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Jiang X, Feng L, Han J, Li L, Wang J, Liu H, Kitazawa H, Wang X. Preparation of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose/ pueraria-based modified atmosphere film and its influence on delaying the senescent process of postharvest Agaricus bisporus. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 261:129611. [PMID: 38266840 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Based on the key factor of spontaneous modified atmosphere packaging (MAP)-gas permeability, a spontaneous MAP film was created for the preservation of Agaricus bisporus by delaying the senescence of white mushrooms. Compared with other mixed films, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC)/pueraria (P)-2 showed better mechanical properties, barrier properties and thermal stability energy. Applying the HPMC/P-2 film for preserving white mushrooms can spontaneously adjust the internal gas environment. Moreover, the O2 concentration in the package remained stable at 1-2 %, and the CO2 concentration was between 8 % and 14 %. The film can effectively reduce the respiration rate of white mushrooms, inhibit enzymatic browning, maintain their good color and texture, and delay their aging. In conclusion, the HPMC/P-2 film can be used not only for fruit and vegetables preservation but also provide theoretical basis for sustainable food packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jiang
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Lei Feng
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Jiali Han
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Ling Li
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China.
| | - Jia Wang
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Haipeng Liu
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Hiroaki Kitazawa
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Japan Women's University, Tokyo 112-8681, Japan
| | - Xiangyou Wang
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
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Xufeng X, Yuanfeng H, Ming Z, Shucheng S, Haonan Z, Weifeng Z, Fei G, Caijun W, Shuying F. Transcriptome profiling reveals the genes involved in tuberous root expansion in Pueraria (Pueraria montana var. thomsonii). BMC Plant Biol 2023; 23:338. [PMID: 37365513 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04303-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pueraria is a dry root commonly used in Traditional Chinese Medicine or as food and fodder, and tuberous root expansion is an important agronomic characteristic that influences its yield. However, no specific genes regulating tuberous root expansion in Pueraria have been identified. Therefore, we aimed to explore the expansion mechanism of Pueraria at six developmental stages (P1-P6), by profiling the tuberous roots of an annual local variety "Gange No.1" harvested at 105, 135, 165, 195, 225, and 255 days after transplanting. RESULTS Observations of the tuberous root phenotype and cell microstructural morphology revealed that the P3 stage was a critical boundary point in the expansion process, which was preceded by a thickening diameter and yield gain rapidly of the tuberous roots, and followed by longitudinal elongation at both ends. A total of 17,441 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by comparing the P1 stage (unexpanded) against the P2-P6 stages (expanded) using transcriptome sequencing; 386 differential genes were shared across the six developmental stages. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that the DEGs shared by P1 and P2-P6 stages were mainly involved in pathways related to the "cell wall and cell cycle", "plant hormone signal transduction", "sucrose and starch metabolism", and "transcription factor (TF)". The finding is consistent with the physiological data collected on changes in sugar, starch, and hormone contents. In addition, TFs including bHLHs, AP2s, ERFs, MYBs, WRKYs, and bZIPs were involved in cell differentiation, division, and expansion, which may relate to tuberous root expansion. The combination of KEGG and trend analyses revealed six essential candidate genes involved in tuberous root expansion; of them, CDC48, ARF, and EXP genes were significantly upregulated during tuberous root expansion while INV, EXT, and XTH genes were significantly downregulated. CONCLUSION Our findings provide new insights into the complex mechanisms of tuberous root expansion in Pueraria and candidate target genes, which can aid in increasing Pueraria yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xufeng
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China.
| | - Hu Yuanfeng
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Zhang Ming
- Department of Biological Engineering, Jiangxi Biotech Vocational College, Nanchang, 330200, China
| | - Si Shucheng
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Zhou Haonan
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Zhu Weifeng
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Ge Fei
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Wu Caijun
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China.
| | - Fan Shuying
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China.
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Zhou Y, Shang XH, Xiao L, Wu ZD, Cao S, Yan HB. Comparative plastomes of Pueraria montana var. lobata (Leguminosae: Phaseoleae) and closely related taxa: insights into phylogenomic implications and evolutionary divergence. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:299. [PMID: 37268915 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09356-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pueraria montana var. lobata (kudzu) is an important food and medicinal crop in Asia. However, the phylogenetic relationships between Pueraria montana var. lobata and the other two varieties (P. montana var. thomsonii and P. montana var. montana) remain debated. Although there is increasing evidence showing that P. montana var. lobata adapts to various environments and is an invasive species in America, few studies have systematically investigated the role of the phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary patterns of plastomes between P. montana var. lobata and its closely related taxa. RESULTS 26 newly sequenced chloroplast genomes of Pueraria accessions resulted in assembled plastomes with sizes ranging from 153,360 bp to 153,551 bp. Each chloroplast genome contained 130 genes, including eight rRNA genes, 37 tRNA genes, and 85 protein-coding genes. For 24 newly sequenced accessions of these three varieties of P. montana, we detected three genes and ten noncoding regions with higher nucleotide diversity (π). After incorporated publically available chloroplast genomes of Pueraria and other legumes, 47 chloroplast genomes were used to construct phylogenetic trees, including seven P. montana var. lobata, 14 P. montana var. thomsonii and six P. montana var. montana. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that P. montana var. lobata and P. montana var. thomsonii formed a clade, while all sampled P. montana var. montana formed another cluster based on cp genomes, LSC, SSC and protein-coding genes. Twenty-six amino acid residues were identified under positive selection with the site model. We also detected six genes (accD, ndhB, ndhC, rpl2, rpoC2, and rps2) that account for among-site variation in selective constraint under the clade model between accessions of the Pueraria montana var. lobata clade and the Pueraria montana var. montana clade. CONCLUSION Our data provide novel comparative plastid genomic insights into conservative gene content and structure of cp genomes pertaining to P. montana var. lobata and the other two varieties, and reveal an important phylogenetic clue and plastid divergence among related taxa of P. montana come from loci that own moderate variation and underwent modest selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Shang
- Cash Crops Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, China
| | - Liang Xiao
- Cash Crops Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, China
| | - Zheng-Dan Wu
- Cash Crops Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, China
| | - Sheng Cao
- Cash Crops Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, China
| | - Hua-Bing Yan
- Cash Crops Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, China.
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Ranade S, Prathapan KD, Ghate HV, Chaboo CS. Natural history of Platypria (Platypria) hystrix (Fabricius, 1798) on Fabaceae host plants, with notes on other Platypria species in India (Chrysomelidae, Cassidinae, Hispini). Zookeys 2021; 1031:59-84. [PMID: 36761859 PMCID: PMC9848903 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1031.60129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The leaf-beetle genus Platypria Guérin-Méneville, 1840 comprises two subgenera and 34 species (Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae: Hispini). Host plants are documented for eight species and indicate mostly perennial species of Fabaceae and Rhamnaceae. Larvae and pupae have been documented for two Platypria species. This paper presents novel natural history data, based on a field study of populations of Platypria (Platypria) hystrix (Fabricius, 1798) on Erythrinastricta Roxb. and Puerariaphaseoloides (Roxb.) Benth. in Kerala, south India and on Erythrinavariegata L., Puerariamontanavar.lobata (Willd.) Maes. & S. Almeida and Mucunapruriens (L) DC in Assam, northeast India. Three new Fabaceae hosts are reported for P. (P.) hystrix. Brief notes and new host records, based on field observations, are also provided for the other three species of Platypria in India - P. (P.) chiroptera Gestro, 1899, P. (P.) echidna Guérin-Méneville, 1840 and P. (P.) erinaceus (Fabricius, 1801). Platypria females slit the leaf to lay a single egg which is covered with secretions that harden as an ootheca, the egg covering in Cassidinaes. l. There are five larval stages, each with the typical 'hispine' mining form and behaviour - a flattened cream-coloured body, chitinised head capsule and claws, and feeding on mesophyll and leaving irregular blotch mines on the host leaves. Pupation occurs in an independent pupal mine and lasts about a week. These observations suggest new potential phylogenetic character hypotheses that can stimulate better data collection on leaf-mining Cassidinae and help resolve evolutionary patterns amongst these basal mining genera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Ranade
- Bombay Natural History Society, Vulture Conservation Breeding Center, Rani – 781131, Kamrup District, Assam, IndiaBombay Natural History SocietyRaniIndia
| | - Kaniyarikkal Divakaran Prathapan
- Department of Entomology, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellayani P. O., Trivandrum – 695 522, Kerala, IndiaKerala Agricultural UniversityKeralaIndia
| | - Hemant V. Ghate
- Post-Graduate Research Centre, Department of Zoology, Modern College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Shivajinagar, Pune 411 005, IndiaModern College of Arts, Science and CommercePuneIndia
| | - Caroline S. Chaboo
- University of Nebraska State Museum, Systematics Research Collections, W436 Nebraska Hall, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0514, USA.University of Nebraska State MuseumLincolnUnited States of America
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Liu Y, Qiu Y, Chen Q, Han X, Cai M, Hao L. Puerarin suppresses the hepatic gluconeogenesis via activation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in diabetic rats and HepG 2 cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 137:111325. [PMID: 33761593 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pueraria, a Chinese herbal medicine, plays an important role in many classic prescriptions for the treatment of diabetes. Puerarin is the main component of pueraria. The current in vivo and in vitro research mainly focus on exploring the potential mechanism of puerarin in inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis. The type 2 diabetic rats were established by a combination of small dosage of streptozotocin (STZ) injection with high-fat diet. After the administration of puerarin 4 weeks, the parameters of the glucose and lipid metabolism were determined. HepG2 cells were treated by palmitic acid (PA) to induce the insulin resistance in vitro model. After the treatment of puerarin, the glucose consumption and cell viability were examined. Then, the protein expression of PI3K, Akt, pAkt, pFOXO1, FOXO1, PEPCK and G6pase in liver tissue and HepG2 cells were evaluated by western blot. RT-PCR was used to measure the content of PEPCK, G6pase mRNA in liver tissue. The results showed that puerarin administration significantly decrease the level of FBG, HbA1C and triglycerides in diabetic rats. Mechanistic research showed that puerarin activating PI3K/Akt is puerarin-mediated beneficial effects and can be reversed by inhibitor of PI3K or Akt. In conclusion, puerarin inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis by activating PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahua Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Diabetes Institute, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Yan Qiu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Diabetes Institute, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Qingguang Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Diabetes Institute, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Xu Han
- Department of Endocrinology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Diabetes Institute, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Mengjie Cai
- Department of Endocrinology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Diabetes Institute, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Lu Hao
- Department of Endocrinology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Diabetes Institute, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Abstract
The rapid identification of plant variety is valuable in both academic studies and crop production. However, rapid and accurate identification has been difficult because many varieties have very similar morphological characteristics and are susceptible to the effects of the growing environment. In this work, we established an electrochemical method for recording the electro-active profile of compounds in plant tissue. Because the chemical composition of different varieties is largely controlled by their genes, rather than a growing environment, this method has considerable potential for variety identification. Three varieties of Pueraria with sixteen locations were collected for confirming the feasibility of the proposed methodology. Principal component analysis and peak ratio analysis have been used for grouping the sample data. The results indicate the electrochemical profiles of three varieties can be distinguished using their voltammetric data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Wang
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University
| | - Bo Pan
- Centre for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Mingjun Zhang
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University
| | - Xinpeng DU
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University
| | - Weihong Wu
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University
| | - Li Fu
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University
| | - Qinwei Zhou
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University
| | - Yuhong Zheng
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen)
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Wang X, Zhang Y, Zhang M, Kong H, Wang S, Cheng J, Qu H, Zhao Y. Novel Carbon Dots Derived from Puerariae lobatae Radix and Their Anti-Gout Effects. Molecules 2019; 24:E4152. [PMID: 31744056 PMCID: PMC6891613 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24224152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gout is a disease with a high incidence and causing great harm, and the current treatment drugs are not satisfactory. In this study, novel water-soluble carbon dots (CDs) with anti-gout effect, named Puerariae lobatae Radix CDs (PLR-CDs), are reported. PLR-CDs were synthesized with an improved pyrolysis method at 300 °C, and their characterization was performed with multifaceted approaches, such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. In addition, the biocompatibility of PLR-CDs was studied using the cell counting kit (CCK)-8 in LO2 cells and RAW264.7 cells, and the anti-gout activity of PLR-CDs was examined on animal models of hyperuricemia and gouty arthritis. The characterization of PLR-CDs indicated that they were nearly spherical, with diameters ranging from 3.0 to 10.0 nm, and the lattice spacing was 0.283 nm. The toxicity experiment revealed that PLR-CDs were non-poisonous for LO2 cells and RAW264.7 cells at concentrations below 250 μg/mL. The results of pharmacodynamic experiments showed that PLR-CDs could lower the blood uric acid level in model rats by inhibiting the activity of xanthine oxidase and reduce the degree of swelling and pathological damage of gouty arthritis. Thus, PLR-CDs with anti-gout biological activity and good biocompatibility have the prospect of clinical application for the treatment of gout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoke Wang
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China; (X.W.); (M.Z.); (H.K.); (S.W.); (J.C.)
| | - Yue Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China;
| | - Meiling Zhang
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China; (X.W.); (M.Z.); (H.K.); (S.W.); (J.C.)
| | - Hui Kong
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China; (X.W.); (M.Z.); (H.K.); (S.W.); (J.C.)
| | - Suna Wang
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China; (X.W.); (M.Z.); (H.K.); (S.W.); (J.C.)
| | - Jinjun Cheng
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China; (X.W.); (M.Z.); (H.K.); (S.W.); (J.C.)
| | - Huihua Qu
- Center of Scientific Experiment, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China;
| | - Yan Zhao
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China; (X.W.); (M.Z.); (H.K.); (S.W.); (J.C.)
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Yang M, Zhou Z, Guo DA. A strategy for fast screening and identification of sulfur derivatives in medicinal Pueraria species based on the fine isotopic pattern filtering method using ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 894:44-53. [PMID: 26423627 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sulfurous compounds are commonly present in plants, fungi, and animals. Most of them were reported to possess various bioactivities. Isotopic pattern filter (IPF) is a powerful tool for screening compounds with distinct isotope pattern. Over the past decades, the IPF was used mainly to study Cl- and Br-containing compounds. To our knowledge, the algorithm was scarcely used to screen S-containing compounds, especially when combined with chromatography analyses, because the (34)S isotopic ion is drastically affected by (13)C2 and (18)O. Thus, we present a new method for a fine isotopic pattern filter (FIPF) based on the separated M + 2 ions ((12)C(x)(1)H(y)(16)O(z)(32)S(13)C2(18)O, (12)C(x+2)(1)H(y)(16)O(z+1)(34)S, tentatively named M + 2OC and M + 2S) with an ultra-high-resolution mass (100,000 FWHM @ 400 m/z) to screen sulfur derivatives in traditional Chinese medicines (TCM).This finer algorithm operates through convenient filters, including an accurate mass shift of M + 2OC and M + 2S from M and their relative intensity compared to M. The method was validated at various mass resolutions, mass accuracies, and screening thresholds of flexible elemental compositions. Using the established FIPF method, twelve S-derivatives were found in the popular medicinal used Pueraria species, and 9 of them were tentatively identified by high-resolution multiple stage mass spectrometry (HRMS(n)). The compounds were used to evaluate the sulfurous compounds' situation in commercially purchased Pueraria products. The strategy presented here provides a promising application of the IPF method in a new field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhe Zhou
- ThermoFisher Scientific (China) Co., Ltd, No 6 Building, 27 Xinjinqiao Road, Shanghai 201206, China
| | - De-an Guo
- National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Abstract
Phytoestrogens are a diverse class of non-steroidal compounds that have an affinity for estrogen receptors α and β, for the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) family and for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Examples of phytoestrogens include prenylated flavonoids, isoflavones, coumestans and lignans. Many phytoestrogens counteract the cellular derailments that are responsible for the development of metabolic syndrome. Here we propose a mechanism of action which is based on five pillars/principles. First, phytoestrogens are involved in the downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as COX-2 and iNOS, by activating PPAR and by inhibiting IκB activation. Second, they increase reverse cholesterol transport, which is mediated by PPARγ. Third, phytoestrogens increase insulin sensitivity, which is mediated via PPARα. Fourth, they exert antioxidant effects by activating antioxidant genes through KEAP. Fifth, phytoestrogens increase energy expenditure by affecting AMP-activated kinase signaling cascades, which are responsible for the inhibition of adipogenesis. In addition to these effects, which have been demonstrated in vivo and in clinical trials, other effects, such as eNOS activation, may also be important. Some plant extracts from soy, red clover or licorice can be described as panPPAR activators. Fetal programming for metabolic syndrome has been hypothesized; thus, the consumption of dietary phytoestrogens during pregnancy may be relevant. Extracts from soy, red clover or licorice oil have potential as plant-derived medicines that could be used to treat polycystic ovary syndrome, a disease linked to hyperandrogenism and obesity, although clinical trials have not yet been conducted. Phytoestrogens may help prevent metabolic syndrome, although intervention studies will be always be ambiguous, because physical activity and reduced calorie consumption also have a significant impact. Nevertheless, extracts rich in phytoestrogens may be an alternative treatment or may complement conventional treatment for diseases linked with metabolic syndrome. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Phytoestrogens'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alois Jungbauer
- Christian Doppler Laboratory of Receptor Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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