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Jiang LF, Yang M, Meng HW, Jia PC, Du CL, Liu JY, Lv XW, Cheng-Huang, Li J. The effect of hepatic stellate cell derived-IL-11 on hepatocyte injury in hepatic fibrosis. Life Sci 2023; 330:121974. [PMID: 37495078 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to elucidate the role of Interleukin-11 (IL-11) in hepatic fibrosis (HF) and its potential as a therapeutic target for HF treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS We investigated IL-11 expression in patients with varying degrees of liver injury through ELISA and immunohistochemistry. A CCl4-induced HF mouse model was constructed to study IL-11 expression and cell apoptosis using Western blotting (WB) and other techniques. The expression of IL-11 was silenced using rAAV8 in the mouse model. In vitro stimulation of hepatic stellate cells (LX-2) with TGF-β1, and of LO-2 cells with exogenous IL-11, were performed. Cell supernatants of TGF-β1-stimulated LX-2 were used to culture LO-2 cells, with apoptosis monitored via flow cytometry and WB. KEY FINDINGS Increased IL-11 levels were observed in patients and the HF mouse model, with silencing reducing IL-11 expression. In vitro experiments revealed increased endogenous IL-11 in TGF-β1-stimulated LX-2 cells and an increase in apoptotic index, IL11RA, and gp130 in IL-11-stimulated LO-2 cells. Cell apoptosis was reduced in the siRNA/IL11, siRNA/IL11RA, and anti-IL11 groups. WB and immunohistochemistry results showed upregulated p-JNK, p-ERK, and p-P53 expressions in the CCl4-induced HF mouse model and IL-11-treated LO-2 cells. SIGNIFICANCE Our findings suggest IL-11 enhances LX-2 cell activation and proliferation, and promotes LO-2 cell apoptosis through JNK/ERK signaling pathways. This suggests that targeting IL-11 secretion may serve as a potential therapeutic strategy for HF, providing a foundation for its clinical application in HF treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Feng Jiang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China; Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Hefei, China; School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China; Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Hefei, China; School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hong-Wu Meng
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China; Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Hefei, China; School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Peng-Cheng Jia
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China; Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Hefei, China; School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Chang-Lin Du
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China; Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Hefei, China; School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jin-Yu Liu
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China; Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Hefei, China; School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiong-Wen Lv
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China; Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Hefei, China; School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
| | - Cheng-Huang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China; Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Hefei, China; School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
| | - Jun Li
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China; Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Hefei, China; School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
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Koroknai V, Szász I, Balázs M. Gene Expression Changes in Cytokine and Chemokine Receptors in Association with Melanoma Liver Metastasis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108901. [PMID: 37240247 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokines and chemokines (chemotactic cytokines) are soluble extracellular proteins that bind to specific receptors and play an integral role in the cell-to-cell signaling network. In addition, they can promote the homing of cancer cells into different organs. We investigated the potential relationship between human hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells (HHSECs) and several melanoma cell lines for the expression of chemokine and cytokine ligands and receptor expression during the invasion of melanoma cells. In order to identify differences in gene expression related to invasion, we selected invasive and non-invasive subpopulations of cells after co-culturing with HHSECs and identified the gene expression patterns of 88 chemokine/cytokine receptors in all cell lines. Cell lines with stable invasiveness and cell lines with increased invasiveness displayed distinct profiles of receptor genes. Cell lines with increased invasive capacity after culturing with conditioned medium showed a set of receptor genes (CXCR1, IL1RL1, IL1RN, IL3RA, IL8RA, IL11RA, IL15RA, IL17RC, and IL17RD) with significantly different expressions. It is very important to emphasize that we detected significantly higher IL11RA gene expression in primary melanoma tissues with liver metastasis as well, compared to those without metastasis. In addition, we assessed protein expression in endothelial cells before and after co-culturing them with melanoma cell lines by applying chemokine and cytokine proteome arrays. This analysis revealed 15 differentially expressed proteins (including CD31, VCAM-1, ANGPT2, CXCL8, and CCL20) in the hepatic endothelial cells after co-culture with melanoma cells. Our results clearly indicate the interaction between liver endothelial and melanoma cells. Furthermore, we assume that overexpression of the IL11RA gene may play a key role in organ-specific metastasis of primary melanoma cells to the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktória Koroknai
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- ELKH-DE Public Health Research Group, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - István Szász
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- ELKH-DE Public Health Research Group, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Margit Balázs
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- ELKH-DE Public Health Research Group, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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Widjaja AA, Viswanathan S, Jinrui D, Singh BK, Tan J, Wei Ting JG, Lamb D, Shekeran SG, George BL, Schafer S, Carling D, Adami E, Cook SA. Molecular Dissection of Pro-Fibrotic IL11 Signaling in Cardiac and Pulmonary Fibroblasts. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:740650. [PMID: 34651016 PMCID: PMC8505966 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.740650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In fibroblasts, TGFβ1 stimulates IL11 upregulation that leads to an autocrine loop of IL11-dependent pro-fibrotic protein translation. The signaling pathways downstream of IL11, which acts via IL6ST, are contentious with both STAT3 and ERK implicated. Here we dissect IL11 signaling in fibroblasts and study IL11-dependent protein synthesis pathways in the context of approved anti-fibrotic drug mechanisms of action. We show that IL11-induced ERK activation drives fibrogenesis and while STAT3 phosphorylation (pSTAT3) is also seen, this appears unrelated to fibroblast activation. Ironically, recombinant human IL11, which has been used extensively in mouse experiments to infer STAT3 activity downstream of IL11, increases pSTAT3 in Il11ra1 null mouse fibroblasts. Unexpectedly, inhibition of STAT3 was found to induce severe proteotoxic ER stress, generalized fibroblast dysfunction and cell death. In contrast, inhibition of ERK prevented fibroblast activation in the absence of ER stress. IL11 stimulated an axis of ERK/mTOR/P70RSK protein translation and its selectivity for Collagen 1 synthesis was ascribed to an EPRS-regulated, ribosome stalling mechanism. Surprisingly, the anti-fibrotic drug nintedanib caused dose-dependent ER stress and lesser pSTAT3 expression. Pirfenidone had no effect on ER stress whereas anti-IL11 specifically inhibited the ERK/mTOR axis while reducing ER stress. These studies define the translation-specific signaling pathways downstream of IL11, intersect immune and metabolic signaling and reveal unappreciated effects of nintedanib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anissa A Widjaja
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sivakumar Viswanathan
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dong Jinrui
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Brijesh K Singh
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jessie Tan
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joyce Goh Wei Ting
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - David Lamb
- Boehringer Ingelheim, Immunology and Respiratory, Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Shamini G Shekeran
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Benjamin L George
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sebastian Schafer
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - David Carling
- MRC-London Institute of Medical Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eleonora Adami
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Stuart A Cook
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,MRC-London Institute of Medical Sciences, London, United Kingdom
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Adami E, Viswanathan S, Widjaja AA, Ng B, Chothani S, Zhihao N, Tan J, Lio PM, George BL, Altunoglu U, Ghosh K, Paleja BS, Schafer S, Reversade B, Albani S, Ling ALH, O'Reilly S, Cook SA. IL11 is elevated in systemic sclerosis and IL11-dependent ERK signaling underlies TGFβ-mediated activation of dermal fibroblasts. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2021; 60:5820-5826. [PMID: 33590875 PMCID: PMC8645270 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keab168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Interleukin 11 (IL11) is highly upregulated in skin and lung fibroblasts from patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). Here we tested whether IL11 is mechanistically linked with activation of human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) from patients with SSc or controls. Methods We measured serum IL11 levels in volunteers and patients with early diffuse SSc and manipulated IL11 signalling in HDFs using gain- and loss-of-function approaches that we combined with molecular and cellular phenotyping. Results In patients with SSc, serum IL11 levels are elevated as compared with healthy controls. All transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) isoforms induced IL11 secretion from HDFs, which highly express IL11 receptor α-subunit and the glycoprotein 130 (gp130) co-receptor, suggestive of an autocrine loop of IL11 activity in HDFs. IL11 stimulated ERK activation in HDFs and resulted in HDF-to-myofibroblast transformation and extracellular matrix secretion. The pro-fibrotic action of IL11 in HDFs appeared unrelated to STAT3 activity, independent of TGFβ upregulation and was not associated with phosphorylation of SMAD2/3. Inhibition of IL11 signalling using either a neutralizing antibody against IL11 or siRNA against IL11RA reduced TGFβ-induced HDF proliferation, matrix production and cell migration, which was phenocopied by pharmacological inhibition of ERK. Conclusions These data reveal that autocrine IL11-dependent ERK activity alone or downstream of TGFβ stimulation promotes fibrosis phenotypes in dermal fibroblasts and suggest IL11 as a potential therapeutic target in SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Adami
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore
| | - Sivakumar Viswanathan
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore
| | - Anissa A Widjaja
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore
| | - Benjamin Ng
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sonia Chothani
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore
| | - Nevin Zhihao
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jessie Tan
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pei Min Lio
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Benjamin L George
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore
| | - Umut Altunoglu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Koç University, School of Medicine, 34010 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kakaly Ghosh
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Human Genetics and Therapeutics Laboratory, A*STAR, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Bhairav S Paleja
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, A*STAR, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Sebastian Schafer
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore.,National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bruno Reversade
- Department of Medical Genetics, Koç University, School of Medicine, 34010 Istanbul, Turkey.,Genome Institute of Singapore, Human Genetics and Therapeutics Laboratory, A*STAR, Singapore 138672, Singapore.,Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, A*STAR, Singapore 138673, Singapore.,Department of Paediatrics, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260, Singapore
| | - Salvatore Albani
- Translational Immunology Institute (TII), SingHealth-DukeNUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore
| | - Andrea Low Hsiu Ling
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore.,Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore
| | - Steven O'Reilly
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Stockton Road, Durham, UK
| | - Stuart A Cook
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore.,National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore.,MRC-London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
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Keupp K, Li Y, Vargel I, Hoischen A, Richardson R, Neveling K, Alanay Y, Uz E, Elcioğlu N, Rachwalski M, Kamaci S, Tunçbilek G, Akin B, Grötzinger J, Konas E, Mavili E, Müller-Newen G, Collmann H, Roscioli T, Buckley MF, Yigit G, Gilissen C, Kress W, Veltman J, Hammerschmidt M, Akarsu NA, Wollnik B. Mutations in the interleukin receptor IL11RA cause autosomal recessive Crouzon-like craniosynostosis. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2013; 1:223-37. [PMID: 24498618 PMCID: PMC3865590 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have characterized a novel autosomal recessive Crouzon-like craniosynostosis syndrome in a 12-affected member family from Antakya, Turkey, the presenting features of which include: multiple suture synostosis, midface hypoplasia, variable degree of exophthalmos, relative prognathism, a beaked nose, and conductive hearing loss. Homozygosity mapping followed by targeted next-generation sequencing identified a c.479+6T>G mutation in the interleukin 11 receptor alpha gene (IL11RA) on chromosome 9p21. This donor splice-site mutation leads to a high percentage of aberrant IL11RA mRNA transcripts in an affected individual and altered mRNA splicing determined by in vitro exon trapping. An extended IL11RA mutation screen was performed in a cohort of 79 patients with an initial clinical diagnosis of Crouzon syndrome, pansynostosis, or unclassified syndromic craniosynostosis. We identified mutations segregating with the disease in five families: a German patient of Turkish origin and a Turkish family with three affected sibs all of whom were homozygous for the previously identified IL11RA c.479+6T>G mutation; a family with pansynostosis with compound heterozygous missense mutations, p.Pro200Thr and p.Arg237Pro; and two further Turkish families with Crouzon-like syndrome carrying the homozygous nonsense mutations p.Tyr232* and p.Arg292*. Using transient coexpression in HEK293T and COS7 cells, we demonstrated dramatically reduced IL11-mediated STAT3 phosphorylation for all mutations. Immunofluorescence analysis of mouse Il11ra demonstrated specific protein expression in cranial mesenchyme which was localized around the coronal suture tips and in the lambdoidal suture. In situ hybridization analysis of adult zebrafish also detected zfil11ra expression in the coronal suture between the overlapping frontal and parietal plates. This study demonstrates that mutations in the IL11RA gene cause an autosomal recessive Crouzon-like craniosynostosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Keupp
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne 50931, Cologne, Germany ; Institute of Human Genetics, University of Cologne 50931, Cologne, Germany ; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Yun Li
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne 50931, Cologne, Germany ; Institute of Human Genetics, University of Cologne 50931, Cologne, Germany ; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ibrahim Vargel
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Hacettepe University Medical Faculty 06100, Ankara, Turkey ; Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Medical Faculty, Kirikkale University 71100, Kirikkale, Turkey
| | - Alexander Hoischen
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre 6500HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rebecca Richardson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol BS8 1TD Bristol, U.K
| | - Kornelia Neveling
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre 6500HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Yasemin Alanay
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Genetics Unit, Hacettepe University Medical Faculty 06100, Ankara, Turkey ; Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Genetics Unit, Acibadem University 34457, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Elif Uz
- Department of Medical Genetics, Gene Mapping Laboratory, Hacettepe University Medical Faculty 06100, Ankara, Turkey ; Department of Biology, Duzce University 81620, Duzce, Turkey
| | - Nursel Elcioğlu
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Marmara University Medical Faculty 34668, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Martin Rachwalski
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne 50931, Cologne, Germany ; Institute of Human Genetics, University of Cologne 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Soner Kamaci
- Department of Orthodontics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Dentistry 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gökhan Tunçbilek
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Hacettepe University Medical Faculty 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Burcu Akin
- Department of Medical Genetics, Gene Mapping Laboratory, Hacettepe University Medical Faculty 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Joachim Grötzinger
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Kiel 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ersoy Konas
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Hacettepe University Medical Faculty 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Emin Mavili
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Hacettepe University Medical Faculty 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gerhard Müller-Newen
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, RWTH Aachen University 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Hartmut Collmann
- Department for Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, University of Würzburg 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tony Roscioli
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre 6500HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands ; Department of Haematology and Genetics, South Eastern Area Laboratory Services 2031, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michael F Buckley
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre 6500HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands ; Department of Haematology and Genetics, South Eastern Area Laboratory Services 2031, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gökhan Yigit
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne 50931, Cologne, Germany ; Institute of Human Genetics, University of Cologne 50931, Cologne, Germany ; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christian Gilissen
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre 6500HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wolfram Kress
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg 97047, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Joris Veltman
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre 6500HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Hammerschmidt
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne 50931, Cologne, Germany ; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne 50931, Cologne, Germany ; Institute of Developmental Biology, University of Cologne 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nurten A Akarsu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Gene Mapping Laboratory, Hacettepe University Medical Faculty 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bernd Wollnik
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne 50931, Cologne, Germany ; Institute of Human Genetics, University of Cologne 50931, Cologne, Germany ; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne 50931, Cologne, Germany
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