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Karan S, Jung E, Boone C, Steinmetz NF. Synergistic combination therapy using cowpea mosaic virus intratumoral immunotherapy and Lag-3 checkpoint blockade. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2024; 73:51. [PMID: 38349406 PMCID: PMC10864561 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-024-03636-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint therapy (ICT) for cancer can yield dramatic clinical responses; however, these may only be observed in a minority of patients. These responses can be further limited by subsequent disease recurrence and resistance. Combination immunotherapy strategies are being developed to overcome these limitations. We have previously reported enhanced efficacy of combined intratumoral cowpea mosaic virus immunotherapy (CPMV IIT) and ICT approaches. Lymphocyte-activation gene-3 (LAG-3) is a next-generation inhibitory immune checkpoint with broad expression across multiple immune cell subsets. Its expression increases on activated T cells and contributes to T cell exhaustion. We observed heightened efficacy of a combined CPMV IIT and anti-LAG-3 treatment in a mouse model of melanoma. Further, LAG-3 expression was found to be increased within the TME following intratumoral CPMV administration. The integration of CPMV IIT with LAG-3 inhibition holds significant potential to improve treatment outcomes by concurrently inducing a comprehensive anti-tumor immune response, enhancing local immune activation, and mitigating T cell exhaustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sweta Karan
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Eunkyeong Jung
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Christine Boone
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Shu and K.C. Chien and Peter Farrell Collaboratory, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Institute for Materials Discovery and Design, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Center for Engineering in Cancer, Institute of Engineering Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Backman M, Strell C, Lindberg A, Mattsson JSM, Elfving H, Brunnström H, O'Reilly A, Bosic M, Gulyas M, Isaksson J, Botling J, Kärre K, Jirström K, Lamberg K, Pontén F, Leandersson K, Mezheyeuski A, Micke P. Spatial immunophenotyping of the tumour microenvironment in non-small cell lung cancer. Eur J Cancer 2023; 185:40-52. [PMID: 36963351 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2023.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Immune cells in the tumour microenvironment are associated with prognosis and response to therapy. We aimed to comprehensively characterise the spatial immune phenotypes in the mutational and clinicopathological background of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS We established a multiplexed fluorescence imaging pipeline to spatially quantify 13 immune cell subsets in 359 NSCLC cases: CD4 effector cells (CD4-Eff), CD4 regulatory cells (CD4-Treg), CD8 effector cells (CD8-Eff), CD8 regulatory cells (CD8-Treg), B-cells, natural killer cells, natural killer T-cells, M1 macrophages (M1), CD163+ myeloid cells (CD163), M2 macrophages (M2), immature dendritic cells (iDCs), mature dendritic cells (mDCs) and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). RESULTS CD4-Eff cells, CD8-Eff cells and M1 macrophages were the most abundant immune cells invading the tumour cell compartment and indicated a patient group with a favourable prognosis in the cluster analysis. Likewise, single densities of lymphocytic subsets (CD4-Eff, CD4-Treg, CD8-Treg, B-cells and pDCs) were independently associated with longer survival. However, when these immune cells were located close to CD8-Treg cells, the favourable impact was attenuated. In the multivariable Cox regression model, including cell densities and distances, the densities of M1 and CD163 cells and distances between cells (CD8-Treg-B-cells, CD8-Eff-cancer cells and B-cells-CD4-Treg) demonstrated positive prognostic impact, whereas short M2-M1 distances were prognostically unfavourable. CONCLUSION We present a unique spatial profile of the in situ immune cell landscape in NSCLC as a publicly available data set. Cell densities and cell distances contribute independently to prognostic information on clinical outcomes, suggesting that spatial information is crucial for diagnostic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Backman
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Carina Strell
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Amanda Lindberg
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johanna S M Mattsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hedvig Elfving
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hans Brunnström
- Division of Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Aine O'Reilly
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martina Bosic
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miklos Gulyas
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Isaksson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Gävle Hospital, Gävle, Sweden
| | - Johan Botling
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Klas Kärre
- Department of Microbiology, Cell and Tumor Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Jirström
- Division of Oncology and Therapeutic Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kristina Lamberg
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Akademiska Sjukhuset, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Pontén
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Leandersson
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skånes University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Artur Mezheyeuski
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Molecular Oncology Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patrick Micke
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Zhang Z, Rafei-Shamsabadi D, Lehr S, Buettner N, Diehl R, Huzly D, Pinato DJ, Thimme R, Meiss F, Bengsch B. Incidence and severity of immune-related hepatitis after dual checkpoint therapy is linked to younger age independent of herpes virus immunity. J Transl Med 2022; 20:582. [PMID: 36503532 PMCID: PMC9743538 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03755-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Dual immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy can result in immune-related-adverse events (irAE) such as ICB-hepatitis. An expansion of effector-memory (TEM) CD4 T cells associated with antiviral immunity against herpesviridae was implicated in ICB-hepatitis. Notably, these memory subsets are frequently associated with age. Here, we sought to understand baseline patient, immune and viral biomarkers associated with the development of ICB-hepatitis to identify currently lacking baseline predictors and test if an expansion of TEM or positive serology against herpesviridae can predict ICB-hepatitis. METHODS A discovery (n = 39) and validation cohort (n = 67) of patients with advanced melanoma undergoing anti-PD-1&anti-CTLA4 combination therapy (total n = 106) were analyzed for baseline clinical characteristics, occurrence of irAE and oncological outcomes alongside serological status for CMV, EBV and HSV. Immune populations were profiled by high-parametric flow cytometry (n = 29). RESULTS ICB-hepatitis occurred in 59% of patients within 100 days; 35.9% developed severe (CTCAE 3-4) hepatitis. Incidence of ICB-hepatitis was higher in the younger (< 55y: 85.7%) compared to older (> = 55y: 27.8%) age group (p = 0.0003), occured earlier in younger patients (p < 0.0001). The association of younger age with ICB-Hepatitis was also observed in the validation cohort (p = 0.0486). Incidence of ICB-hepatitis was also associated with additional non-hepatic irAE (p = 0.018), but neither positive IgG serostatus for CMV, EBV or HSV nor TEM subsets despite an association of T cell subsets with age. CONCLUSION Younger age more accurately predicts ICB-hepatitis after anti-PD-1&anti-CTLA4 checkpoint therapy at baseline compared to herpes virus serology or TEM subsets. Younger patients should be carefully monitored for the development of ICB-hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- grid.7708.80000 0000 9428 7911Faculty of Medicine, Clinic for Internal Medicine II, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, and Infectious Disease, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - David Rafei-Shamsabadi
- grid.7708.80000 0000 9428 7911Faculty of Medicine, Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Saskia Lehr
- grid.7708.80000 0000 9428 7911Faculty of Medicine, Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nico Buettner
- grid.7708.80000 0000 9428 7911Faculty of Medicine, Clinic for Internal Medicine II, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, and Infectious Disease, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rebecca Diehl
- grid.7708.80000 0000 9428 7911Faculty of Medicine, Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Huzly
- grid.5963.9Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg University Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - David J Pinato
- grid.413629.b0000 0001 0705 4923Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK ,grid.16563.370000000121663741Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Robert Thimme
- grid.7708.80000 0000 9428 7911Faculty of Medicine, Clinic for Internal Medicine II, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, and Infectious Disease, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Frank Meiss
- grid.7708.80000 0000 9428 7911Faculty of Medicine, Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bertram Bengsch
- grid.7708.80000 0000 9428 7911Faculty of Medicine, Clinic for Internal Medicine II, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, and Infectious Disease, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany ,grid.7497.d0000 0004 0492 0584Partner Site Freiburg, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
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Erber R, Hartmann A. Understanding PD-L1 Testing in Breast Cancer: A Practical Approach. Breast Care (Basel) 2020; 15:481-490. [PMID: 33223991 DOI: 10.1159/000510812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have changed therapy strategies for cancer patients tremendously. Some approved ICI acquire testing of PD-L1 expression on tumor and/or immune cells. However, since PD-L1 testing is a comprehensive issue with various assays, antibody clones, scoring methods, and cut-offs, we aimed to summarize the recommendations and technical and histopathological issues of diagnostic PD-L1 assessment with an emphasis on invasive breast cancer (IBC). Summary Besides other (pre)analytical considerations, selecting the most adequate PD-L1 immunohistochemical assay/antibody clone is important. In-house assay validation, prediagnostic training, and internal and external quality assurance should be implemented. The current most relevant PD-L1 assays and scores will be explained in this review. Moreover, recommendations for PD-L1 testing in IBC are outlined. Key Messages Atezolizumab plus nab-paclitaxel therapy is approved for adult patients with locally advanced or metastatic triple negative breast cancer (mTNBC), if the tumor-associated immune cells express PD-L1. - This PD-L1 immune cell positivity is defined as an immune cell (IC) score, which refers to the area occupied by PD-L1 positive immune cells (lymphocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages, and granulocytes) as a percentage of the whole tumor area. The cut-off is an IC score ≥1%. In the approval study for atezolizumab in mTNBC, IC score was assessed using the Ventana PD-L1 SP142 assay. Other assays or laboratory developed tests may be used depending on country-specific drug approvals. However, harmonization studies have to show whether other PD-L1 tests are reliable and of clinical value to predict the response of breast cancer patients to ICI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Erber
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Arndt Hartmann
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Erlangen, Germany
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Abstract
Immunotherapies are often used for the treatment, remission, and possible cure of autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases, and cancers. Empirical evidence illustrates that females and males differ in outcomes following the use of biologics for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, e.g., rheumatoid arthritis (RA), infectious diseases, e.g., influenza, and solid tumor cancers. Females tend to experience more adverse reactions than males following the use of a class of biologics referred to as immunotherapies. For immunotherapies aimed at stimulating an immune response, e.g., influenza vaccines, females develop greater responses and may experience greater efficacy than males. In contrast, for immunotherapies that repress an immune response, e.g., tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors for RA or checkpoint inhibitors for melanoma, the efficacy is reportedly greater for males than females. Despite these differences, discrepancies in reporting differences between females and males exist, with females have been historically excluded from biomedical and clinical studies. There is a critical need for research that addresses the biological (i.e., sex) as well as sociocultural (i.e., gender) causes of male-female disparities in immunotherapy responses, toxicities, and outcomes. One-size-fits-all approaches to immunotherapies will not work, and sex/gender may contribute to variable treatment success, including adherence, in clinical settings.
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6
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Ramachandran I, Lowther DE, Dryer-Minnerly R, Wang R, Fayngerts S, Nunez D, Betts G, Bath N, Tipping AJ, Melchiori L, Navenot JM, Glod J, Mackall CL, D'Angelo SP, Araujo DM, Chow WA, Demetri GD, Druta M, Van Tine BA, Grupp SA, Abdul Razak AR, Wilky B, Iyengar M, Trivedi T, Winkle EV, Chagin K, Amado R, Binder GK, Basu S. Systemic and local immunity following adoptive transfer of NY-ESO-1 SPEAR T cells in synovial sarcoma. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:276. [PMID: 31651363 PMCID: PMC6813983 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0762-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gene-modified autologous T cells expressing NY-ESO-1c259, an affinity-enhanced T-cell receptor (TCR) reactive against the NY-ESO-1-specific HLA-A*02-restricted peptide SLLMWITQC (NY-ESO-1 SPEAR T-cells; GSK 794), have demonstrated clinical activity in patients with advanced synovial sarcoma (SS). The factors contributing to gene-modified T-cell expansion and the changes within the tumor microenvironment (TME) following T-cell infusion remain unclear. These studies address the immunological mechanisms of response and resistance in patients with SS treated with NY-ESO-1 SPEAR T-cells. Methods Four cohorts were included to evaluate antigen expression and preconditioning on efficacy. Clinical responses were assessed by RECIST v1.1. Engineered T-cell persistence was determined by qPCR. Serum cytokines were evaluated by immunoassay. Transcriptomic analyses and immunohistochemistry were performed on tumor biopsies from patients before and after T-cell infusion. Gene-modified T-cells were detected within the TME via an RNAish assay. Results Responses across cohorts were affected by preconditioning and intra-tumoral NY-ESO-1 expression. Of the 42 patients reported (data cut-off 4June2018), 1 patient had a complete response, 14 patients had partial responses, 24 patients had stable disease, and 3 patients had progressive disease. The magnitude of gene-modified T-cell expansion shortly after infusion was associated with response in patients with high intra-tumoral NY-ESO-1 expression. Patients receiving a fludarabine-containing conditioning regimen experienced increases in serum IL-7 and IL-15. Prior to infusion, the TME exhibited minimal leukocyte infiltration; CD163+ tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) were the dominant population. Modest increases in intra-tumoral leukocytes (≤5%) were observed in a subset of subjects at approximately 8 weeks. Beyond 8 weeks post infusion, the TME was minimally infiltrated with a TAM-dominant leukocyte infiltrate. Tumor-associated antigens and antigen presentation did not significantly change within the tumor post-T-cell infusion. Finally, NY-ESO-1 SPEAR T cells trafficked to the TME and maintained cytotoxicity in a subset of patients. Conclusions Our studies elucidate some factors that underpin response and resistance to NY-ESO-1 SPEAR T-cell therapy. From these data, we conclude that a lymphodepletion regimen containing high doses of fludarabine and cyclophosphamide is necessary for SPEAR T-cell persistence and efficacy. Furthermore, these data demonstrate that non-T-cell inflamed tumors, which are resistant to PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors, can be treated with adoptive T-cell based immunotherapy. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01343043, Registered 27 April 2011.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ruoxi Wang
- Adaptimmune, Oxford, UK.,Adaptimmune, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Daniel Nunez
- Adaptimmune, Oxford, UK.,Adaptimmune, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gareth Betts
- Adaptimmune, Oxford, UK.,Adaptimmune, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Natalie Bath
- Adaptimmune, Oxford, UK.,Adaptimmune, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alex J Tipping
- Adaptimmune, Oxford, UK.,Adaptimmune, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Luca Melchiori
- Adaptimmune, Oxford, UK.,Adaptimmune, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - John Glod
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Sandra P D'Angelo
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dejka M Araujo
- Department of Sarcoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | - Brian A Van Tine
- Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Stephan A Grupp
- Pediatric Oncology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Breelyn Wilky
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Malini Iyengar
- Adaptimmune, Oxford, UK.,Adaptimmune, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Trupti Trivedi
- Adaptimmune, Oxford, UK.,Adaptimmune, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Karen Chagin
- Adaptimmune, Oxford, UK.,Adaptimmune, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rafael Amado
- Adaptimmune, Oxford, UK.,Adaptimmune, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Samik Basu
- Adaptimmune, Oxford, UK. .,Adaptimmune, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Liu X, Wu S, Yang Y, Zhao M, Zhu G, Hou Z. The prognostic landscape of tumor-infiltrating immune cell and immunomodulators in lung cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 95:55-61. [PMID: 28826097 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-infiltrating immune cells are closely associated with clinical outcome. However, immunohistochemistry-based analysis of tumor infiltrates can be misleading as the representative marker of an immune subpopulation might be expressed in other cell types. In this study, based on a metagene approach (known as CIBERSORT) and an online databse, The Cancer Immunome Atlas (https://tcia.at/), we comprehensively analyzed the tumor-infiltrating immune cells present in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC). A total of 22 types of both adaptive and innate tumor-infiltrating immune cells were evaluated in LUAD (n=492) and LUSC (n=488). As a result, tumors lacking memory B cells or with increased number of M0 macrophages were associated with the poor prognosis in LUAD at early clinical stage. In LUSC, T follicular helper cells were associated with favorable outcome, while increased number of neutrophils predicted a poor outcome. Moreover, Kaplan-Meier analysis of the prognostic value of immune checkpoint molecules revealed that expression of ICOS was positively correlated the clinical outcome of patients with LUAD. Collectively, our data suggest that tumor-infiltrating immune cells in lung cancer are likely to be important determinants of both prognosis and response to immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Liu
- Department of Oncology, Chest Hospital of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050041, PR China.
| | - Shucai Wu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Chest Hospital of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050041, PR China
| | - Yonghui Yang
- Department of Pathology, Chest Hospital of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050041, PR China
| | - Min Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Chest Hospital of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050041, PR China
| | - Guiyun Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Chest Hospital of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050041, PR China
| | - Zhihua Hou
- Department of Oncology, Chest Hospital of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050041, PR China
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Hu X, Wu T, Bao Y, Zhang Z. Nanotechnology based therapeutic modality to boost anti-tumor immunity and collapse tumor defense. J Control Release 2017; 256:26-45. [PMID: 28434891 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is still the leading cause of death. While traditional treatments such as surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy play dominating roles, recent breakthroughs in cancer immunotherapy indicate that the influence of immune system on cancer development is virtually beyond our expectation. Manipulating the immune system to fight against cancer has been thriving in recent years. Further understanding of tumor anatomy provides opportunities to put a brake on immunosuppression by overcoming tumor intrinsic resistance or modulating tumor microenvironment. Nanotechnology which provides versatile engineered approaches to enhance therapeutic effects may potentially contribute to the development of future cancer treatment modality. In this review, we will focus on the application of nanotechnology both in boosting anti-tumor immunity and collapsing tumor defense.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yuling Bao
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, PR China; Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, PR China
| | - Zhiping Zhang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, PR China; Hubei Engineering Research Center for Novel Drug Delivery System, HuaZhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, PR China.
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Hoth M. CRAC channels, calcium, and cancer in light of the driver and passenger concept. Biochim Biophys Acta 2015; 1863:1408-17. [PMID: 26705695 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Advances in next-generation sequencing allow very comprehensive analyses of large numbers of cancer genomes leading to an increasingly better characterization and classification of cancers. Comparing genomic data predicts candidate genes driving development, growth, or metastasis of cancer. Cancer driver genes are defined as genes whose mutations are causally implicated in oncogenesis whereas passenger mutations are defined as not being oncogenic. Currently, a list of several hundred cancer driver mutations is discussed including prominent members like TP53, BRAF, NRAS, or NF1. According to the vast literature on Ca(2+) and cancer, Ca(2+) signals and the underlying Ca(2+) channels and transporters certainly influence the development, growth, and metastasis of many cancers. In this review, I focus on the calcium release-activated calcium (CRAC) channel genes STIM and Orai and their role for cancer development, growth, and metastasis. STIM and Orai genes are being discussed in the context of current cancer concepts with a focus on the driver-passenger hypothesis. One result of this discussion is the hypothesis that a driver analysis of Ca(2+) homeostasis-related genes should not be carried out by looking at isolated genes. Rather a pool of “Ca(2+) genes” might be considered to act as one potential cancer driver. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Calcium and Cell Fate. Guest Editors: Jacques Haiech, Claus Heizmann, Joachim Krebs, Thierry Capiod and Olivier Mignen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Hoth
- Department of Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Building 48, Saarland University, D-66421 Homburg, Germany.
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