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Marshev V, Bolloc'h J, Pallamin N, de Bougrenet de la Tocnaye JL, Cochener B, Nourrit V. Impact of virtual reality headset use on eye blinking and lipid layer thickness. J Fr Ophtalmol 2021; 44:1029-1037. [PMID: 34045106 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2020.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Blinking plays an important role in protecting the eyes, and the use of computers has been associated with a reduction in the blink rate. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of a virtual reality headset on blinking and lipid layer thickness and to compare these data to those associated with a conventional desktop monitor. METHODS Two experiments were performed to compare the effect of 20minutes of use of a virtual reality headset (FOVE) and 20minutes of use of a desktop monitor on the frequency and length of blinks (experiment 1, 15 participants) and on the thickness of the lipid layer as measured by Lipiview (experiment 2, 12 participants). RESULTS In the first experiment, the blink rate [F(1.83)=4.3, P=0.04, β=0.36] and duration [F(1.83)=13, P=0.001, β=0.35] increased with time under both conditions, but no statistical difference was found between the two conditions (headset vs. desktop monitor) either for blink rate [rmANOVA F(1.11)=0.01, P=0.92; headset: 15.1 blinks, 95% CI: 12.6 to 17.6 blinks; desktop: 14.6 blinks, 95% CI: 13.6 to 15.7 blinks] or for blink duration [rmANOVA F(1.11)=4.534, P=0.06; headset: 205.75ms, 95% CI: 200.9 to 210.6ms; desktop: 202.82ms, 95% CI: 198.2 to 207.5ms]. However, strong individual variations were observed. Evaluation of simulator sickness and visual fatigue by questionnaire showed no significant differences between the two conditions (SSQ simulator sickness questionnaire: V=46, P=0.62; VFQ visual fatigue questionnaire: V=15.5, P=0.13). In the second experiment, the lipid layer thickness increased significantly after use of the VR headset [F(1.18)=11.03, P=0.004, headset: 76.2nm, desktop: 58.8nm]. CONCLUSION In terms of recommendations, the effect of virtual reality headsets on blink duration and frequency during a moderate exposure (20minutes) is comparable to that of a conventional desktop monitor. However, the strong individual variations observed, the lack of reliable tests to evaluate this individual sensitivity, and the significant increase in lipid layer thickness in experiment 2 suggest the value of a more detailed investigation, in particular with consideration of a longer exposure time and other tear film parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Marshev
- Optics department, IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire, Campus de Brest, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, CS 83818, 29238 Brest cedex 03, France; Laboratoire de Traitement de l'Information Médicale INSERM-UBO UMR 1101, Bâtiment 1, CHRU Morvan, 2, avenue Foch, 29609 Brest cedex, France; UBO, 3, rue des Archives, 29238 Brest, France.
| | - J Bolloc'h
- Optics department, IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire, Campus de Brest, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, CS 83818, 29238 Brest cedex 03, France; Laboratoire de Traitement de l'Information Médicale INSERM-UBO UMR 1101, Bâtiment 1, CHRU Morvan, 2, avenue Foch, 29609 Brest cedex, France
| | - N Pallamin
- Uses and Acceptability Lab, b-com, 25, rue Claude-Chappe, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - J-L de Bougrenet de la Tocnaye
- Optics department, IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire, Campus de Brest, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, CS 83818, 29238 Brest cedex 03, France; Laboratoire de Traitement de l'Information Médicale INSERM-UBO UMR 1101, Bâtiment 1, CHRU Morvan, 2, avenue Foch, 29609 Brest cedex, France
| | - B Cochener
- Service d'ophtalmologie, CHRU Morvan, 2, avenue Foch, 29609 Brest cedex, France
| | - V Nourrit
- Optics department, IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire, Campus de Brest, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, CS 83818, 29238 Brest cedex 03, France; Laboratoire de Traitement de l'Information Médicale INSERM-UBO UMR 1101, Bâtiment 1, CHRU Morvan, 2, avenue Foch, 29609 Brest cedex, France
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Abstract
Host orientation is the most important step in host-searching nematodes; however, information on direct cues from hosts to evoke this behaviour is limited. Caenorhabditis japonica establishes a species-specific phoresy with Parastrachia japonensis. Dauer larvae (DL), the non-feeding and phoretic stage of C. japonica, are predominantly found on female phoretic hosts, but the mechanisms underlying the establishment of this phoresy remain unknown. To determine whether C. japonica DL are able to recognize and orient themselves to a host using a volatile cue from the host, we developed a Y-tube olfactory assay system in which C. japonica DL were significantly attracted to the air from P. japonensis but not to the air from three other insects or to CO2. These results demonstrated that C. japonica DL utilize volatiles for host recognition and orientation and that the presence of a specific volatile kairomone released by the host attracts C. japonica DL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsuko Okumura
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, Saga 840-8502, Japan The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8580, Japan
| | - Toyoshi Yoshiga
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, Saga 840-8502, Japan
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