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Falcone C, Wolf-Ochoa M, Amina S, Hong T, Vakilzadeh G, Hopkins WD, Hof PR, Sherwood CC, Manger PR, Noctor SC, Martínez-Cerdeño V. Cortical interlaminar astrocytes across the therian mammal radiation. J Comp Neurol 2019; 527:1654-1674. [PMID: 30552685 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Interlaminar astrocytes (ILA) in the cerebral cortex possess a soma in layer I and extend an interlaminar process that runs perpendicular to the pia into deeper cortical layers. We examined cerebral cortex from 46 species that encompassed most orders of therian mammalians, including 22 primate species. We described two distinct cell types with interlaminar processes that have been referred to as ILA, that we termed pial ILA and supial ILA. ILA subtypes differ in somatic morphology, position in layer I, and presence across species. We further described rudimentary ILA that have short GFAP+ processes that do not exit layer I, and "typical" ILA with longer GFAP+ processes that exit layer I. Pial ILA were present in all mammalian species analyzed, with typical ILA observed in Primates, Scandentia, Chiroptera, Carnivora, Artiodactyla, Hyracoidea, and Proboscidea. Subpial ILA were absent in Marsupialia, and typical subpial ILA were only found in Primate. We focused on the properties of pial ILA by investigating the molecular properties of pial ILA and confirming their astrocytic nature. We found that while the density of pial ILA somata only varied slightly, the complexity of ILA processes varied greatly across species. Primates, specifically bonobo, chimpanzee, orangutan, and human, exhibited pial ILA with the highest complexity. We showed that interlaminar processes contact neurons, pia, and capillaries, suggesting a potential role for ILA in the blood-brain barrier and facilitating communication among cortical neurons, astrocytes, capillaries, meninges, and cerebrospinal fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Falcone
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children of Northern California, Sacramento, California
| | - Marisol Wolf-Ochoa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children of Northern California, Sacramento, California
| | - Sarwat Amina
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children of Northern California, Sacramento, California.,UC Davis Medical Center, MIND Institute, Sacramento, California
| | - Tiffany Hong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children of Northern California, Sacramento, California
| | - Gelareh Vakilzadeh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children of Northern California, Sacramento, California
| | - William D Hopkins
- Neuroscience Institute and Language Research Center, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Patrick R Hof
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Chet C Sherwood
- Department of Anthropology and Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Paul R Manger
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Stephen C Noctor
- UC Davis Medical Center, MIND Institute, Sacramento, California.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Verónica Martínez-Cerdeño
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children of Northern California, Sacramento, California.,UC Davis Medical Center, MIND Institute, Sacramento, California
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Odagaki K, Kameda H, Hayashi T, Sakurai M. Mediolateral and dorsoventral projection patterns of cutaneous afferents within transverse planes of the mouse spinal dorsal horn. J Comp Neurol 2018; 527:972-984. [PMID: 30520049 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The central projection patterns of cutaneous afferents from the forelimb and shoulder of mice were studied in the spinal dorsal horn after intracutaneous injection of AlexaFluor 488-conjugated and/or 594-conjugated cholera toxin subunit B (CTB). Based on their dermatomes, the following eight skin regions are thought to be innervated by spinal nerves from the sixth to eighth cervical spinal nerve roots: the dorsal surface of the shoulder, brachium, proximal forearm, distal forearm, hand, palmar surface of the second and third digits, and palm. The termination areas of afferents from the dorsal surface of the shoulder and forearm were narrow, distributed in a dorsoventral direction, and aligned in order from lateral to medial within the sixth to eighth cervical dorsal horns. By contrast, the termination areas of the palmar surface of the second and third digits largely overlapped. We also injected CTB into the dorsal surface of the hindlimb and pelvic regions. Skin regions there are thought to be innervated by nerves from the third to fifth lumbar spinal nerve roots. The observed projection patterns in the lumbar dorsal horn were similar to the cervical patterns. Injection of a mixture of CTB and wheat-germ agglutinin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP), which are thought to label Aβ and Aδ/C fibers, respectively, showed segregated termination areas of CTB- and WGA-HRP-labeled afferents. Moreover, alignment of the termination areas was in the dorsoventral direction. These results suggest there is fine somatotopic (mediolateral axis) and modality-specific (dorsoventral axis) organization within the spinal dorsal horn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Odagaki
- Department of Physiology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kameda
- Department of Physiology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Hayashi
- Department of Physiology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Sakurai
- Department of Physiology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Walter GC, Phillips RJ, McAdams JL, Powley TL. Individual sympathetic postganglionic neurons coinnervate myenteric ganglia and smooth muscle layers in the gastrointestinal tract of the rat. J Comp Neurol 2016; 524:2577-603. [PMID: 26850701 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A full description of the terminal architecture of sympathetic axons innervating the gastrointestinal (GI) tract has not been available. To label sympathetic fibers projecting to the gut muscle wall, dextran biotin was injected into the celiac and superior mesenteric ganglia (CSMG) of rats. Nine days postinjection, animals were euthanized and stomachs and small intestines were processed as whole mounts (submucosa and mucosa removed) to examine CSMG efferent terminals. Myenteric neurons were counterstained with Cuprolinic Blue; catecholaminergic axons were stained immunohistochemically for tyrosine hydroxylase. Essentially all dextran-labeled axons (135 of 136 sampled) were tyrosine hydroxylase-positive. Complete postganglionic arbors (n = 154) in the muscle wall were digitized and analyzed morphometrically. Individual sympathetic axons formed complex arbors of varicose neurites within myenteric ganglia/primary plexus and, concomitantly, long rectilinear arrays of neurites within circular muscle/secondary plexus or longitudinal muscle/tertiary plexus. Very few CSMG neurons projected exclusively (i.e., ∼100% of an arbor's varicose branches) to myenteric plexus (∼2%) or smooth muscle (∼14%). With less stringent inclusion criteria (i.e., ≥85% of an axon's varicose branches), larger minorities of neurons projected predominantly to either myenteric plexus (∼13%) or smooth muscle (∼27%). The majority (i.e., ∼60%) of all individual CSMG postganglionics formed mixed, heterotypic arbors that coinnervated extensively (>15% of their varicose branches per target) both myenteric ganglia and smooth muscle. The fact that ∼87% of all sympathetics projected either extensively or even predominantly to smooth muscle, while simultaneously contacting myenteric plexus, is consistent with the view that these neurons control GI muscle directly, if not exclusively. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:2577-2603, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary C Walter
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Robert J Phillips
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Jennifer L McAdams
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Terry L Powley
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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