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Photoacoustic nanodroplets for oxygen enhanced photodynamic therapy of cancer. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2022; 25:100306. [PMID: 34917471 PMCID: PMC8666552 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2021.100306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a well-known cancer therapy that utilizes light to excite a photosensitizer and generate cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS). The efficacy of PDT primarily depends on the photosensitizer and oxygen concentration in the tumor. Hypoxia in solid tumors promotes treatment resistance, resulting in poor PDT outcomes. Hence, there is a need to combat hypoxia while delivering sufficient photosensitizer to the tumor for ROS generation. Here we showcase our unique theranostic perfluorocarbon nanodroplets as a triple agent carrier for oxygen, photosensitizer, and indocyanine green that enables light triggered spatiotemporal delivery of oxygen to the tumors. We evaluated the characteristics of the nanodroplets and validated their ability to deliver oxygen via photoacoustic monitoring of blood oxygen saturation and subsequent PDT efficacy in a murine subcutaneous tumor model. The imaging results were validated with an oxygen sensing probe, which showed a 9.1 fold increase in oxygen content inside the tumor, following systemic administration of the nanodroplets. These results were also confirmed with immunofluorescence. In vivo studies showed that nanodroplets held higher rates of treatment efficacy than a clinically available benzoporphyrin derivative formulation. Histological analysis showed higher necrotic area within the tumor with perfluoropentane nanodroplets. Overall, the photoacoustic nanodroplets can significantly enhance image-guided PDT and has demonstrated substantial potential as a valid theranostic option for patient-specific photodynamic therapy-based treatments.
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Key Words
- 1O2, singlet oxygen
- BPD, benzoporphyrin derivative
- DLS, dynamic light scattering
- DPPC, 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
- DSPE-mPEG, 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-2000]
- H&E, hematoxylin and eosin
- HbT, total hemoglobin
- Hypoxia
- ICG, indocyanine green
- IF, immunofluorescence
- Image guided PDT
- MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide
- NIR, near infrared radiation
- PA, photoacoustic
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- PDT, photodynamic therapy
- PFC, perfluorocarbon
- PFP, perfluoropentane
- PS, photosensitizer
- Perfluorocarbon nanodroplets
- Photoacoustic imaging
- Photodynamic therapy
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SOSG, singlet oxygen sensor green
- StO2, oxygen saturation
- TBAI, tertbutylammonium iodide
- pO2, partial pressure of oxygen
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Pulmonary delivery of siRNA against acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:600-620. [PMID: 34401226 PMCID: PMC8359643 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) has been under investigation for the treatment of several unmet medical needs, including acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS) wherein siRNA may be implemented to modify the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines at the mRNA level. The properties such as clear anatomy, accessibility, and relatively low enzyme activity make the lung a good target for local siRNA therapy. However, the translation of siRNA is restricted by the inefficient delivery of siRNA therapeutics to the target cells due to the properties of naked siRNA. Thus, this review will focus on the various delivery systems that can be used and the different barriers that need to be surmounted for the development of stable inhalable siRNA formulations for human use before siRNA therapeutics for ALI/ARDS become available in the clinic.
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Key Words
- AAV, adeno-associated virus
- ALI/ARDS
- ALI/ARDS, acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome
- AM, alveolar macrophage
- ATI, alveolar cell type I
- ATII, alveolar cell type II
- AV, adenovirus
- Ago-2, argonaute 2
- CFDA, China Food and Drug Administration
- COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- CPP, cell-penetrating peptide
- CS, cigarette smoke
- CXCR4, C–X–C motif chemokine receptor type 4
- Cellular uptake
- DAMPs, danger-associated molecular patterns
- DC-Chol, 3β-(N-(N′,N′-dimethylethylenediamine)-carbamoyl) cholesterol
- DDAB, dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide
- DODAP, 1,2-dioleyl-3-dimethylammonium-propane
- DODMA, 1,2-dioleyloxy-N,N-dimethyl-3-aminopropane
- DOGS, dioctadecyl amido glycin spermine
- DOPC, 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
- DOPE, 1,2-dioleoyl-l-α-glycero-3-phosphatidylethanolamine
- DOSPA, 2,3-dioleyloxy-N-[2-(sperminecarboxamido)ethyl]-N,N-dimethyl-1-propanaminium
- DOTAP, 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane
- DOTMA, N-[1-(2,3-dioleoyloxy)propyl]-N,N,N-trimethylammonium
- DPI, dry powder inhaler
- DPPC, 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
- Drug delivery
- EC, endothelial cell
- EPC, egg phosphatidylcholine
- EXOs, exosomes
- Endosomal escape
- EpiC, epithelial cell
- FDA, US Food and Drug Administration
- HALI, hyperoxic acute lung injury
- HMGB1, high-mobility group box 1
- HMVEC, human primary microvascular endothelial cell
- HNPs, hybrid nanoparticles
- Hem-CLP, hemorrhagic shock followed by cecal ligation and puncture septic challenge
- ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1
- IFN, interferons
- Inflammatory diseases
- LPS, lipopolysaccharides
- MEND, multifunctional envelope-type nano device
- MIF, macrophage migration inhibitory factor
- Myd88, myeloid differentiation primary response 88
- N/P ratio, nitrogen /phosphate ratio
- NETs, neutrophil extracellular traps
- NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B
- NPs, nanoparticles
- Nanoparticles
- PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1
- PAMAM, polyamidoamine
- PAMPs, pathogen-associated molecular patterns
- PD-L1, programmed death ligand-1
- PDGFRα, platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α
- PEEP, positive end-expiratory pressure
- PEG, polyethylene glycol
- PEI, polyethyleneimine
- PF, pulmonary fibrosis
- PFC, perfluorocarbon
- PLGA, poly(d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid)
- PMs, polymeric micelles
- PRR, pattern recognition receptor
- PS, pulmonary surfactant
- Pulmonary administration
- RIP2, receptor-interacting protein 2
- RISC, RNA-induced silencing complex
- RNAi, RNA interference
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SLN, solid lipid nanoparticle
- SNALP, stable nucleic acid lipid particle
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β
- TLR, Toll-like receptor
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α
- VALI, ventilator-associated lung injury
- VILI, ventilator-induced lung injury
- dsDNA, double-stranded DNA
- dsRNA, double-stranded RNA
- eggPG, l-α-phosphatidylglycerol
- mRNA, messenger RNA
- miRNA, microRNA
- pDNA, plasmid DNA
- shRNA, short RNA
- siRNA
- siRNA, small interfering RNA
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A homogenous nanoporous pulmonary drug delivery system based on metal-organic frameworks with fine aerosolization performance and good compatibility. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:2404-2416. [PMID: 33354510 PMCID: PMC7745127 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary drug delivery has attracted increasing attention in biomedicine, and porous particles can effectively enhance the aerosolization performance and bioavailability of drugs. However, the existing methods for preparing porous particles using porogens have several drawbacks, such as the inhomogeneous and uncontrollable pores, drug leakage, and high risk of fragmentation. In this study, a series of cyclodextrin-based metal-organic framework (CD-MOF) particles containing homogenous nanopores were delicately engineered without porogens. Compared with commercial inhalation carrier, CD-MOF showed excellent aerosolization performance because of the homogenous nanoporous structure. The great biocompatibility of CD-MOF in pulmonary delivery was also confirmed by a series of experiments, including cytotoxicity assay, hemolysis ratio test, lung function evaluation, in vivo lung injury markers measurement, and histological analysis. The results of ex vivo fluorescence imaging showed the high deposition rate of CD-MOF in lungs. Therefore, all results demonstrated that CD-MOF was a promising carrier for pulmonary drug delivery. This study may throw light on the nanoporous particles for effective pulmonary administration.
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Key Words
- ANOVA, analysis of variance
- BALF, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid
- BET, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller
- CCK-8, cell counting kit-8
- CD-MOF, cyclodextrin-based metal-organic framework
- CD-MOF-K, ketoprofen-loaded cyclodextrin-based metal-organic framework
- CD-MOF-R, rhodamine B-loaded cyclodextrin-based metal-organic framework
- CF, commercial formulation
- CTAB, cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide
- Cdyn, dynamic lung compliance
- DPPC, 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- FDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administration
- FPF, fine particle fraction
- GSD, geometric standard deviation
- HE, Hematoxylin-Eosin
- HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography
- Inhalable dry powder
- LDH, lactate dehydrogenase
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- MFI, mean fluorescence intensity
- MMAD, mean mass aerodynamic diameter
- MOF, metal-organic framework
- Metal-organic framework
- NGI, next generation pharmaceutical impactor
- Nanoporous particle
- PBS, phosphate buffered solution
- PVP, poly(vinyl pyrrolidone)
- PXRD, powder X-ray diffraction
- Pulmonary drug delivery
- Rl, lung resistance
- SD rat, Sprague–Dawley rat
- SEM, scanning electron microscopy
- SLF, simulated lung fluid
- γ-CD, γ-cyclodextrin
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Delivery strategies for macromolecular drugs in cancer therapy. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:979-986. [PMID: 32642406 PMCID: PMC7332661 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
With the development of biotherapy, biomacromolecular drugs have gained tremendous attention recently, especially in drug development field due to the sophisticated functions in vivo. Over the past few years, a motley variety of drug delivery strategies have been developed for biomacromolecular drugs to overcome the difficulties in the druggability, e.g., the instability and easily restricted by physiologic barriers. The application of novel delivery systems to deliver biomacromolecular drugs can usually prolong the half-life, increase the bioavailability, or improve patient compliance, which greatly improves the efficacy and potentiality for clinical use of biomacromolecular drugs. In this review, recent studies regarding the drug delivery strategies for macromolecular drugs in cancer therapy are summarized, mainly drawing on the development over the last five years.
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Key Words
- CHOL, cholesterol
- CP, Cas9-sgRNA plasmid
- CTCs, circulating tumor cells
- CTLA4, cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4
- Cancer therapy
- ChiP, multifunctional chimeric peptide
- DDS, drug delivery systems
- DOPE, dioleoyl phosphoethanolamine
- DOTAP, (2,3-dioleoyloxy-propyl)-trimethylammonium
- DPPC, 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
- Delivery strategies
- EMT, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition
- Exosomes
- GOx, glucose oxidase
- GRVs, glucose-responsive vesicles
- LFA-1, lymphocyte function antigen-1
- MDP, muramyl dipeptide
- MFT, mifamurtide
- Macromolecular drugs
- Membrane-camouflage systems
- NLR, domain-like receptors
- PAMAM, polyamidoamine
- PD1, programmed cell death protein 1
- PDT, photodynamic therapy
- PEG, polyethylene glycol
- PEI, polyethylenimine
- PGE2, prostaglandin E2
- PMAPs, pathogen associated molecular patterns
- RBC, red blood cells
- TAT, human immunodeficiency virus-1 transcription activator
- TLR, toll-like receptors
- TME, tumor microenvironment
- TRAIL, tumor necrosis factor related apoptosis-inducing ligand
- aPDL1, antibodies against PDL1
- rFljB, recombinant flagellin
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Disperse Orange 3 as a resonance Raman probe for measuring membrane order. FEBS Open Bio 2015; 5:859-63. [PMID: 26636028 PMCID: PMC4637360 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Resonance Raman spectra of azobenzene derivatives were examined in the presence of lipid membranes to find a probe that can distinguish different membrane phases. The NO2 symmetric stretching band of 4-(4-nitrophenylazo)aniline, also known as Disperse Orange 3 (DO3), is downshifted by about 4 cm(-1) on the phase transition of phosphatidylcholine membranes from the liquid crystalline to the gel phase. A comparable downshift also occurs when DO3 is bound to cholesterol-containing membranes in the liquid-ordered phase. Our results demonstrate that Raman spectrum of DO3 is a unique tool for measuring the molecular order of lipids in membranes.
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Liposomes modified with cardiolipin can act as a platform to regulate the potential flux of NADP +-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase. Metab Eng Commun 2015; 3:8-14. [PMID: 29142819 PMCID: PMC5678819 DOI: 10.1016/j.meteno.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiolipin (CL) is a phospholipid found in the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) and inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) in animal cells. Isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH) is an important catalytic enzyme that is localized at the cytosol and mitochondria; the metabolic pathway catalyzed by ICDH differs between the OMM and IMM. To estimate the possible role of lipid membrane in the enzymatic activity of NADP+-dependent ICDH, CL-modified liposomes were prepared using CL/1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC)/cholesterol (Ch), and their characteristics were analyzed based on the fluorescent probe method. The relative enzymatic activity of ICDH decreased in the presence of CL/DPPC/Ch=(30/50/20) liposome, whereas activity increased in the presence of CL/DPPC/Ch=(5/75/20) liposome. NADP+ had the greatest substrate affinity and was dominant in the regulation of ICDH activity. Analysis of membrane properties indicated that membranes in CL-modified liposomes were dehydrated by ICDH binding. Using circular dichroism analysis, CL/DPPC/Ch=(30/50/20) liposome induced a conformational change in ICDH, indicating that CL-rich membrane domains could inhibit ICDH activity. These results suggest that lipid membranes, including CL molecules, could act as a platform to regulate ICDH-related metabolic pathways such as the tricarboxylic acid cycle and lipid synthesis. Phosphatidylcholine liposomes were modified with cardiolipin and characterized. DPPC liposomes did not affect the activity of ICDH. ICDH activity was enhanced with liposomes at 5 mol% cardiolipin. ICDH activity was lowered with liposomes at 30 mol% cardiolipin. Liposomes with high content of cardiolipin led to conformational changes of ICDH.
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Key Words
- CL, cardiolipin
- Cardiolipin
- Ch, cholesterol
- DPPC, 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
- ICDH, isocitrate dehydrogenase
- IMM, inner mitochondrial membrane
- Isocitrate dehydrogenase
- LUV, large unilamellar vesicles
- Liposome
- MLV, multilamellar vesicles
- Membranome
- NADP+, β-nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidized form
- NADPH, β-nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate reduced form
- OMM, outer mitochondrial membrane
- PDB, protein data bank
- System biology
- TCA, tricarboxylic acid
- ld, liquid-disordered
- lo, liquid-ordered
- so, solid-ordered
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