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Fular A, Sharma AK, Upadhaya D, Nandi A, Nagar G, Bisht N, Shakya M, Kumar S, Kumar S, Kumar R, Ghosh S. Evaluation of acaricidal resistance status of Rhipicephalus microplus ticks from the hilly state (Uttarakhand) of India and evaluation of efficacy of a natural formulation for the management of resistant ticks. Exp Appl Acarol 2021; 85:355-377. [PMID: 34766246 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-021-00677-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The resistance status against deltamethrin, cypermethrin, coumaphos and ivermectin was assessed of Rhipicephalus microplus from five districts of Uttarakhand, through adult immersion test and larval packet test. The field isolates were highly resistant to deltamethrin (median resistance ratio [RR50] = 9.10-29.13-fold) followed by cypermethrin (2.23-3.55). Surprisingly the isolates were susceptible to coumaphos (0.34-3.17). Emerging resistance against ivermectin (1.55-3.27) was also observed in all the isolates. Elevated levels of esterases (enzyme ratio = 2.93-5.84-fold), glutathione S-transferases (5.10-10.06) and monooxygenases (1.68-4.02) in resistant fields isolates were highly correlated (47.4-86.0%) with the resistant factor (RR50) determined by bioassay. All the isolates except Uttarkashi possess mutation at the 190th position in domain II of the sodium channel gene. As a mitigation strategy an Ageratum conyzoides-based characterized natural formulation was tested against all the isolates and was found effective at the concentration of 10.1-11.5%. The possibility of using the natural formulation for the management of multi-acaricide resistant ticks is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Fular
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P., 243122, India
| | - Anil Kumar Sharma
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P., 243122, India
| | - Deepak Upadhaya
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P., 243122, India
| | - Abhijit Nandi
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P., 243122, India
| | - Gaurav Nagar
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P., 243122, India
| | - Nisha Bisht
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P., 243122, India
| | - Mukesh Shakya
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Rewa, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P., 243122, India
| | - Satyanshu Kumar
- ICAR-Directorate of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, Boriavi, Anand, Gujarat, 387310, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Division of Agricultural Chemicals, ICAR- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Srikant Ghosh
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P., 243122, India.
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Kumar S, Sharma AK, Kumar B, Shakya M, Patel JA, Kumar B, Bisht N, Chigure GM, Singh K, Kumar R, Kumar S, Srivastava S, Rawat P, Ghosh S. Characterization of deltamethrin, cypermethrin, coumaphos and ivermectin resistance in populations of Rhipicephalus microplus in India and efficacy of an antitick natural formulation prepared from Ageratum conyzoides. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2021; 12:101818. [PMID: 34537543 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2021.101818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Rhipicephalus microplus is posing a serious threat to productive animal husbandry. Excessive use of synthetic chemicals in tick management has led to the development of resistant tick populations. Characterization of resistance to deltamethrin, cypermethrin, coumaphos and ivermectin in ticks is necessary to develop a suitable and sustainable control strategy. Based on adult immersion test and larval packet test, the resistance ratios (RR50) for adults and larvae of R. microplus populations from two Indian states ranged from 3.8 to 19.4 and 1.35-25.0 against deltamethrin, 0.061-26.3 and 0.22-19.2 against cypermethrin, and 0.2-9.5 and 0.01-3.1 against coumaphos, respectively, were recorded. Moreover, the RR50 for adults ranged from 0.212 to 3.87 against ivermectin. The RR50 for different acaricides was significantly (p<0.01) correlated with esterases, Glutathione S-transferase and monooxygenase activity. A point mutation at the 190th position of the domain II S4-5 linker region of the sodium channel gene in synthetic pyrethroids (SP) resistant populations was also detected. An antitick natural formulation prepared from the plant Azeratum conyzoides and containing two major compounds, Precocene-I (7‑methoxy-2, 2-dimethyl 2H-chromene) and Precocene II (6, 7-dimethoxy-2, 2-dimethyl- 3-chromene), was developed and tested against the resistant ticks. The LC50 values of the natural formulation against the resistant populations were in the range of 4.31-5.33% irrespective of their RR50 values. Multi-acaricide resistant populations of R. microplus are established in India and the A. conyzoides based natural formulation can be used for its management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Kumar
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anil Kumar Sharma
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Bhanu Kumar
- Pharmacognosy and Ethnopharmacology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Mukesh Shakya
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jeemi A Patel
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Junagarh Agricultural University, Junagarh, 362001, Gujarat, India
| | - Binod Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Junagarh Agricultural University, Junagarh, 362001, Gujarat, India
| | - Nisha Bisht
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Gajanan M Chigure
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kaushlendra Singh
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Division of Agricultural Chemicals, ICAR- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Satyanshu Kumar
- ICAR--Directorate of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, Boriavi, Anand, 387310 Gujarat India
| | - Sharad Srivastava
- Pharmacognosy and Ethnopharmacology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Preeti Rawat
- Department of Animal Biotechnology Center, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001, India
| | - S Ghosh
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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