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Yan S, Tan M, Zheng L, Wu H, Wang K, Chai R, Jiang D. Defense response of Fraxinus mandshurica seedlings to Hyphantria cunea larvae under Cd stress: A contradiction between attraction and resistance. Sci Total Environ 2023; 859:160390. [PMID: 36427402 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal pollution, as a common and serious environmental problem worldwide, has been regarded as an abiotic stimulus that can affect plant insect resistance and pest occurrence. This study evaluated the defense response of Fraxinus mandshurica seedlings to Hyphantria cunea larvae under Cd stress, with consideration given to chemical defense, physical defense, and elemental defense. Our results showed that the H. cunea larvae had a strong preference for Cd-treated F. mandshurica seedlings, but there was a significant reduction in body weight and survival rate in larvae that fed on leaves of Cd-treated seedlings. Under Cd treatment, the increase in attractant metabolites (e.g., styrene, dibutyl phthalate, and d-limonene) and the decrease in repellent metabolites (e.g., aromadendrene, heptadecane, and camphene) in leaf volatiles were responsible for the high attractant activity to H. cunea larvae. Based on leaf physicochemical properties, tissue structure, and phenolic acid content, an overall reduction in physical defense, chemical defense and their combination in F. mandshurica seedlings exposed to Cd stress was identified by Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) analysis. Elemental defense occurred in Cd-treated F. mandshurica seedlings, as evidenced by the high concentration of Cd in leaves and H. cunea larvae under Cd treatment. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that under Cd stress, elemental defense replaces the dominant role of basic defense in F. mandshurica seedlings and accounts for the enhanced ability to defend against H. cunea larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanchun Yan
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Mingtao Tan
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Lin Zheng
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Hongfei Wu
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Kai Wang
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Rusong Chai
- Forest Botanical Garden of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Dun Jiang
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China.
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Pereira RC, Nocchi N, Konno TUP, Soares AR. Diverse traits of aquatic plants cannot individually explain their consumption by the generalist gastropod Biomphalairia glabrata. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12031. [PMID: 34616600 PMCID: PMC8459730 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Several experimental studies on aquatic plants have reported the prevalence of chemical defense mechanism against herbivory, as opposed to structural, life-forms or other traits. Here, our laboratory feeding experiments and integrative analysis explored the relationship among palatability (fresh or reconstituted plants used as artificial diet) and various chemical/nutritional traits (i.e., contents of dry mass, ash, nitrogen, protein, and phenols) of diverse aquatic plants and their susceptibility to consumption by the generalist gastropod Biomphalaria glabrata. Biomphalaria glabrata consumed all of the assayed aquatic plants in a hierarchical yet generalized way, with the consumption of fresh plants, their reconstituted forms and defensive properties of lipophilic extracts not being significantly correlated with plant physical or chemical traits to determine the feeding preference of the gastropod. Our results do not reveal a prevalence for a specific plant attribute contributing to herbivory. Instead, they indicate that the susceptibility of aquatic plants to generalist consumers is probably related to a combination of their chemical and physical properties, resulting in moderate grazing rates by generalist consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Crespo Pereira
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nathália Nocchi
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.,Grupo de Produtos Naturais de Organismos Aquáticos, Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade (NUPEM), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tatiana U P Konno
- Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade (NUPEM)/Grupo de Produtos Naturais de Organismos Aquáticos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Angelica R Soares
- Grupo de Produtos Naturais de Organismos Aquáticos, Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade (NUPEM), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade (NUPEM)/Grupo de Produtos Naturais de Organismos Aquáticos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Xu Q, Lev-Yadun S, Sun L, Chen Z, Song B, Sun H. Spinescent patterns in the flora of Jiaozi Snow Mountain, Southwestern China. Plant Divers 2020; 42:83-91. [PMID: 32373766 PMCID: PMC7195588 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Spinescence has been thought to have evolved mainly as a defense against herbivores. Thus, studying its evolution in a whole flora is an excellent approach for understanding long-term plant-herbivore interactions. In this study, we characterized the spinescent plant species of Jiaozi Snow Mountain, Southwestern China, in order to explore the effects of life forms, plant organs, phylogenetic position, and phytogeographical origin on spinescence occurrence. The Jiaozi Snow Mountain flora includes 137 spinescent species (9.2%) out of 1488 angiosperm species. We found that in these spinescent species, vegetative organs (70.0%) were significantly more defended than reproductive organs (43.8%). Life form had a significant effect on spinescence occurrence. Woody species (18.6%) were more likely to be spiny than non-woody species (6.4%); moreover, woody species mostly defend their vegetative organs (92.2%), whereas herbaceous species mostly defend their reproductive organs (73.3%). For woody plants, leaf habit has a significant effect on spinescence. Specifically, spinescence was more common on the reproductive organs of deciduous woody species than on those of evergreen woody species; furthermore, spinescence was more common on the leaf blades of evergreens than on those of deciduous species; however, the proportion of spinescent petioles in deciduous species was significantly higher than in evergreens. The most common spine color was yellow (40.8%), followed by white (16.8%), red (15.8%), and brown (14.3%); furthermore, 74.4% of spinescence that showed aposematic color was a different color than the plant organ on which grown. These findings suggest that spinescence is visually aposematic in the Jiaozi Snow Mountain flora. Phylogenetically, more families tended to have spines on vegetative organs (83.3% in vegetative organs, 50.0% in reproductive organs), but the phylogenetic signals were weak. The proportion of spinescence was not significantly different between tropical (9.8% of genera, 7.6% of species) and temperate (13.2% of genera, 9.5% of species) elements. These results indicate that in the Jiaozi Snow Mountain flora spinescence evolved differently in various life forms and plant organs, but that these differences were not influenced by phylogenetic position or phytogeographical origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Xu
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Simcha Lev-Yadun
- Department of Biology & Environment, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa-Oranim, Tivon, 36006, Israel
| | - Lu Sun
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Bo Song
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Hang Sun
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
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Abstract
Some animals have evolved the use of environmental materials as “portable armour” against natural enemies. Portable bags that bagworm larvae (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) construct using their own silk and plant parts are generally believed to play an important role as a physical barrier against natural enemies. However, no experimental studies have tested the importance of bags as portable armour against predators. To clarify the defensive function, I studied the bagworm Eumeta minuscula and a potential predator Calosoma maximoviczi (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Under laboratory conditions, all bagworm larvae were attacked by carabid adults, but successfully defended themselves against the predators’ mandibles using their own bags. The portable bags, which are composed mainly of host plant twigs, may function as a physical barrier against predator mandibles. To test this hypothesis, I removed the twig bags and replaced some with herb leaf bags; all bag-removed larvae were easily caught and predated by carabids, while all bag-replaced larvae could successfully defend themselves against carabid attacks. Therefore, various types of portable bags can protect bagworm larvae from carabid attacks. This is the first study to test the defensive function of bagworm portable bags against invertebrate predators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Sugiura
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University , Kobe , Japan
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Vogelweith F, Thiéry D, Moret Y, Colin E, Motreuil S, Moreau J. Defense strategies used by two sympatric vineyard moth pests. J Insect Physiol 2014; 64:54-61. [PMID: 24662468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2014.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Natural enemies including parasitoids are the major biological cause of mortality among phytophagous insects. In response to parasitism, these insects have evolved a set of defenses to protect themselves, including behavioral, morphological, physiological and immunological barriers. According to life history theory, resources are partitioned to various functions including defense, implying trade-offs among defense mechanisms. In this study we characterized the relative investment in behavioral, physical and immunological defense systems in two sympatric species of Tortricidae (Eupoecilia ambiguella, Lobesia botrana) which are important grapevine moth pests. We also estimated the parasitism by parasitoids in natural populations of both species, to infer the relative success of the investment strategies used by each moth. We demonstrated that larvae invest differently in defense systems according to the species. Relative to L. botrana, E. ambiguella larvae invested more into morphological defenses and less into behavioral defenses, and exhibited lower basal levels of immune defense but strongly responded to immune challenge. L. botrana larvae in a natural population were more heavily parasitized by various parasitoid species than E. ambiguella, suggesting that the efficacy of defense strategies against parasitoids is not equal among species. These results have implications for understanding of regulation in communities, and in the development of biological control strategies for these two grapevine pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Vogelweith
- Université de Bourgogne, Equipe Ecologie Evolutive, UMR 6282 Biogéosciences, 6 Bd Gabriel, F-21000 Dijon, France; INRA UMR 1065 Santé et Agroecologie du Vignoble, Institut des Science de la Vigne et du Vin, Ave E. Bourleaux, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France.
| | - Denis Thiéry
- INRA UMR 1065 Santé et Agroecologie du Vignoble, Institut des Science de la Vigne et du Vin, Ave E. Bourleaux, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France; Université de Bordeaux, INRA UMR 1065, Save, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Ave E. Bourleaux, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Yannick Moret
- Université de Bourgogne, Equipe Ecologie Evolutive, UMR 6282 Biogéosciences, 6 Bd Gabriel, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Eloïse Colin
- Université de Bourgogne, Equipe Ecologie Evolutive, UMR 6282 Biogéosciences, 6 Bd Gabriel, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Sébastien Motreuil
- Université de Bourgogne, Equipe Ecologie Evolutive, UMR 6282 Biogéosciences, 6 Bd Gabriel, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Jérôme Moreau
- Université de Bourgogne, Equipe Ecologie Evolutive, UMR 6282 Biogéosciences, 6 Bd Gabriel, F-21000 Dijon, France
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