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urRehman S, Fatima S, Muhammad S, Bibi S, Munawar KS, Al-Sehemi AG, Chaudhry AR, Adnan M. Quantum chemical framework for tailoring N/B doped phenalene derivatives to achieve high performance nonlinear optical materials. J Mol Graph Model 2024; 128:108723. [PMID: 38340692 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2024.108723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Nonlinear optical (NLO) response materials are among the smartest materials of the era and are employed to modulate the phase and frequency of the laser. The present study presents a quantum chemical framework for tailoring nitrogen/boron doped derivatives of Dihydrodibenzo [de,op]pentacene through terminal and central core modifications. The derivatives of these compounds have been designed by introducing various π-conjugated connectors as well as B/N heteroatoms in the phenalene rings. Density functional theory (DFT) methods are used to optimize the ground state molecular geometries of designed compounds, represented as 1 to 4 (phenalene derivatives) and 1-BN to 4-BN (B/N doped phenalene derivatives) at the M06-2X/6-311G* level of theory. The highest value of 116.9 × 10-24 esu and 240.2 × 10-24 esu for isotropic and anisotropic linear polarizability is shown by compound 4. Among the designed compounds, 4-BN has achieved the highest γ amplitude of 1858 × 10-36 esu owing to its unique molecular structural design. Further analysis of electronic parameters, such as electron density difference (EDD) maps, the density of states, electrostatic potentials, transition density matrix (TDM) analysis, and frontier molecular orbitals analysis (FMOs), demonstrated the more effective intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) for the best compounds, resulting in a good NLO response. The compounds were also analyzed for their potential in photovoltaic applications based on factors such as open circuit voltage values determined to be between (0.14 eV and 1.82 eV), and light harvesting efficiency (0.425-0.909).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shafiq urRehman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Saliha Fatima
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Shabbir Muhammad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Shamsa Bibi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Khurram Shahzad Munawar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Mianwali, Mianwali, 42200, Pakistan; Institute of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan
| | - Abdullah G Al-Sehemi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Aijaz Rasool Chaudhry
- Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Bisha, Bisha, P.O. Box 551, 61922, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Adnan
- Graduate School of Energy Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
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Gopalakrishnan A, Sidden C, Magudeeswaran S, Bangaru S, Ramasamy A, Kaliyappan K. Synthesis, crystal structure, spectroscopic and computational studies of NLO active 2-methylimdazolium 4-nitrobenzoic acid single crystal. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2024; 310:123936. [PMID: 38277785 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.123936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
In this report, we have presented the theoretical and experimental investigation of 2-Methylimdazolium 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid (2MI4NB) - an organic crystal. The good quality 2MI4NB single crystal was grown by slow evaporation technique. Both single and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed that the grown crystal structure is Triclinic with the P1 space group. The vibrational modes present in the chemical were validated through Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrum investigations. Density functional theory (DFT), a quantum chemical approach, has emerged as a potential or an effective tool for studying molecular structure and NLO properties and is being used frequently in applications involving NLO systems. HOMO-LUMO analysis and reactivity parameters were calculated. Molecular Electrostatic Potential (MEP), Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) analysis and first order hyper polarizability were studied by B3LYP theoretical level with 6-311++G(d,p) basic set. In addition, the Mulliken Atomic Charge was calculated with the same basic set. The thermal properties of the 2MI4NB crystal was analysed by TG-DTA studies. It shows that the two endothermic peaks were observed. The optical absorption spectrum shows that there is no absorption in the region of 430-1200 nm. The Z-scan analysis gives the third order NLO properties like refractive index and third-order NLO susceptibility of 2MI4NB crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anbu Gopalakrishnan
- R&D Laboratory, Department of Physics, Sri Shanmugha College of Engineering and Technology (Autonomous), Sankari-637304, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Chinnasami Sidden
- PG & Research Department of Physics, Government Arts College for Men, Krishnagiri 635001, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Sivanandam Magudeeswaran
- Department of Physics, Centre for Research and Development, KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology, Arasur 641407, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Sathya Bangaru
- Department of Physics, Freshmen Engineering Department, RK College of Engineering, Kethanakonda 521456, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Anandhakrishnan Ramasamy
- Department of Physics, SSN Research Centre, SSN College of Engineering, Kalavakkam 603110, Chennai, India
| | - Kumar Kaliyappan
- R&D Laboratory, Department of Physics, Sri Shanmugha College of Engineering and Technology (Autonomous), Sankari-637304, Tamilnadu, India
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Kannan MR, Punjal A, Puranik R, Pandey U, Prabhu S, Girisun TCS, Vijayakumar T. Experimental and Computational studies on Intramolecular charge transfer, Terahertz and Two photon absorption of 3-[(4-Nitrophenyl Azo)]-9H-Carbazole-9-Ethanol (NPACE) from their Vibrational spectra for Optical limiting and NLO applications. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2023; 303:123175. [PMID: 37586280 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Non-linear optical (NLO) features of 3-[(4-Nitrophenyl Azo)]-9H-Carbazole-9-Ethanol (NPACE) chromophore were investigated by FT-IR, FT-Raman, and UV-visible spectra aided by Density Functional Theory (DFT) using the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) basis set of Gaussian 16 W package. It is observed from the DFT calculation that the slight increase in the endocyclic angle of C13 -C14 -C15 and the reduction in exocyclic angle of N40 -N39 -C14 and C15 -C14 -N39 ascertained by experimental XRD values indicating the intramolecular charge-transfer interaction between the carbazole and nitrophenyl group through the diazo bridge. The vibrational contribution to the linear electro-optic effect is 15% of the total hyperpolarizability being calculated at B3LYP/6-311++G (d, p) for the NPACE molecule. It is also observed that the 8a, 19a, and 19b modes of the carbazole ring and the 8a, 8b, and 19b modes of the phenyl ring are found to be simultaneously and intensely active in IR and Raman spectra explaining the charge transfer interactions throughout the molecule. The low value of the HOMO- LUMO energy gap (2.5843 eV) and the deviation between the measured absorption wavelength (3.36 eV) from the computed (3.87 eV), both these facts substantiate the intramolecular charge transfer. The polarizability and first-order hyperpolarizability were calculated as 6.48 × 10-24 and 3.8 × 10-29 esu, respectively. The second harmonic generation (SHG) measurement experiment of NPACE was carried out using the powder method. The SHG efficiency is measured in comparison with the urea standard. The calculated torsional mode at 20 cm-1 is in excellent quantitative agreement with the experimentally determined terahertz absorption peak. The two-photon absorption coefficient of NPACE was estimated to be 0.9 × 10-11 mW-1, which is mainly due to the D-π-A type of molecular structure, and the optical limiting threshold for NPACE was estimated to be 1.52 × 1013 Wm-2 enabling this material as a potential candidate for optical limiting applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Kannan
- Futuristic Materials Research Centre for Planetary Exploration, Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, College of Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, Kancheepuram, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Ajinkya Punjal
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai, India
| | - Ruturaj Puranik
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai, India
| | - Utkarsh Pandey
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai, India
| | - Shriganesh Prabhu
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai, India
| | - T C Sabari Girisun
- Nanophotonics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Bharathidasan university, Tiruchirapalli 620024, India
| | - T Vijayakumar
- Futuristic Materials Research Centre for Planetary Exploration, Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, College of Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, Kancheepuram, Tamilnadu, India.
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Eone JR, Assatse YT, Kamsi RAY, Abe MTO, Ndjaka JMB. Computational study of physicochemical, optical, and thermodynamic properties of 2,2-dimethylchromene derivatives. J Mol Model 2023; 29:106. [PMID: 36949355 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-023-05510-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT A large number of heterocyclic compounds are used as drugs, mainly due to the duality of lipophilicity playing in hydrophobic interactions and solubility with at least one hydrogen bond acceptor. The study of electronic properties is then important to better understand not only these charge distribution effects but also some other physicochemical properties involved in bioactivity to directly assess the bioavailability of these compounds and a possible classification in related applications. Phytomolecules such as chromenes are very accessible molecules exhibiting a bioactivity. Our study is focused on the impact of a number of functional groups acting on some 2,2-dimethylchromene derivatives, namely their global reactivity from the frontier molecular orbitals and local reactivity from the Fukui functions, where the carbonyl group acting as an electron withdrawal group has the most relevant effect, the solubility from the partition coefficient Log P strongly depending on the charge distribution and electronegative sites, the optical effects from the delocalization in the vinyl group, as well as the evaluation of the entropy associated with the molecular flexibility also acting on the bioactivity. Despite the effects of the wave function or density methods on the order of magnitude of these properties, these compounds are consistent with the rules for a potential oral drug candidate. METHODS The calculations of the electronic properties were performed through two levels of theory: Hartree-Fock level as a wave function-based method as an ab initio reference including some physically consistent eigenvalues and density functional theory DFT as a correlation consistent method using different functionals: hybrid or with a long-range correction. The basis set used is a 6-311++G(d,p) Pople basis set including diffuse and polarization basis functions. The basis set is adapted to the size of the molecules and consequently to the degree of electronic localization. Gaussian 09 software was used for the computation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Eone
- Faculty of Science, Department of Physics, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Y Tadjouteu Assatse
- Faculty of Science, Department of Physics, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - R A Yossa Kamsi
- Faculty of Science, Department of Physics, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - M T Ottou Abe
- Faculty of Science, Department of Physics, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - J M B Ndjaka
- Faculty of Science, Department of Physics, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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Ntieche Z, Abe MTO, Freidy OMG, Ejuh GW, Ndjaka JMB. Electronic, non-linear optical, optoelectronic, and thermodynamic properties of undoped and doped bis (ethylenedithio) tetraselenafulvalene (BETS) (C 10H 8S 4Se 4) molecule: first study using ab initio investigation. J Mol Model 2022; 28:256. [PMID: 35971007 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-022-05250-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
We have performed the ab initio calculation of the undoped and doped molecules bis (ethylenedithio) tetraselenafulvalene (BETS). Carbone (C) atoms have been substituted by Boron (B) to investigate their effects on the electronic structure and nonlinear optical, optoelectronic, and thermodynamic properties of BETS molecule. The RHF and hybrid density functional theories (WB97XD, B3PW91, and B3LYP) methods were applied, using the cc-pVDZ basis set. We found that the energy gap (Egap) of the doped molecules are respectively 2.476 eV and 2.569 eV for C8B2H8S4Se4 and C7B3H8S4Se4 with B3LYP/cc-pVDZ basis set, lower than one of the undoped molecule (3.316 eV). The significant increase values of polarizability (˂α˃) and first order hyperpolarizability (β) of the doped compounds, especially in C8B2H8S4Se4 (< α > = 4.5315 × 10-23 esu, β = 22,672.27 × 10-33 esu and < α > = 4.518 × 10-23 esu, β = 23,657.43 × 10-33 esu respectively for B3LYP and B3PW91) compared to those of the undoped molecule (< α > = 4.3602 × 10-23 esu, β = 1290.38 × 10-33 esu, and < α > = 4.518 × 10-23 esu) show that the new molecules have a good nonlinear optical property. Results suggest that these molecules doped with boron are a potential candidate as semiconductors compounds and nonlinear optical materials.
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Anu, Srivastava A, Khan MS. Principle component analysis for nonlinear optical properties of thiophene-based metal complexes. J Mol Model 2021; 27:340. [PMID: 34731322 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-021-04967-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The simulation of molecular descriptors of thiophene-based metal complexes has been performed using Gaussian 03 and Atomistic toolkit Virtual Nanolab (ATK-VNL) software. It is found that with respect to the obtained molecular descriptors, the molecules show distinct properties. The dimensions of the data set being large, the principal components (PC1 and PC2) have been obtained using principal component analysis (PCA). Analysis has been done for the Linear regression of principal components with first hyperpolarizability and second hyperpolarizability of the molecules. The results indicate that, of all the calculated molecular descriptors of thiophene-based metal complexes, the molecular energy (E), ionization energy (EI), and molecular dipole moment (D) plays a dominant role in determining their nonlinear optical properties i.e., the hyperpolarizability value, of the studied molecules. Also, the molecular descriptors, polarizability (P) and molar refractivity (MR), show considerable impact on the nonlinear optical properties of the studied molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu
- Department of Physics, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Anurag Srivastava
- Advanced Material Research Group, CNT Lab, ABV-Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management, Gwalior, 474015, India
| | - Mohd Shahid Khan
- Department of Physics, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India.
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Olinga Mbala G, Ottou Abe M, Ntieche Z, Ejuh G, Ndjaka J. Ab initio investigation of nonlinear optical, electronic, and thermodynamic properties of BEDT-TTF molecule: doping with boron. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07461. [PMID: 34296006 PMCID: PMC8282942 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the RHF, B3LYP and wB97XD methods with cc-pVDZ basis set have been used to investigate the influence of carbon atoms substitution with boron atoms on the non-linear optical, electronic, optoelectronic and thermodynamic properties of BEDT-TTF (C 10 H 8 S 8 ). The results show that the undoped molecule denoted BEDT-TTF or ET (Eg = 3.88 eV) and its derivatives are semi-conductors materials. However, dopingC 10 H 8 S 8 with both 3B and 2B, creating a strong donor-acceptor system and considerably improves its energies gap (Egap). The Eg values of these doped molecules are between 2.2 and 2.39 eV less than 3 eV, which makes more interesting electronic properties. The nonlinear optical parameters such as dipole moment (μ), average polarizability ˂α˃ and first-order hyperpolarizability (β m o l ) have been calculated and compared with the corresponding values of Urea used as prototypical material to study the NLO properties of the compound. These values obtained indicate that these materials exhibit good nonlinear optical properties. Moreover, we have also computed the chemical softness( ς ) , ionization potential (IP), electron affinity (AE), global hardness (η), refractive index (n), dielectric constant (ε), electric field (E) and electric susceptibility (χ), total electronic energy (Eo), enthalpy H, entropy S. These results indicate that these new materials doped with boron are promising candidates for the construction of optoelectronics and photonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- G.F. Olinga Mbala
- Faculty of Science, Department of Physics, University of Yaoundé I, P.M.B 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - M.T. Ottou Abe
- Faculty of Science, Department of Physics, University of Yaoundé I, P.M.B 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal, Plants Studies, P.O Box 6163, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Z. Ntieche
- Faculty of Science, Department of Physics, University of Yaoundé I, P.M.B 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Local Materials Promotion Authority (MIPROMALO), P.O. Box 2396, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - G.W. Ejuh
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, National Higher Polytechnic Institute, University of Bamenda, P. O. Box 39, Bambili, Cameroon
- Department of General and Scientific Studies, IUT-FV Bandjoun, University of Dschang, P.M.B 134, Bandjoun, Cameroon
| | - J.M.B. Ndjaka
- Faculty of Science, Department of Physics, University of Yaoundé I, P.M.B 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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Hanif A, Kiran R, Khera RA, Ayoub A, Ayub K, Iqbal J. Tuning the optoelectronic properties of superalkali doped phosphorene. J Mol Graph Model 2021; 107:107973. [PMID: 34217026 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2021.107973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of pristine phosphorene and superalkali (Li3O) doped phosphorene are estimated through the density functional theory (DFT) method to investigate the optical properties. The geometries of complexes have been optimized using the B3LYP/6-31G (d, p) level of theory. The effects of doping on phosphorene have been thoroughly explained by vertical ionization energy (VIE), interaction energies (Eint), and natural bond orbitals (NBO), Moreover, the density of states (DOS), electron density difference map (EDDM) analysis, the frontier molecular orbitals (FMO) plots are also given out to find more physical divination into the electronic communication and structure property relationship. The doping of superalkali conclusively has reduced the HOMO-LUMO energy gap of M1 3.28 eV-1.25 eV for M2 making it the n-type semiconductor. The higher values of Eint,Efm and VIE obtained for M2 has indicated that this complex has higher stability and stronger interaction between superalkalis and phosphorene. More interestingly, there has been a gradual increase in the first static hyperpolarizability (βstatic) values for M1, M2 and M3 are 115.75 au, 4118.6 au, and 659.30 au respectively. The Static second hyperpolarizability (γstatic) of the doped complexes has also been calculated from which the M2 has the highest value of 1382.5 ҳ 103 au. The TD-DFT exploration has exhibited that the doped molecules are adequately transparent in the UV region. Some selected systems are also compared with the p-NA reference molecule which is a familiar external reference molecule for NLO applications. From UV absorption analysis, it can be found that these doped complexes of phosphorene may be contemplated as a new applicant for intense ultraviolet NLO materials. Computational studies have revealed the stability of M2 and M3 making them feasible as NLO materials in optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Hanif
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Rida Kiran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Rasheed Ahmad Khera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Ayesha Ayoub
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Khurshid Ayub
- Department of Chemistry, COMSAT University, Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, KPK, 22060, Pakistan
| | - Javed Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan; Punjab Bio-energy Institute, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan.
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Bibi T, Jadoon T, Muhammad S, Ayub K. Second-order NLO properties and two-state switching effects of transition metal redox complexes of iron and cobalt: A DFT study. J Mol Graph Model 2021; 107:107975. [PMID: 34246108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2021.107975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Designing switchable materials with large contrasts of nonlinear optical properties has been the focus of research in recent decades because of their widespread applications. Redox-active metal complexes due to charge transfer excitation are suitable to produce switchable nonlinear optical (NLO) material. In this regard, we present here the redox switchable NLO response of active metal complexes of iron and cobalt. The geometric, electronic, molecular absorption, nonlinear optical properties, and switch "ON/OFF" style of these metal complexes are studied at the CAM-B3LYP/6-31 + G(d) level of theory. NLO responses of these redox metal complexes are described in terms of change in the charge transfer (CT) patterns by time dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT). The highest βo value of 301534 × 10-30 esu is noticed in [Fe-ethynyl-ZnP]1+ complex, because of obvious charge transfer transition from metal to ligand i.e meatal-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) in redox metal complex. In each redox metal isomeric pair, the greater hyperpolarizability value of individual isomer is quite consistent with its smaller energy gap (H-Lgap) between highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) to the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), low crucial excitation energy, and bathochromic shift of λmax. The remarkable βo contrasts of these isomeric redox complexes illustrate that they can be appropriate for effective redox-triggered NLO switches. Thus, the results reveal that these redox pair complexes show two-state switching "ON/OFF" effect.
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Ishaq M, Shehzad RA, Yaseen M, Iqbal S, Ayub K, Iqbal J. DFT study of superhalogen-doped borophene with enhanced nonlinear optical properties. J Mol Model 2021; 27:188. [PMID: 34041596 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-021-04791-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The concern of the present study is to investigate the nonlinear optical properties of superhalogen-doped borophene owing to its broad applications. The first principle study of the material for its nonlinear optical properties elaborated its use for electrical and optical applications. The superhalogen-based borophene in lithium ion-based batteries and medical appliances have made it one of the most potential materials for optoelectronics. First, hyperpolarizability (βo) of pure and doped B36 is computed, and the difference between their values was examined. The vertical ionization energy (VIE) was calculated for pure and doped systems. The interaction energy (Ei) for all combinations was computed. It would be expected to be one of the best materials to have high capacity and resistance. For all the calculations and to calculate the highest occupied molecular orbital and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy gap, the density functional theory (DFT) method was used. It is predicted that these combinations are more beneficial and can display better nonlinear optical (NLO) properties in electronic devices. Superhalogen-doped BF4 borophene-36 ground state optimized geometry, frontier molecular orbitals HOMO and LUMO, maximum absorption (λmax), density of states (DOS) analysis, and electrostatic potential diagram (MEP) are displayed here.
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Bin-Alam MS, Baxter J, Awan KM, Kiviniemi A, Mamchur Y, Lesina AC, Tsakmakidis KL, Huttunen MJ, Ramunno L, Dolgaleva K. Hyperpolarizability of Plasmonic Meta-Atoms in Metasurfaces. Nano Lett 2021; 21:51-59. [PMID: 33356325 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c02991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic metasurfaces are promising as enablers of nanoscale nonlinear optics and flat nonlinear optical components. Nonlinear optical responses of such metasurfaces are determined by the nonlinear optical properties of individual plasmonic meta-atoms. Unfortunately, no simple methods exist to determine the nonlinear optical properties (hyperpolarizabilities) of the meta-atoms hindering the design of nonlinear metasurfaces. Here, we develop the equivalent RLC circuit (resistor, inductor, capacitor) model of such meta-atoms to estimate their second-order nonlinear optical properties, that is, the first-order hyperpolarizability in the optical spectral range. In parallel, we extract from second-harmonic generation experiments the first-order hyperpolarizabilities of individual meta-atoms consisting of asymmetrically shaped (elongated) plasmonic nanoprisms, verified with detailed calculations using both nonlinear hydrodynamic-FDTD and nonlinear scattering theory. All three approaches, analytical, experimental, and computational, yield results that agree very well. Our empirical RLC model can thus be used as a simple tool to enable an efficient design of nonlinear plasmonic metasurfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Saad Bin-Alam
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontairo K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Joshua Baxter
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Kashif M Awan
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontairo K1N 6N5, Canada
- Stewart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Antti Kiviniemi
- Laboratory of Photonics, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Yaryna Mamchur
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontairo K1N 6N5, Canada
- National Technical University of Ukraine, "Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute", 03056 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Antonio Calà Lesina
- Hannover Centre for Optical Technologies, Cluster of Excellence PhoenixD (Photonics, Optics, and Engineering - Innovation Across Disciplines), and Fakultät für Maschinenbau (Institut für Transport- und Automatisierungstechnik), Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kosmas L Tsakmakidis
- Section of Condensed Matter Physics, Department of Physics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis GR-157 84 Athens, Greece
| | - Mikko J Huttunen
- Laboratory of Photonics, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Lora Ramunno
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Ksenia Dolgaleva
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontairo K1N 6N5, Canada
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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12
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John JS, Sajan D. Computational analysis of vibrational spectroscopic properties and hyperpolarizability of silver adsorbed organic molecule, N,N' Dimethyl Urea Ninhydrin. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2020; 228:117698. [PMID: 31707020 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.117698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The effect of adsorption of silver atoms to the nonlinear optical (NLO) active compound N,N' dimethyl urea ninhydrin (NDUN), has been analysed by computational methods. Single, double or triple silver atoms are added to the NDUN structure at an appropriate site and the geometry optimization, vibrational spectral and the natural bond orbital analyses, and hyperpolarizability calculations are done using B3LYP functional with LANL2DZ basis set. A comparison of IR spectra of the Ag-adsorbed NDUN (NDUN-Ag) is made to study the effect of the addition of silver atoms in the vibrational motions of the molecule. The NBO analysis gives an account of the interactions between atoms of the chosen molecule. The effect on NLO properties of NDUN is characterized by the polarizability, and the first and the second hyperpolarizability calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerin Susan John
- Centre for Advanced Functional Materials (CAFM), Department of Physics, Bishop Moore College, Mavelikara, Kerala, 690110, India.
| | - D Sajan
- Centre for Advanced Functional Materials (CAFM), Department of Physics, Bishop Moore College, Mavelikara, Kerala, 690110, India.
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Kosar N, Shehzadi K, Ayub K, Mahmood T. Theoretical study on novel superalkali doped graphdiyne complexes: Unique approach for the enhancement of electronic and nonlinear optical response. J Mol Graph Model 2020; 97:107573. [PMID: 32114080 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2020.107573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Based on DFT calculations, we have explored the changes in geometric, electronic and nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of M3O and M3S (M = Li, Na and K) doped graphdiyne. The doping of superalkalis not only changes the electronic properties of GDY but also remarkably alters the NLO properties. Stabilities of doped GDY are evaluated through interaction energies. HOMO-LUMO gap, NBO, polarizability and first hyperpolarizability (βo) calculations at hybrid (B3LYP) and long-range corrected methods (CAM-B3LYP, LC-BLYP and ωB97XD) are performed for studying the NLO properties of doped GDY complexes. Significantly high values of βo are observed for all doped structures, especially for Na3S@GDY (1.36×105 au). Reduction in HOMO-LUMO gap concomitant with increase of βo value is attributed to the strong interaction of Na3S with GDY. The partial density of states (PDOS) spectra strongly support the existence of excess electrons. To rationalize the trends in first hyperpolarizability of doped GDY, two level model calculations are also performed. This study of super alkalis doped GDY will be advantageous for promoting the potential applications of the nanostructures in designing new types of electronic nanodevices and production of high performance nonlinear optical materials.
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Charles Vincent V, Kirubavathi K, Bakiyaraj G, Selvaraju K. Experimental and theoretical investigations of 4-hydroxy L-proline cadmium chloride nonlinear optical crystal. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2019; 212:61-70. [PMID: 30597435 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The solution grown structure 4-hydroxy L-proline cadmium chloride (4HLPCC) single crystal has been done by means of X-ray diffraction method. The computational quantum mechanical modelling method was performed with B3LYP level and LanL2DZ basis set to determine optimized geometry, dipolar moment, linear polarizability, first order hyperpolarizability, atomic charges of various atoms, thermodynamic parameters, HOMO-LUMO energy gap and vibrational frequencies of 4HLPCC. The vibrational frequencies of 4HLPCC were observed experimentally through FTIR and FT-RAMAN analyses and compared with theoretical frequencies. The electric properties were detected by dielectric studies. The frequency doubling of the grown crystal was made with Kurtz-Perry powder technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Charles Vincent
- PG & Research Department of Physics, Government Arts College, Ariyalur 621713, India
| | - K Kirubavathi
- PG & Research Department of Physics, Government Arts College, Ariyalur 621713, India
| | - G Bakiyaraj
- Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology (formerly known as SRM University), Kattankulathur, 603203, India
| | - K Selvaraju
- PG & Research Department of Physics, Government Arts College, Ariyalur 621713, India.
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15
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Saima B, Khan N, Al-Faiyz YSS, Ludwig R, Rehman W, Habib-Ur-Rehman M, Sheikh NS, Ayub K. Photo-tunable linear and nonlinear optical response of cyclophanediene-dihydropyrene photoswitches. J Mol Graph Model 2019; 88:261-272. [PMID: 30780115 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2019.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cyclophanediene (CPD)-dihydropyrene (DHP) is a negative T-type photochrome pair having a thermodynamically stable colored form, i.e., DHP. Interconversion between cyclophanediene and dihydropyrene is associated with significant changes in dipole moment, absorption wavelength and polarizability, which can impart substantial linear and nonlinear optical response. In this study, phototunable linear and nonlinear optical response of cyclophanediene-dihdyropyrene photoswitches is described. Cyclophanedienes and dihydropyrenes are functionalized at the internal position for maximum changes in volume and polarizability. The UV-Vis spectra are calculated at ɷB97XD, which was validated through a benchmark approach. An excellent correlation is observed between theoretical and experimental absorption spectra. Several CPD-DHP pairs have been recognized for clean interconversion in UV-Vis light without formation of a photostationary state. Nonlinear optical response of dihydropyrenes is remarkably higher than that of cyclophanedienes. In general, the calculated hyperpolarizability values of dihydropyrenes are about two to three orders of magnitude higher than those for cyclophanedienes. The trends in calculated hyperpolarizabilities are rationalized through two level method. The high nonlinear optical response of dihydropyrenes stems from low excitation energies. The remarkable difference in hyperpolarizabilities of these isomeric forms paves path for the design of phototunable nonlinear optical materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibi Saima
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University, Abbottabad Campus, 22060, Pakistan
| | - Nasir Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - Yasair S S Al-Faiyz
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 380, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ralf Ludwig
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 1, 18059, Rostock, Germany; Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse an der Universität Rostock e, V. Alebert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Wajid Rehman
- Department of Chemistry, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - Mian Habib-Ur-Rehman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Education Lahore, Faisalabad Campus, Pakistan
| | - Nadeem S Sheikh
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 380, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Khurshid Ayub
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University, Abbottabad Campus, 22060, Pakistan.
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Kumar N, Paramasivam M, Kumar J, Gusain A, Hota PK. Tuning of optical properties of p-phenyl ethenyl-E-furans: A Solvatochromism and Density functional theory. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2019; 206:396-404. [PMID: 30172237 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
p-Phenyl ethenyl-E-furans (1-6) with varied electron donor and acceptor substituent (NO2, CN, Cl, H, OCH3, NH2) were synthesized and studied the substituent induced optical properties (dipole moment, transition dipole moment, oscillator strength, optical band gap, hyperpolarizability) using Solvatochromism and Density functional theory. It is shown that furan acts as a weak electron donor in presence of an electron withdrawing p‑phenyl substituent (NO2, CN, Cl), whereas furan acts as a weak electron acceptor in presence of an electron donating p‑phenyl substituent (OCH3, NH2). In comparison to ethenylfuran 4, the HOMO-LUMO energy band gap is decreased upon increasing the electron donating or electron withdrawing nature of the phenyl ring. Calculation of excited state dipole moment and polarizability of 1-6 in solvent of varying polarity suggest that the nitro and amino compounds (1, 6) exhibit charge transfer excited state, whereas excited state of compounds 3-5 is non-polar in nature. As compared to the ethenylfuran (4), the first hyperpolarizability (β) is increased in presence of a strong electron withdrawing or strong electron donating p‑phenyl substituent. The higher β value is found for ethenylfuran with p‑nitrophenyl and p‑amino phenyl substitution. Overall, these studies provide useful information in tuning the optical properties of p‑phenyl substituted heterocyclic ethenyl systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University (A Central University), Srinagar Campus, Pauri (Garhwal) 246 174, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Mahalingavelar Paramasivam
- Department of Advanced Materials Chemistry, College of Sciences and Technology, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Jochiwon, Sejong 339700, Republic of Korea
| | - Jagdeep Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University (A Central University), Srinagar Campus, Pauri (Garhwal) 246 174, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Anamika Gusain
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University (A Central University), Srinagar Campus, Pauri (Garhwal) 246 174, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Prasanta Kumar Hota
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University (A Central University), Srinagar Campus, Pauri (Garhwal) 246 174, Uttarakhand, India.
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17
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Sivakumar N, Kanagathara N, Marchewka MK, Drozd M, Jayavel R, Anbalagan G. The theoretical and experimental vibrational studies of thiourea and silver nitrate (2:1) complex. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2018; 204:717-725. [PMID: 29986318 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The theoretical and experimental vibrational studies for poly thiourea silver nitrate (2:1) complex using DFT method are performed on the basis of experimental data. During the geometry optimization process one equilibrium structure was found. The Mulliken charges, harmonic vibrational frequencies, Infrared and Raman intensities were calculated on the basis of quantum chemical density functional calculations using firefly (PC GAMESS) Version 7.1G. The clear - cut assignments of observed bands are performed on the basis of potential energy distribution (PED) analysis. Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital (HOMO) and the Lowest Occupied Molecular Orbital (LUMO) are obtained and graphically illustrated with minimum energy. The energy difference between HOMO and LUMO is analyzed. The other molecular properties like molecular electrostatic potential, Mulliken charges and thermodynamic properties of the title compound have also been calculated.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Sivakumar
- Crystal Growth Centre, Anna University, Chennai 600025, India; Department of Physics, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Thandalam, Chennai 602 105, India
| | - N Kanagathara
- Department of Physics, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Thandalam, Chennai 602 105, India
| | - M K Marchewka
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 50-950 Wroclaw, 2, P.O. Box 937, Poland
| | - M Drozd
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 50-950 Wroclaw, 2, P.O. Box 937, Poland
| | - R Jayavel
- Crystal Growth Centre, Anna University, Chennai 600025, India
| | - G Anbalagan
- Department of Nuclear Physics, University of Madras, Chennai 600 025, India.
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18
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Bhagwat AA, Sekar N. Fluorescent 7-Substituted Coumarin Dyes: Solvatochromism and NLO Studies. J Fluoresc 2019; 29:121-35. [PMID: 30374938 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-018-2316-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The effect of three substituents N,N-diethylamine, carbazole and diphenylamine at the 7 position of coumarin on linear and nonlinear optical properties are studied using absorption and emission solvatochromism, and DFT. By varying the substituent 53 nm red shift is achieved in emission. The polarity plots with regression close to unity revealed good charge transfer in the system. Solvent polarizability and dipolarity are mainly responsible for solvatochromic shift as proved by multilinear regression analysis. General Mulliken Hush analysis shows diphenylamine substituent leads to more charge separation in compound 6c. The hyperpolarizabilities are evaluated by quantum mechanical calculations. Structure of the compounds are optimized at B3LYP/6-31G(d) level and NLO computations are done using range separated hybrid functionals with large basis sets. Second order hyperpolarizability (γ) found 589.27 × 10-36, 841.29 × 10-36 and 1043.00 × 10-36 e.s.u for the compounds 6a, 6b and 6c respectively.
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Kumar N, Paramasivam M, Kumar J, Gusain A, Hota PK. Substituent Dependent Optical Properties of p-phenyl Substituted ethenyl-E-thiophenes. J Fluoresc 2018; 28:1207-16. [PMID: 30151739 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-018-2284-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Various electron donor and acceptor substituted (NO2, CN, Cl, H, OCH3, NH2) p-phenyl ethenyl-E- thiophenes (1-6) were synthesized and substituent dependent optical properties (dipole moment, transition dipole moment, oscillator strength, optical band gap, hyperpolarizability) were studied using Solvatochromism and Density functional theory. It is shown that thiophene acts as a weak electron donor in presence of an electron withdrawing p-phenyl substituent (NO2, CN, Cl), whereas thiophene acts as a weak electron acceptor in presence of an electron donating p-phenyl substituent (OCH3, NH2). In comparison to ethenyl thiophene 4, the HOMO-LUMO energy band gap is decreased upon increasing the electron donating or electron withdrawing capacity of p-phenyl substituent. From the excited state dipole moment calculation, it is shown that the excited state is highly dipolar for nitro and amino compounds 1 and 6, whereas compounds 2-5 show a non-polar excited state. As compared to the ethenyl thiophene 4, the first hyperpolarizability (β) increases upon substitution either with a strong electron withdrawing or strong electron donating p-phenyl substituent. A large β value is found for p-nitro phenyl ethenyl-E-thiophene and p-amino phenyl ethenyl-E- thiophene. Overall, these studies provide useful information in understanding the optical properties of phenyl and heterocyclic based ethenyl systems.
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Erande Y, Warde U, Sekar N. Investigation of NLO Properties of Fluorescent BORICO Dyes: a Comprehensive Experimental and Theoretical Approach. J Fluoresc 2017; 27:2253-62. [PMID: 28831643 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-017-2167-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BORICO dyes with N, N-diethyl as a strong donor and BF2 complexed iminocoumarin six member core as strong acceptor are investigated as an efficient non linear optical chromophores. Extended π-conjugation over iminocoumarin moiety is useful to make ICT character of BORICO dyes more significant and is established on the scale of Generalised Mulliken Hush analysis scale. Bond length alternation and bond order alternation values for three BORICO chromophores estimates the cyanine like framework for optimal non linear optical response. The frontier molecular orbital diagrams obtained from density functional theory calculations shows that there is charge transfer from donor to accepter as well as effective overlap between them making the basis for optimal NLO response of BORICO chromophores. The theoretical values of linear and non linear optical responses for three BORICO NLOphores obtained by using three different functionals B3LYP, CAMB3LYP and BHandHLYP with 6-311+g(d,p) basis set are quite consistent for the values of static dipole moment (μ), linear polarizability (α) and first hyperpolarizability (β). However in case of the γ values calculation, compare to the similar values obtained by CAMB3LYP and BHandHLYP functionals, B3LYP overestimates the same. The vibrational motions play decisive role in the overall non linear optical properties of BORICO chromophores.
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21
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Katariya S, Rhyman L, Alswaidan IA, Ramasami P, Sekar N. Triphenylamine-Based Fluorescent Styryl Dyes: DFT, TD-DFT and Non-Linear Optical Property Study. J Fluoresc 2017; 27:993-1007. [PMID: 28144800 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-017-2034-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The electronic structures and spectroscopic properties of triphenylamine-based monostyryl and bis(styryl) dyes were studied using quantum chemical methods. The ground-state geometries of these dyes were optimized using the density functional theory (DFT) method. The lowest singlet excited state was optimized using time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT). The absorption was also calculated using the ground-state geometries. All the calculations were carried out in the gas phase and in solvent. The results indicate that the absorption maxima calculated using the TD-DFT are in good agreement with those obtained experimentally. These dyes possess a large second-order non-linear property and this is mainly due to the strong donor-π-acceptor conjugation which is attributed to the excited state intramolecular charge transfer (ICT). There is a relationship between the hardness and first hyperpolarizability and second hyperpolarizability of mono- and bis(styryl) dyes. The efficiency of the intersystem crossing process can be improved by reducing the energy gap between the singlet and triplet excited states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Katariya
- Department of Dyestuff Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, N. P. Marg, Matunga, Mumbai, MH, 400019, India
| | - Lydia Rhyman
- Computational Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, Réduit, 80837, Mauritius
| | - Ibrahim A Alswaidan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ponnadurai Ramasami
- Computational Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, Réduit, 80837, Mauritius. .,Department of Chemistry, College of Science Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, P.O. Box 392, Pretoria, 0003, South Africa.
| | - Nagaiyan Sekar
- Department of Dyestuff Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, N. P. Marg, Matunga, Mumbai, MH, 400019, India.
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22
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Benzon KB, Varghese HT, Panicker CY, Pradhan K, Tiwary BK, Nanda AK, Alsenoy CV. Spectroscopic and theoretical characterization of 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4,5-dimethyl-1H-imidazole 3-oxide. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2015; 151:965-979. [PMID: 26188703 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The optimized molecular structure, vibrational frequencies, corresponding vibrational assignments of 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4,5-dimethyl-1H-imidazole 3-oxide have been investigated experimentally and theoretically. Gauge-including atomic orbital (1)H NMR chemical shifts calculations were carried out and compared with experimental data. The HOMO and LUMO analysis is used to determine the charge transfer within the molecule. The stability of the molecule arising from hyper-conjugative interaction and charge delocalization has been analyzed using NBO analysis. The calculated geometrical parameters are in agreement with that of similar derivatives. Molecular electrostatic potential was performed by the DFT method. Mulliken's net charges have been calculated and compared with the atomic natural charges. First and second hyperpolarizability are calculated in order to find its role in non-linear optics. Molecular docking is also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Benzon
- Department of Physics, Fatima Mata National College, Kollam, Kerala, India
| | | | - C Yohannan Panicker
- Department of Physics, TKM College of Arts and Science, Kollam, Kerala, India
| | - Kiran Pradhan
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Siliguri, West Bengal, India
| | - Bipransh Kumar Tiwary
- Department of Biotechnology, University of North Bengal, Siliguri, West Bengal, India
| | - Ashis Kumar Nanda
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Siliguri, West Bengal, India
| | - C Van Alsenoy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, B2610 Antwerp, Belgium
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23
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Liang WM, Zhao ZX, Wu D, Sun WM, Li Y, Li ZR. Theoretical study on alkali-metal doped N3H3 complexes: an in-depth understanding of the origin of electride and alkalide and their large nonlinear optical properties. J Mol Model 2015; 21:311. [PMID: 26578454 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-015-2854-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
By doping the model complexant N3H3 with one or two lithium atoms, the geometrical and electronic structures as well as static electric properties of the resulting Li(N3H3), (N3H3)Li' and Li(N3H3)Li' complexes can be explored using the B3LYP, BHandHLYP, CAM-B3LYP and MP2 methods. All three complexes, especially Li(N3H3), were found to have large first hyperpolarizabilities (β 0). Meanwhile, Li(N3H3) and Li(N3H3)Li' exhibited electride and alkalide characteristics, respectively. The dependance of electric properties of alkalide Li(N3H3)Li' on the alkali atoms involved and the complexant layer number were revealed by investigating the related M(N3H3)Li' and Li(N3H3)M' (M = Na and K), and Li(N3H3) n Li' (n = 2, 3) systems. Note that the β 0 value of alkalide M(N3H3)M' increased not only with the increasing atomic number of the M'(-) anion but also with that of the M(+) cation, which differs from previously reported cases. In addition, the electric properties of the Li(N3H3)Li' alkalide were enhanced by increasing the complexant layers. However, it was found that both the complexant-complexant and the complexant-Li' interactions reduced with the addition of N3H3 layers, so no stable structures were found for larger Li(N3H3) n Li' complexes. Graphical Abstract Geometrical and electronic structures as well as static electric properties of Li(N3H3), (N3H3)Li' and Li(N3H3)Li' complexes were explored using B3LYP, BHandHLYP, CAM-B3LYP and MP2 methods.
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24
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Mary YS, Varghese HT, Panicker CY, Thiemann T, Al-Saadi AA, Popoola SA, Van Alsenoy C, Al Jasem Y. Molecular conformational analysis, vibrational spectra, NBO, NLO, HOMO-LUMO and molecular docking studies of ethyl 3-(E)-(anthracen-9-yl)prop-2-enoate based on density functional theory calculations. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2015; 150:533-542. [PMID: 26079511 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.05.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra of ethyl 3-(E)-(anthracen-9-yl)prop-2-enoate were recorded and analyzed. The conformational behavior of the molecule was also investigated. The vibrational wavenumbers were calculated using DFT quantum chemical calculations. The data obtained from the wavenumber calculations were used to assign vibrational bands obtained experimentally. The geometrical parameters are in agreement with XRD data. The stability of the molecule arising from hyper-conjugative interaction and charge delocalization has been analyzed using NBO analysis. The HOMO and LUMO analysis were used to determine the charge transfer within the molecule and quantum chemical parameters related to the title compound. From the MEP analysis, it is clear that the negative electrostatic potential regions are mainly localized over the carbonyl groups and anthracene ring and are possible sites for electrophilic attack and the positive regions are localized at all the hydrogen atoms as possible sites for nucleophilic attack. NLO and NMR studies are also reported. Molecular docking studies suggest that the title compound might exhibit inhibitory activity against IDE and may act as an insulysin inhibitor. Conformational analysis is also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sheena Mary
- Department of Physics, Fatima Mata National College, Kollam, Kerala, India.
| | | | - C Yohannan Panicker
- Department of Physics, TKM College of Arts and Science, Kollam, Kerala, India
| | - Thies Thiemann
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abdulaziz A Al-Saadi
- Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saheed A Popoola
- Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - C Van Alsenoy
- Structural Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Yosef Al Jasem
- Department of Chemical Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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Hernández-Paredes J, Hernández-Negrete O, Carrillo-Torres RC, Sánchez-Zeferino R, Duarte-Moller A, Alvarez-Ramos ME. Experimental and theoretical investigation on the molecular structure, spectroscopic and electric properties of 2,4-dinitrodiphenylamine, 2-nitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline and 4-bromo-2-nitroaniline. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2015; 149:240-253. [PMID: 25965171 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.04.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
2,4-Dinitrodiphenylamine (I), 2-nitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline (II) and 4-bromo-2-nitroaniline (III) have been investigated by DFT and experimental FTIR, Raman and UV-Vis spectroscopies. The gas-phase molecular geometries were consistent with similar compounds already reported in the literature. From the vibrational analysis, the main functional groups were identified and their absorption bands were assigned. Some differences were found between the calculated and the experimental UV-Vis spectra. These differences were analyzed and explained in terms of the TD-DFT/B3LYP limitations, which were mainly attributed to charge-transfer (CT) effects. These findings were in agreement with previous works, which reported that TD-DFT/B3LYP calculations diverge from experimental results when the electronic transitions involve CT. Despite this, TD-DFT/B3LYP calculations provided satisfactory results and a detailed description of the electronic transitions involved in the absorption bands of the UV-Vis spectra. In terms of the NLO properties, it was found that compound (I) is a good candidate for NLO applications and deserves further study due to its good β values. However, the β values for compounds (II) and (III) were negatively affected compared to those found on o-nitroaniline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Hernández-Paredes
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Sonora (UNISON), Edificio 3R (Planta Alta) Blvd. Luis Encinas J y Rosales S/N Col. Centro, Hermosillo, Sonora C.P. 83000, Mexico.
| | - Ofelia Hernández-Negrete
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Sonora (UNISON), Edificio 3R (Planta Alta) Blvd. Luis Encinas J y Rosales S/N Col. Centro, Hermosillo, Sonora C.P. 83000, Mexico
| | - Roberto C Carrillo-Torres
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Sonora (UNISON), Edificio 3R (Planta Alta) Blvd. Luis Encinas J y Rosales S/N Col. Centro, Hermosillo, Sonora C.P. 83000, Mexico
| | - Raúl Sánchez-Zeferino
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Sonora (UNISON), Edificio 3R (Planta Alta) Blvd. Luis Encinas J y Rosales S/N Col. Centro, Hermosillo, Sonora C.P. 83000, Mexico
| | - Alberto Duarte-Moller
- Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados S. C. (CIMAV), Miguel de Cervantes 120, Chihuahua, Chihuahua C.P. 31109, Mexico
| | - Mario E Alvarez-Ramos
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Sonora (UNISON), Edificio 3R (Planta Alta) Blvd. Luis Encinas J y Rosales S/N Col. Centro, Hermosillo, Sonora C.P. 83000, Mexico
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26
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Panicker CY, Varghese HT, Nayak PS, Narayana B, Sarojini BK, Fun HK, War JA, Srivastava SK, Van Alsenoy C. Infrared spectrum, NBO, HOMO-LUMO, MEP and molecular docking studies (2E)-3-(3-nitrophenyl)-1-[4-piperidin-1-yl]prop-2-en-1-one. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2015; 148:18-28. [PMID: 25863456 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.03.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
FT-IR spectrum of (2E)-3-(3-nitrophenyl)-1-[4-piperidin-1-yl]prop-2-en-1-one was recorded and analyzed. The vibrational wavenumbers were computed using HF and DFT quantum chemical calculations. The data obtained from wavenumber calculations are used to assign IR bands. Potential energy distribution was done using GAR2PED software. The geometrical parameters of the title compound are in agreement with the XRD results. NBO analysis, HOMO-LUMO, first and second hyperpolarizability and molecular electrostatic potential results are also reported. The possible electrophile attacking sites of the title molecule is identified using MEP surface plot study. Molecular docking results predicted the anti-leishmanic activity for the compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Yohannan Panicker
- Department of Physics, TKM College of Arts and Science, Kollam, Kerala, India.
| | | | - Prakash S Nayak
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri, Karanataka, India
| | - B Narayana
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri, Karanataka, India
| | - B K Sarojini
- Industrial Chemistry-Division, Department of Studies in Chemistry, Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri, Karanataka, India
| | - H K Fun
- X-ray Crystallography Unit, School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800 Malaysia; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Javeed Ahamad War
- Department of Chemistry, Dr.H.S.Gour Central University, Sagar, M.P., India
| | - S K Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry, Dr.H.S.Gour Central University, Sagar, M.P., India
| | - C Van Alsenoy
- University of Antwerp, Chemistry Department, Universiteitsplein 1, B2610 Antwerp, Belgium
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27
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Panicker CY, Varghese HT, Narayana B, Divya K, Sarojini BK, War JA, Van Alsenoy C, Fun HK. FT-IR, NBO, HOMO-LUMO, MEP analysis and molecular docking study of Methyl N-({[2-(2-methoxyacetamido)-4-(phenylsulfanyl)phenyl]amino}[(methoxycarbonyl) imino]methyl)carbamate. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2015; 148:29-42. [PMID: 25863457 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The optimized molecular structure, vibrational frequencies, corresponding vibrational assignments of Methyl N-({[2-(2-methoxyacetamido)-4-(phenylsulfanyl) phenyl]amino} [(methoxycarbonyl)imino]methyl)carbamate have been investigated using HF and DFT levels of calculations. The geometrical parameters are in agreement with XRD data. The stability of the molecule arising from hyper-conjugative interaction and charge delocalization has been analyzed using NBO analysis. The HOMO and LUMO analysis is used to determine the charge transfer within the molecule. Molecular electrostatic potential study was also performed. The first and second hyperpolarizability was calculated in order to find its role in nonlinear optics. Molecular docking studies are also reported. Prediction of Activity Spectra analysis of the title compound predicts anthelmintic and antiparasitic activity as the most probable activity with Pa (probability to be active) value of 0.808 and 0.797, respectively. Molecular docking studies show that both the phenyl groups and the carbonyl oxygens of the molecule are crucial for bonding and these results draw us to the conclusion that the compound might exhibit pteridine reductase inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Yohannan Panicker
- Department of Physics, TKM College of Arts and Science, Kollam, Kerala, India.
| | | | - B Narayana
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri, Karnataka, India
| | - K Divya
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri, Karnataka, India
| | - B K Sarojini
- Industrial Chemistry Division, Department of Studies in Chemistry, Mangalore University, Manglagangotri, Karnataka, India
| | - Javeed Ahmad War
- Department of Chemistry, Dr.H.S.Gour Central University, Sagar, M.P., India
| | - C Van Alsenoy
- University of Antwerp, Chemistry Department, Universiteitsplein 1, B2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - H K Fun
- X-ray Crystallography Unit, School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, PO Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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28
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Panneerdoss IJ, Jeyakumar SJ, Ramalingam S, Jothibas M. Characterization of prepared In2O3 thin films: The FT-IR, FT-Raman, UV-Visible investigation and optical analysis. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2015; 147:1-13. [PMID: 25827760 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this original work, the Indium oxide (In2O3) thin film is deposited cleanly on microscope glass substrate at different temperatures by spray pyrolysis technique. The physical properties of the films are characterized by XRD, SEM, AFM and AFM measurements. The spectroscopic investigation has been carried out on the results of FT-IR, FT-Raman and UV-Visible. XRD analysis exposed that the structural transformation of films from stoichiometric to non-stoichiometric orientation of the plane vice versa and also found that, the film is polycrystalline in nature having cubic crystal structure with a preferred grain orientation along (222) plane. SEM and AFM studies revealed that, the film with 0.1M at 500°C has spherical grains with uniform dimension. The complete vibrational analysis has been carried out and the optimized parameters are calculated using HF and DFT (CAM-B3LYP, B3LYP and B3PW91) methods with 3-21G(d,p) basis set. Furthermore, NMR chemical shifts are calculated by using the gauge independent atomic orbital (GIAO) technique. The molecular electronic properties; absorption wavelengths, excitation energy, dipole moment and frontier molecular orbital energies, molecular electrostatic potential energy (MEP) analysis and Polarizability first order hyperpolarizability calculations are performed by time dependent DFT (TD-DFT) approach. The energy excitation on electronic structure is investigated and the assignment of the absorption bands in the electronic spectra of steady compound is discussed. The calculated HOMO and LUMO energies showed the enhancement of energy gap by the addition of substitutions with the base molecule. The thermodynamic properties (heat capacity, entropy, and enthalpy) at different temperatures are calculated and interpreted in gas phase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - S Ramalingam
- Department of Physics, A.V.C. College, Mayiladuthurai, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - M Jothibas
- Department of Physics, T.B.M.L. College, Porayar, Tamilnadu, India
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29
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Panicker CY, Varghese HT, Manjula PS, Sarojini BK, Narayana B, War JA, Srivastava SK, Van Alsenoy C, Al-Saadi AA. FT-IR, HOMO-LUMO, NBO, MEP analysis and molecular docking study of 3-Methyl-4-{(E)-[4-(methylsulfanyl)-benzylidene]amino}1H-1,2,4-triazole-5(4H)-thione. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2015; 151:198-207. [PMID: 26142174 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.06.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 06/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
FT-IR spectrum of 3-Methyl-4-{(E)-[4-(methylsulfanyl)-benzylidene]amino}1H-1,2,4-triazole-5(4H)-thione was recorded and analysed. The vibrational wavenumbers were computed and at HF and DFT levels of theory. The data obtained from wavenumber calculations are used to assign the vibrational bands obtained in the IR spectrum. The NH stretching wavenumber is red shifted in the IR spectrum from the computed value, which indicates the weakening of the NH bond. The geometrical parameters of the title compound are in agreement with the XRD results. NBO analysis, HOMO-LUMO, first and second order hyperpolarizability and molecular electrostatic potential results are also reported. From the MEP map it is evident that the negative regions are localized over the sulphur atoms and N3 atom of triazole ring and the maximum positive region is localized on NH group, indicating a possible site for nucleophilic attack. Prediction of Activity Spectra analysis of the title compound predicts anti-tuberculostic activity with probability to be active value of 0.543. Molecular docking studies reveal that the triazole nitrogen atoms and the thione sulphur atom play vital role in bonding and results draw us to the conclusion that the compound might exhibit anti-tuberculostic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Yohannan Panicker
- Department of Physics, TKM College of Arts and Science, Kollam, Kerala, India.
| | | | - P S Manjula
- Department of Chemistry, P.A. College of Engineering, Nadupadavu, D.K., Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - B K Sarojini
- Industrial Chemistry-Division, Department of Studies in Chemistry, Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri, Karnataka, India
| | - B Narayana
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri, Karanataka, India
| | - Javeed Ahamad War
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. H.S. Gour Central University, Sagar, M.P., India
| | - S K Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. H.S. Gour Central University, Sagar, M.P., India
| | - C Van Alsenoy
- University of Antwerp, Chemistry Department, Universiteitsplein 1, B2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Abdulaziz A Al-Saadi
- Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
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30
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Saravanakumar G, Vivek P, Murugakoothan P. A combined experimental and quantum chemical analysis to explore the nonlinear optical activity of guanidinium L-monohydrogen tartrate. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2015; 145:417-424. [PMID: 25796012 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Single crystal of guanidinium l-monohydrogen tartrate (GuHT) was grown by slow evaporation technique and was characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction to confirm its crystal structure. UV-vis spectral study reveal that the GuHT crystal is optically transparent and its band gap was estimated from the transmittance data. The laser induced surface damage threshold study was carried out for the grown crystal using Nd:YAG laser. The second harmonic generation (SHG) nonlinearity of the grown crystalline sample was measured by Kurtz and Perry powder technique. The optimized molecular geometry, first order hyperpolarizability, dipole moment and polarizability of GuHT were obtained by density functional theory (DFT) using B3LYP/6-31G (d,p) level of basis set. The thermodynamic functions of the title compound was computed. The HOMO-LUMO energy gap explains the charge transfer interactions that take place within the molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Saravanakumar
- MRDL, PG & Research Department of Physics, Pachaiyappa's College, Chennai 600 030, India
| | - P Vivek
- MRDL, PG & Research Department of Physics, Pachaiyappa's College, Chennai 600 030, India
| | - P Murugakoothan
- MRDL, PG & Research Department of Physics, Pachaiyappa's College, Chennai 600 030, India.
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31
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Fazal E, Panicker CY, Varghese HT, Nagarajan S, Sudha BS, War JA, Srivastava SK, Harikumar B, Anto PL. Vibrational spectroscopic and molecular docking study of 4-Methylphenylquinoline-2-carboxylate. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2015; 143:213-222. [PMID: 25733248 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra of 4-Methylphenylquinoline-2-carboxylate were recorded and analyzed. The structure of the molecule has been optimized and structural characteristics have been determined by density functional theory. The geometrical parameters (DFT) are in agreement with the XRD results. HOMO and LUMO and other chemical properties are reported. Nonlinear optical properties are also reported. A detailed molecular picture of the title compound and its interactions were obtained from NBO analysis. The negative (red and yellow) regions of the MEP are related to electrophilic reactivity and the positive (blue) regions to nucleophilic reactivity, as shown in the MEP plot and the carbonyl group and the phenyl rings are observed as electrophilic. PASS analysis predicts that the 4-Methylphenylquinoline-2-carboxylate might exhibit anti-diabetic activity. Molecular docking results suggest that the compound might exhibit inhibitory activity against GPb.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Fazal
- Department of Chemistry, Yuvaraja's College, Mysore, India
| | - C Yohannan Panicker
- Department of Physics, TKM College of Arts and Science, Kollam, Kerala, India.
| | | | - S Nagarajan
- Department of Spice and Flavour Science, CSIR-Central Food Technology Research Institute, Mysore, India
| | - B S Sudha
- Department of Chemistry, Yuvaraja's College, Mysore, India
| | - Javeed Ahamad War
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. H.S. Gour Central University, Sagar, M.P. 470003, India
| | - S K Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. H.S. Gour Central University, Sagar, M.P. 470003, India
| | - B Harikumar
- Department of Chemistry, TKM College of Arts and Science, Kollam, Kerala, India
| | - P L Anto
- Department of Physics, Christ College, Iringalakkuda, Thrissur, Kerala, India
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32
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Aditya Prasad A, Muthu K, Meenatchi V, Rajasekar M, Agilandeshwari R, Meena K, Vijila Manonmoni J, Meenakshisundaram SP. Optical, vibrational, NBO, first-order molecular hyperpolarizability and Hirshfeld surface analysis of a nonlinear optical chalcone. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2015; 140:311-27. [PMID: 25615677 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of (1E,4E)-1,5-di-p-tolylpenta-1,4-dien-3-one (DTDO) was done and its single crystals were grown by slow evaporation solution technique from 4-methylbenzaldehyde, acetone solution at room temperature. Crystal structure is determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis and reveals that it belongs to the monoclinic system with four molecules in the unit cell (space group C2). The emission of green light from the sample confirms the second harmonic generation (SHG) of the specimen responsible for nonlinear optical property. The various vibration patterns of the specimen have been investigated by Fourier transform infrared and Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy. Optimized molecular geometry, vibrational patterns of DTDO are derived from density functional theory (DFT) calculations and the results are compared with experimental one. The molecular stability and bond strengths were investigated by applying the natural bond orbital analysis. Information about the size, shape, charge density distribution and site of chemical reactivity of the molecule has been obtained by mapping electron density with molecular electrostatic potential (MEP). Highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy gaps were calculated. The other molecular properties like charge transfer are explained using Mulliken population analysis and the first-order molecular hyperpolarizability (β) of the specimen is also estimated and SHG efficiency of DTDO was found to be 3.9 times that of KDP. Fingerprint plots and Hirshfeld surfaces were used to locate and analyze the molecular surface and bonding interactions in various methodologies utilized in the establishment of the relative energies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Aditya Prasad
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, India
| | - K Muthu
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, India
| | - V Meenatchi
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, India
| | - M Rajasekar
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, India
| | - R Agilandeshwari
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, India
| | - K Meena
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, India
| | - J Vijila Manonmoni
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, India
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Mahmood A, Abdullah MI, Khan SUD. Enhancement of nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of indigo through modification of auxiliary donor, donor and acceptor. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2015; 139:425-430. [PMID: 25576939 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, indigo based dyes with high non-linear optical response have been investigated. Density functional theory (DFT) was used to study non-linear optical properties of indigo and newly designed dyes (IM-Dye-0, IM-Dye-1, IM-Dye-2 and IM-Dye-3). The time dependant density functional theory (TDDFT) was used to calculate the excitation energies. The HOMO-LUMO energy gaps of newly designed dyes were smaller as compare with indigo dye. Absorption maxima of newly designed dyes strongly red shifted as compare with indigo dye. High non-linear optical (NLO) response of newly designed dyes revealed that these materials would be excellent for NLO applications. This theoretical approach of designing will pave the way for experimentalists to synthesize high response NLO compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif Mahmood
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan.
| | | | - Salah Ud-Din Khan
- Sustainable Energy Technologies Center, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
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Saravanan S, Balachandran V. Conformational stability, spectroscopic (FT-IR, FT-Raman and UV-Vis) analysis, NLO, NBO, FMO and Fukui function analysis of 4-hexylacetophenone by density functional theory. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2015; 138:406-423. [PMID: 25528503 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.11.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The experimental and theoretical study on the structures and vibrations of 4-hexylacetophenone (abbreviated as 4HAP) are presented. The FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra of the title compound have been recorded in the region 4000-400cm(-1) and 3500-100cm(-1) respectively. The molecular structures, vibrational wavenumbers, infrared intensities and Raman activities were calculated using DFT (B3LYP and LSDA) method with 6-311++G(d,p) basis set. The most stable conformer of 4HAP is identified from the computational results. The assignments of the vibrational spectra have been carried out with the aid of normal coordinate analysis (NCA) following the scaled quantum mechanical force field methodology (SQMEF). The linear polarizability (α) and the first hyperpolarizability (βtot) values of the investigated molecule have been computed using B3LYP and LSDA with 6-311++G(d,p) basis set. Stability of the molecule arising from hyper conjugative interaction and charge transfer delocalization has been analyzed using natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis. The molecule orbital contributions are studied by density of energy states (DOSs). UV-Vis spectrum and effects of solvents have been discussed effects of solvents have been discussed and the electronic properties such as HOMO and LUMO energies were determined by time-dependent TD-DFT approach. Fukui function and Mulliken analysis on atomic charges of the title compound have been calculated. Finally, electrophilic and nucleophilic descriptors of the title molecule have been calculated.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Saravanan
- Department of Physics, Karpagam University, Coimbatore 641 021, India; Department of Physics, J.J. College of Arts and Science (Autonomous), Pudukkottai 622 422, India
| | - V Balachandran
- Centre for Research, Department of Physics, AA Government Arts College, Musiri, Tiruchirappalli 621 211, India.
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35
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Sheena Mary Y, Yohannan Panicker C, Sapnakumari M, Narayana B, Sarojini BK, Al-Saadi AA, Van Alsenoy C, War JA. Molecular structure, FT-IR, vibrational assignments, HOMO-LUMO, MEP, NBO analysis and molecular docking study of ethyl-6-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-oxocyclohex-3-ene-1-carboxylate. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2015; 138:73-84. [PMID: 25463053 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The optimized molecular structure, vibrational frequencies, corresponding vibrational assignments of ethyl-6-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-2-oxocyclohex-3-ene-1-carboxylate have been investigated experimentally and theoretically using Gaussian09 software. The title compound was optimized using the HF and DFT levels of theory. The geometrical parameters are in agreement with the XRD data. The stability of the molecule has been analyzed by NBO analysis. The HOMO and LUMO analysis is used to determine the charge transfer within the molecule. Molecular electrostatic potential was performed by the DFT method. As can be seen from the MEP map of the title compound, regions having the negative potential are over the electro negative atoms, the region having the positive potential are over the phenyl rings and the remaining species are surrounded by zero potential. First hyperpolarizability is calculated in order to find its role in non linear optics. The title compound binds at the active sites of both CypD and β-secretase and the molecular docking results draw the conclusion that the compound might exhibit β-secretase inhibitory activity which could be utilized for development of new anti-alzheimeric drugs with mild CypD inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sheena Mary
- Department of Physics, Fatima Mata National College, Kollam, Kerala, India
| | - C Yohannan Panicker
- Department of Physics, TKM College of Arts and Science, Kollam, Kerala, India.
| | - M Sapnakumari
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri, Karanataka, India
| | - B Narayana
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri, Karanataka, India
| | - B K Sarojini
- Industrial Chemistry-Division, Department of Studies in Chemistry, Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri, Karanataka, India
| | - Abdulaziz A Al-Saadi
- Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Javeed Ahmad War
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. H.S. Gour Central University, Sagar, M.P., India
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Saravanakumar G, Manobalaji G, Murugakoothan P. Experimental and theoretical investigations on N,N'-diphenylguanidinium dihydrogen phosphite - a semi-organic nonlinear optical material. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2015; 138:340-347. [PMID: 25506651 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Single crystal of N,N'-diphenylguanidinium dihydrogen phosphite (DPGP) was grown by a slow evaporation technique and was characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction and powder X-ray diffraction to confirm the structure and crystalline nature of DPGP crystal. UV-vis spectral study revealed that the DPGP crystal is optically transparent. The chemical bonding and presence of various functional groups were confirmed by the FT-IR and FT-Raman spectral studies. The thermal behavior of DPGP crystal was analyzed by simultaneous TG-DTA studies. The laser induced surface damage threshold study was carried out for the grown crystal using Nd:YAG laser. The second harmonic generation (SHG) nonlinearity of the grown crystalline sample was measured by the Kurtz and Perry powder technique. The quantum chemical analyses were performed by density functional theory (DFT) using B3LYP/6-31G (d,p) basis set.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Saravanakumar
- MRDL, PG & Research Department of Physics, Pachaiyappa's College, Chennai 600 030, India
| | - G Manobalaji
- MRDL, PG & Research Department of Physics, Pachaiyappa's College, Chennai 600 030, India
| | - P Murugakoothan
- MRDL, PG & Research Department of Physics, Pachaiyappa's College, Chennai 600 030, India.
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Liu X, Xu X, Zhang C. Hyperpolarizability calculation and kinetic effect of impurities on LVP. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2015; 137:378-382. [PMID: 25233029 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In order to investigate microscopic second order nonlinear optical properties of L-valinium picrate (LVP) crystals, the molecular dipole moment, polarizability, and first hyperpolarizability are estimated by density functional theory (DFT). Apart from that, a quantitative study using Atomic force microscopy (AFM) combined with crystal growth experiments on the effects of impurities (magnesium and copper) on LVP is presented. Two-dimensional (2D) nucleation growth mechanism and typical surface morphologies are described and discussed. In the presence of impurities, the decreasing of the size of 2D islands is probably incurred by the reducing of the step kinetic coefficient. From the supersaturation dependence of the normal growth rate, the effective step edge free energies are evaluated as γ0=2.90 kT, γMg=2.76 kT, γCu=2.95 kT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Liu
- School of Physics and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, Shandong Province, PR China.
| | - Xijin Xu
- School of Physics and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Changwen Zhang
- School of Physics and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, Shandong Province, PR China
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Agilandeshwari R, Muthu K, Meenatchi V, Meena K, Rajasekar M, Aditya Prasad A, Meenakshisundaram SP. Crystal growth, characterization and theoretical studies of alkaline earth metal-doped tetrakis(thiourea)nickel(II) chloride. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2015; 137:383-388. [PMID: 25233030 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.08.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The influence of Sr(II)-doping on the properties of tetrakis(thiourea)nickel(II) chloride (TTNC) has been described. The reduction in the intensity observed in powder X-ray diffraction of doped specimen and slight shifts in vibrational frequencies of doped specimens confirm the lattice stress as a result of doping. Surface morphological changes due to doping of the Sr(II) are observed by scanning electron microscopy. The incorporation of metal into the host crystal lattice was confirmed by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Lattice parameters are determined by single crystal XRD analysis. The thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis studies reveal the purity of the materials and no decomposition is observed up to the melting point. The nonlinear optical properties of the doped and undoped specimens were studied. Theoretical calculations were performed using the Density functional theory (DFT) method with B3LYP/LANL2DZ as the basis set. The molecular geometry and vibrational frequencies of TTNC in the ground state were calculated and the observed structural parameters of TTNC are compared with parameters obtained from single crystal X-ray studies. The atomic charge distributions are obtained by Mulliken charge population analysis. The first-order molecular hyperpolarizability, polarizability and dipole moment were derived.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Agilandeshwari
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, India
| | - K Muthu
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, India
| | - V Meenatchi
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, India
| | - K Meena
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, India
| | - M Rajasekar
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, India
| | - A Aditya Prasad
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, India
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Xavier S, Periandy S, Ramalingam S. NBO, conformational, NLO, HOMO-LUMO, NMR and electronic spectral study on 1-phenyl-1-propanol by quantum computational methods. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2015; 137:306-320. [PMID: 25228039 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, FT-IR, FT-Raman, NMR and UV spectra of 1-phenyl-1-propanol, an intermediate of anti-depressant drug fluoxetine, has been investigated. The theoretical vibrational frequencies and optimized geometric parameters have been calculated by using HF and density functional theory with the hybrid methods B3LYP, B3PW91 and 6-311+G(d,p)/6-311++G(d,p) basis sets. The theoretical vibrational frequencies have been found in good agreement with the corresponding experimental data. (1)H and (13)C NMR spectra were recorded and chemical shifts of the molecule were compared to TMS by using the Gauge-Independent Atomic Orbital (GIAO) method. A study on the electronic and optical properties, absorption wavelengths, excitation energy, dipole moment and frontier molecular orbital energies are performed using HF and DFT methods. The thermodynamic properties (heat capacity, entropy and enthalpy) at different temperatures are also calculated. NBO analysis is carried out to picture the charge transfer between the localized bonds and lone pairs. The local reactivity of the molecule has been studied using the Fukui function. NLO properties related to polarizability and hyperpolarizability are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Xavier
- Department of Physics, St. Joseph College of Arts and Science, Cuddalore, Tamil Nadu, India; Bharathiyar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - S Periandy
- Department of Physics, Tagore Arts College, Puducherry, India
| | - S Ramalingam
- Department of Physics, A.V.C. College, Mayiladuthurai, Tamil Nadu, India
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40
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Haress NG, El-Emam AA, Al-Deeb OA, Panicker CY, Al-Saadi AA, Van Alsenoy C, War JA, Srivastava SK. Vibrational spectroscopic and molecular docking study of 2-Benzylsulfanyl-4-[(4-methylphenyl)-sulfanyl]-6-pentylpyrimidine-5-carbonitrile, a potential chemotherapeutic agent. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2015; 137:569-80. [PMID: 25240829 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.08.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra of 2-Benzylsulfanyl-4-[(4-methylphenyl)-sulfanyl]-6-pentylpyrimidine-5-carbonitrile were recorded and analyzed. The structure of the molecule has been optimized and the structural characteristics have been determined by density functional theory. The geometrical parameters (DFT) are in agreement with the XRD results. HOMO and LUMO and other chemical properties are reported. Nonlinear optical properties are reported. A detailed molecular picture of the title compound and its interactions were obtained from NBO analysis. The negative (red and yellow) regions of the MEP are related to electrophilic reactivity and the positive (blue) regions to nucleophilic reactivity, as shown in the MEP plot and the title compound has several possible sites, CN, N atom of pyrimidine ring and sulfur atoms for electrophilic attack. From the molecular docking studies it is clear that the title compound binds at the catalytic site of the substrate by weak non-covalent interactions most prominent of which are H-bonding, π-π, alkyl-π, and amide-π interactions.
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41
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Al-Omary FAM, Raj A, Raju K, Panicker CY, Haress NG, El-Emam AA, El-Ashmawy MB, Al-Saadi AA, Van Alsenoy C, War JA. Spectroscopic investigation (FT-IR, FT-Raman), HOMO-LUMO, NBO analysis and molecular docking study of 2-[(4-chlorobenzyl)sulfanyl]-4-(2-methylpropyl)-6-[3-trifluoromethyl)-anilino]pyrimidine-5-carbonitrile, a potential chemotherapeutic agent. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2015; 136 Pt B:520-33. [PMID: 25448953 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.09.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra of 2-[(4-chlorobenzyl)sulfanyl]-4-(2-methylpropyl)-6-[3-trifluoromethyl)-anilino]pyrimidine-5-carbonitrile were recorded and analyzed. The vibrational wave numbers were computed using DFT quantum chemical calculations. The data obtained from wave number calculations are used to assign vibrational bands obtained in infrared and Raman spectra. Potential energy distribution was done using GAR2PED program. The NH stretching wave number is red shifted by 102 cm(-1) in IR from the computed wave number, which indicates the weakening of the NH bond. The geometrical parameters (DFT) of the title compound are in agreement with the XRD results. NBO analysis, HOMO-LUMO, first hyperpolarizability and molecular electrostatic potential results are also reported. From the MEP map it is evident that the negative electrostatic potential regions are mainly localized over the CN and CF3 groups and are possible sites for electrophilic attack and positive regions are localized around NH group, indicating possible sites for nucleophilic attack. The preliminary docking results suggest that the title compound might exhibit inhibitory activity against GPb and may act as a potential anti-diabetic compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatmah A M Al-Omary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asha Raj
- Department of Physics, University College, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - K Raju
- Department of Physics, University College, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - C Yohannan Panicker
- Department of Physics, TKM College of Arts and Science, Kollam, Kerala, India.
| | - Nadia G Haress
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali A El-Emam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud B El-Ashmawy
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Mansoura, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Abdulaziz A Al-Saadi
- Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Christian Van Alsenoy
- University of Antwerp, Chemistry Department, Universiteitsplein 1, B2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Javeed Ahmad War
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. H.S. Gour Central University, Sagar, M.P., India
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42
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Liu X, Xu X, Zhang C. Interface morphology and DFT computation of L-valinium fumarate. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2015; 136 Pt B:162-167. [PMID: 25261403 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.08.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Revised: 08/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Based on crystal surface observation from AFM, the growth mechanism of L-valinium fumarate (LVF) crystal is in agreement with continuous growth mode. It is suggested that the microcrystals and pits may lead to the formation of inclusion macrodefects during growth. In addition, quantum chemical computations based on density functional theory (DFT) have been performed on LVF. The optimized molecular geometry, natural bond orbital analysis, Mulliken's net charges and frontier molecular orbital analysis have been calculated. The linear polarizability and first hyperpolarizability have also been computed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Liu
- School of Physics and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, Shandong Province, PR China.
| | - Xijin Xu
- School of Physics and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Changwen Zhang
- School of Physics and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, Shandong Province, PR China
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Jone Pradeepa S, Sundaraganesan N. Spectroscopic and molecular structure investigations of 9-vinylcarbazole by DFT and ab initio method. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2015; 136 Pt B:690-699. [PMID: 25448968 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.09.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and FT-Raman spectra have been recorded and widespread spectroscopic investigations have been carried out on 9-vinylcarbazole (9VC). The optimized geometries, vibrational wavenumbers, intensity of vibrational bands and various atomic charges of 9VC have been investigated using Hartree-Fock (HF) and density functional theory (DFT-B3LYP) method using 6-31G(d,p) as basis set. Experimental fundamental vibrational modes are scrutinized and compared with the calculated results. (13)C and (1)H NMR spectra were recorded and the chemical shifts of the molecule have been computed using GIAO method. The nonlinear property of the title compound was confirmed by hyperpolarizability. Molecular stability and bond strength was analyzed by Natural Bond Orbital analysis. Electronic structure properties such as UV and frontier molecular orbital examination have been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jone Pradeepa
- Department of Physics (Engg), Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - N Sundaraganesan
- Department of Physics (Engg), Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Aditya Prasad A, Muthu K, Rajasekar M, Meenatchi V, Meenakshisundaram SP. Synthesis, crystal growth, characterization and theoretical studies of 4-aminobenzophenonium picrate. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2015; 135:46-54. [PMID: 25062048 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.06.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Single crystals of 4-aminobenzophenonium picrate (4ABPP) were grown by slow evaporation of a mixed solvent system methanol-acetone (1:1,v/v) containing equimolar quantities of picric acid and 4-aminobenzophenone. The proton and carbon signals are confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The various functional groups present in the molecule are identified by FT-IR analysis. Optimized geometry, first-order molecular hyperpolarizability (β), polarizability (α), bond length, bond angles and excited state energy from theoretical UV were derived by Hartree-Fock calculations. The complete assignment of the vibrational modes for 4-aminobenzophenonium picrate was performed by the scaled quantum mechanics force field (SQMFF) methodology using potential energy distribution. Natural bond orbital (NBO) calculations were employed to study the stabilities arising from charge delocalization and intermolecular interactions of 4ABPP. The atomic charge distributions of the various atoms present in 4ABPP are obtained by Mulliken charge population analysis. The as-grown crystal is further characterized by thermal and optical absorbance studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Aditya Prasad
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, India
| | - K Muthu
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, India
| | - M Rajasekar
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, India
| | - V Meenatchi
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, India
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Aditya Prasad A, Muthu K, Rajasekar M, Meenatchi V, Meenakshisundaram SP. Crystal growth, characterization and theoretical studies of 4-aminopyridinium picrate. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2015; 135:805-813. [PMID: 25150431 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.07.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Single crystals of 4-aminopyridinium picrate (APP) were grown by slow evaporation of a mixed solvent system methanol-acetone (1:1, v/v) containing equimolar quantities of 4-aminopyridine and picric acid. Structure is elucidated by single crystal XRD analysis and the crystal belongs to monoclinic system with four molecules in the unit cell (space group P21/c) and the cell parameter values are, a=8.513 Å (±0.015), b=11.33 Å (±0.02), c=14.33 Å (±0.03) and β=104.15° (±0.019), V=1340 A(3) (±6) with refined R factors R1=0.0053 and wR2=0.0126. The electron density mapping is interpreted to find coordinates for each atom in the crystallized molecules. The various functional groups present in the molecule are confirmed by FT-IR analysis. UV-visible spectral analysis was used to determine the band gap energy of 4-aminopyridinium picrate. Powder X-ray diffraction pattern reveals the crystallinity of the as-grown crystal and it closely resembles the simulated XRD from the single crystal XRD analysis. Scanning electron microscopy reveals the surface morphology of the grown crystal. Optimized geometry is derived by Hartree-Fock theory calculations and the first-order molecular hyperpolarizability (β), theoretically calculated bond length, bond angles and excited state energy from theoretical UV-vis spectrum were estimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Aditya Prasad
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, India
| | - K Muthu
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, India
| | - M Rajasekar
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, India
| | - V Meenatchi
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, India
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Arunagiri C, Subashini A, Saranya M, Thomas Muthiah P, Thanigaimani K, Abdul Razak I. Synthesis, crystal structure and theoretical studies of a Schiff base 2-[4-hydroxy benzylidene]-amino naphthalene. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2015; 135:307-316. [PMID: 25084236 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The molecular structure of a new Schiff base, 2-[4-hydroxy benzylidene]-amino naphthalene (HBAN) has been examined by HF and B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) calculations. The X-ray structure was determined in order to establish the conformation of the molecule. The compound, C17H13NO, crystallizes in the orthorhombic, P212121 space group with the cell dimension, a=6.2867(2), b=10.2108(3), c=19.2950(6) Å, α=β=γ=90° and z=4. The asymmetric unit contains a molecule of a Schiff base. A strong intermolecular O-H⋯N and a weak C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds stabilized the crystal structure. The vibrational spectra of HBAN have been calculated using density functional theoretical computation and compared with the experimental. The study is extended to the HOMO-LUMO analysis to calculate the energy gap (Δ), Ionization potential (I), Electron Affinity (A), Global Hardness (η), Chemical Potential (μ) and Global Electrophilicity (w). The calculated HOMO and LUMO energy reveals that the charge transfer occurs within the molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Arunagiri
- PG & Research Department of Physics, Government Arts College, Ariyalur 621 713, TN, India
| | - A Subashini
- PG & Research Department of Chemistry, Seethalakshmi Ramaswami College, Tiruchirappalli 620 002, TN, India.
| | - M Saranya
- PG & Research Department of Chemistry, Seethalakshmi Ramaswami College, Tiruchirappalli 620 002, TN, India
| | - P Thomas Muthiah
- School of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, TN, India
| | - K Thanigaimani
- X-ray Crystallography Unit, School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - I Abdul Razak
- X-ray Crystallography Unit, School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
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Lukose J, Yohannan Panicker C, Nayak PS, Narayana B, Sarojini BK, Van Alsenoy C, Al-Saadi AA. Synthesis, structural and vibrational investigation on 2-phenyl-N-(pyrazin-2-yl)acetamide combining XRD diffraction, FT-IR and NMR spectroscopies with DFT calculations. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2015; 135:608-616. [PMID: 25124846 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The optimized molecular structure, vibrational frequencies, corresponding vibrational assignments of 2-phenyl-N-(pyrazin-2-yl)acetamide have been investigated experimentally and theoretically using Gaussian09 software package. The title compound was optimized by using the HF/6-31G(6D,7F) and B3LYP/6-31G(6D,7F) calculations. The geometrical parameters are in agreement with the XRD data. The stability of the molecule arising from hyper-conjugative interaction and charge delocalization has been analyzed using NBO analysis. Gauge-including atomic orbital (1)H-NMR chemical shifts calculations were carried out and compared with experimental data. The HOMO and LUMO analysis is used to determine the charge transfer within the molecule. Molecular electrostatic potential was performed by the DFT method. First hyperpolarizability is calculated in order to find its role in non linear optics. From the XRD data, in the crystal, molecules are held together by strong C-H⋯O and N-H⋯O intermolecular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilu Lukose
- Department of Physics, TKM College of Arts and Science, Kollam, Kerala, India
| | - C Yohannan Panicker
- Department of Physics, TKM College of Arts and Science, Kollam, Kerala, India.
| | - Prakash S Nayak
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri, Karnataka, India
| | - B Narayana
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri, Karnataka, India
| | - B K Sarojini
- Industrial Chemistry-Division, Department of Studies in Chemistry, Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri, Karnataka, India
| | - C Van Alsenoy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, B2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Abdulaziz A Al-Saadi
- Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
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Vipin Das KG, Yohannan Panicker C, Narayana B, Nayak PS, Sarojini BK, Al-Saadi AA. FT-IR, molecular structure, first order hyperpolarizability, NBO analysis, HOMO and LUMO and MEP analysis of 1-(10H-phenothiazin-2-yl)ethanone by HF and density functional methods. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2015; 135:162-171. [PMID: 25062062 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.06.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
FT-IR spectrum of 1-(10H-phenothiazin-2-yl)ethanone was recorded and analyzed. The equilibrium geometry, bonding features and harmonic vibrational wavenumbers were investigated with the help of HF and DFT methods. The normal modes are assigned with the help of potential energy distribution analysis. The observed vibrational wavenumbers were compared with the calculated results. The geometrical parameters of the title compound obtained from XRD studies are in agreement with the calculated (DFT) values. The first hyperpolarizability value is also reported. Natural bond orbital analysis confirms the presence of intra-molecular charge transfer and hydrogen bonding interaction. The HOMO-LUMO gap explains the charge transfer interaction taking place within the molecule. The N-H stretching frequency is red shifted in the IR spectrum with a strong intensity from the computed frequency, which indicates weakening of the N-H bond resulting in proton transfer to the neighboring units. From the MEP analysis it is evident that the negative charge covers the carbonyl and benzene and the positive region is over the NH group.
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Affiliation(s)
- K G Vipin Das
- Department of Physics, TKM College of Arts and Science, Kollam, Kerala, India
| | - C Yohannan Panicker
- Department of Physics, TKM College of Arts and Science, Kollam, Kerala, India.
| | - B Narayana
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, Mangalore University, Mangalagangothri, Karnataka, India
| | - Prakash S Nayak
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, Mangalore University, Mangalagangothri, Karnataka, India
| | - B K Sarojini
- Industrial Chemistry Division, Department of Studies in Chemistry, Mangalore University, Mangalagangothri, Karnataka, India
| | - Abdulaziz A Al-Saadi
- Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
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49
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Raju R, Panicker CY, Nayak PS, Narayana B, Sarojini BK, Van Alsenoy C, Al-Saadi AA. FT-IR, molecular structure, first order hyperpolarizability, MEP, HOMO and LUMO analysis and NBO analysis of 4-[(3-acetylphenyl)amino]-2-methylidene-4-oxobutanoic acid. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2015; 134:63-72. [PMID: 25004897 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
4-[(3-Acetylphenyl)amino]-2-methylidene-4-oxobutanoic acid is synthesized and the structure of the compound was confirmed by IR, (1)H NMR and single crystal X-ray diffraction studies. FT-IR spectrum of 4-[(3-acetylphenyl)amino]-2-methylidene-4-oxobutanoic acid was recorded and analyzed. The crystal structure is also described. The vibrational wavenumbers were computed using HF and DFT methods are assigned with the help of potential energy distribution analysis. The NH stretching frequency is red shifted in the IR spectrum with a strong intensity from the computed frequency, which indicates the weakening of the NH bond resulting in proton transfer to the neighboring oxygen atom. The first hyperpolarizability and infrared intensities are also reported. The stability of the molecule arising from hyper-conjugative interaction and charge delocalization has been analyzed using NBO analysis. The HOMO and LUMO analysis are used to determine the charge transfer within the molecule. Molecular electrostatic potential map was performed by the DFT method. The geometrical parameters of the title compound obtained from XRD studies are in agreement with the calculated (DFT) values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Raju
- Department of Physics, TKM College of Arts and Science, Kollam, Kerala, India
| | - C Yohannan Panicker
- Department of Physics, TKM College of Arts and Science, Kollam, Kerala, India.
| | - Prakash S Nayak
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri, Karnataka, India
| | - B Narayana
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri, Karnataka, India
| | - B K Sarojini
- Industrial Chemistry-Division, Department of Studies in Chemistry, Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri, Karnataka, India
| | - C Van Alsenoy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, B2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Abdulaziz A Al-Saadi
- Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
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50
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Sagdinc SG, Erdas D, Gunduz I, Sahinturk AE. FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra, molecular structure and first-order molecular hyperpolarizabilities of a potential antihistaminic drug, cyproheptadine HCl. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2015; 134:350-360. [PMID: 25022508 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.06.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Cyproheptadine hydrochloride (CYP HCl) {4-(5H-dibenzo[a,d]-cyclohepten-5-ylidene)-1-methylpiperidine hydrochloride} is a first-generation antihistamine with additional anticholinergic, antiserotonergic, and local-anesthetic properties. The geometry optimization, Mulliken atomic charges and wavenumber and intensity of the vibrational bands of all of the possible modes of CYP HCl have been calculated using ab initio Hartree-Fock (HF) and density functional theory (DFT) employing the B3LYP functional with the 6-311G(d,p) basis set. We have compared the calculated IR and Raman wavenumbers with experimental data. Quantum-chemical calculations of the geometrical structure, energies, and molecular electrostatic potential and NBO analysis of CYP HCl have been performed using the B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) method. The electric dipole moment (μ), static polarizability (α) and the first hyperpolarizability (β) values of the title compound have been computed using HF and DFT methods. The study reveals that the antihistaminic pharmacological property of CYP HCl has a large β value and, hence, may in general have potential applications in the development of non-linear optical materials. The experimental and calculated results for CYP HCl have also been compared with those for mianserin HCl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seda G Sagdinc
- University of Kocaeli, Faculty of Science, Dept. of Physics, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Dilek Erdas
- University of Kocaeli, Faculty of Science, Dept. of Physics, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Ilknur Gunduz
- University of Kocaeli, Faculty of Science, Dept. of Physics, Kocaeli, Turkey
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