The incidence and diagnostic relevance of pathological fracture in conventional central chondrosarcoma

OBJECTIVE

To determine the incidence and diagnostic relevance of pathological fracture in patients with conventional central chondrosarcoma (CC-CS).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Retrospective review of patients with CC-CS diagnosed between January 2007 and December 2019. Data collected included age, sex, skeletal location and the presence of pathological fracture at presentation. Histological tumour grade based on surgical resection or needle biopsy was classified as atypical cartilaginous tumour (ACT)/grade 1 CS (ACT/Gd1 CS), high-grade CS (HG-CS) and dedifferentiated CS (DD-CS). The presence of pathological fracture was correlated with age, skeletal location and tumour grade.

RESULTS

Three hundred seventeen patients were included (177 males and 140 females with mean age 55.8 years, range 9-91 years). Mean age of patients without pathological fracture was 54.4 years and those with pathological fracture 62.9 years (p = 0.002). The major long bones were involved in 171 cases, the flat bones in 112 cases, the mobile spine in 7 cases and the small bones of the hands and feet in 27 cases. There were 81 ACT/Gd 1 CS, 168 HGCS and 68 DD-CS. Pathological fracture was evident at presentation in 51 (16.1%) cases, the commonest bones involved being the femur (n = 21; 41.2%), humerus (n = 10; 19.6%) and acetabulum (n = 7; 13.7%). Pathological facture occurred in 7 cases of ACT/Gd 1 CS (13.7%), 23 cases of HGCS (45.1%) and 21 cases of DD-CS (41.2%) (p = 0.001). Following multivariate analysis, both older age and histological grade were independently significant factors.

CONCLUSIONS

Pathological fracture was seen in 16.1% of patients with CC-CS. Pathological fractures in the femur, humerus and acetabulum very likely indicate higher tumour grade.