may influence the extent of uptake in chickens. Bio-transfer factors (BTFs) estimated for PCDD/F and PCBs showed a greater magnitude for chicken muscle tissue relative to pigs with the highest values observed for PCBs in laying chickens. There were no significant differences between BTFs for the different chicken tissues which contrasted with the high BTF values for pigs liver relative to muscle. The study raises further questions which require investigation such as the effects of repeated or yearly application of recycled materials as fertilizers, and the batch homogeneity/consistency of available recycled materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Fernandes
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK; Fera Science Ltd, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, UK.
| | - I R Lake
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - A Dowding
- Food Standards Agency, Clive House, 70 Petty France, London SW1H 9EX, UK
| | - M Rose
- Fera Science Ltd, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, UK; Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - N R Jones
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - R Petch
- Fera Science Ltd, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - F Smith
- Fera Science Ltd, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - S Panton
- Fera Science Ltd, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, UK
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Koch C, Sures B. Ecotoxicological characterization of possible degradation products of the polymeric flame retardant "Polymeric FR" using algae and Daphnia OECD tests. Sci Total Environ 2019; 656:101-107. [PMID: 30504012 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
History has shown that brominated flame retardants often pose risks to the environment. However, the new group of polymeric brominated flame retardants might be a safer alternative compared to previously used monomers due to their high molecular weight. An example for this new group is "Polymeric FR", which is persistent by design. Within this publication, we study the acute and chronic toxicity of possible degradation products that were previously described for this polymer following UV irradiation and heat exposure at 60 °C. We have applied the OECD tests No. 201 (Algae growth inhibition), 202 (Daphnia acute immobilisation), and 211 (Daphnia reproduction) to four individual substances, indicated to originate as degradation products of "Polymeric FR" as well as a combination of these. In addition, we have used trend analysis to predict effects on fish as an additional trophic level. The results suggest that acute toxicity to the aquatic organisms chosen is rather limited or even not occurring. Chronic exposure, however, does exert effects that might be relevant from an environmental perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Koch
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany; Deutsche Rockwool GmbH & Co. KG, 45966 Gladbeck, Germany.
| | - Bernd Sures
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany
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Gougoutsa C, Christophoridis C, Zacharis CK, Fytianos K. Assessment, modeling and optimization of parameters affecting the formation of disinfection by-products in water. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2016; 23:16620-16630. [PMID: 27178297 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6792-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study focused on (a) the development of a screening methodology, in order to determine the main experimental variables affecting chlorinated and brominated disinfection by-product (DBP) formation in water during chlorination experiments and (b) the application of a central composite design (CCD) using response surface methodology (RSM) for the mathematical description and optimization of DBP formation. Chlorine dose and total organic carbon (TOC) were proven to be the main factors affecting the formation of total chlorinated DBPs, while chlorine dose and bromide concentration were the main parameters affecting the total brominated THMs. Longer contact time promoted a rise in chlorinated DBPs' concentration even in the presence of a minimal amount of organic matter. A maximum production of chlorinated DBPs was observed under a medium TOC value and it reduced at high TOC concentrations, possibly due to the competitive production of brominated THMs. The highest concentrations of chlorinated THMs were observed at chlorine dose 10 mg L(-1) and TOC 5.5 mg L(-1). The formation of brominated DBPs is possible even with a minimum amount of NaOCl in the presence of high concentration of bromide ions. Brominated DBPs were observed in maximum concentrations using 8 mg L(-1) of chlorine in the presence of 300 μg L(-1) bromides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysa Gougoutsa
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
| | - Christophoros Christophoridis
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece.
| | - Constantinos K Zacharis
- Research Laboratory for the Physical and Chemical Testing of Foods, Department of Food Technology, School of Food Technology and Nutrition, Alexander Technological Educational Institute (ATEI) of Thessaloniki, 57400, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Analytical Development Laboratory, R&D API Operations, Pharmathen SA, Building Thermi 1, P.O Box 8102, 9th km Thessaloniki-Thermi, Thessaloniki, 57001, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Fytianos
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
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