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Kong L, Huang Y, Zeng X, Ye C, Wu Z, Guo Y, Pan D. Effects of galactosyltransferase on EPS biosynthesis and freeze-drying resistance of Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM. Food Chem (Oxf) 2022; 5:100145. [PMID: 36573108 PMCID: PMC9789326 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2022.100145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Galactosyltransferase (GalT) is an important enzyme in synthesizing exopolysaccharide (EPS), the major polymer of biofilms protecting cells from severe conditions. However, the contribution to, and regulatory mechanism of GalT, in stressor resistance are still unclear. Herein, we successfully overexpressed GalT in Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM by genetic engineering. The GalT activity and freeze-drying survival rate of the recombinant strain were significantly enhanced. The EPS yield also increased by 17.8%, indicating a positive relationship between freeze-drying resistance and EPS. RNA-Seq revealed that GalT could regulate the flux of the membrane transport system, pivotal sugar-related metabolic pathways, and promote quorum sensing to facilitate EPS biosynthesis, which enhanced freeze-drying resistance. The findings concretely prove that the mechanism of GalT regulating EPS biosynthesis plays an important role in protecting lactic acid bacteria from freeze-drying stress.
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Key Words
- BP, biological process
- CC, cellular component
- DEG, differentially expressed gene
- ELISA, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
- EPS, exopolysaccharideS
- Exopolysaccharide
- FT-IR, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
- Freeze-drying
- GO, gene ontology
- GalT, galactosyltransferase
- Galactosyltransferase
- KEGG, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes
- LAB, lactic acid bacteria
- LB, Luria-Bertani
- MF, molecular function
- MRS, de Man, Rogosa and Sharpe
- NCBI, National Center for Biotechnology Information GenBank
- Overexpression
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- PEP, phosphoenolpyruvate
- PTS, phosphotransferase system
- QS, quorum sensing
- RT-qPCR, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyu Kong
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo 315211, China,Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, China
| | - Yuze Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo 315211, China,Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, China
| | - Xiaoqun Zeng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo 315211, China,Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, China,Corresponding author at: State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Congyan Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo 315211, China,Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, China
| | - Zhen Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo 315211, China,Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, China
| | - Yuxing Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo 315211, China,School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210097, China
| | - Daodong Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo 315211, China,Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, China
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Rajpurohit S, Musunuri B, Basthi Mohan P, Shetty S. Novel Drugs for the Management of Hepatic Encephalopathy: Still a Long Journey to Travel. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2022; 12:1200-1214. [PMID: 35814520 PMCID: PMC9257922 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2022.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is one of the reversible complications of chronic liver disease, associated with a higher mortality rate. In current clinical practice, treatment with rifaximin and lactulose/lactitol is the first line of treatment in HE. With the advance in pathophysiology, a new class of ammonia lowering drugs has been revealed to overcome the hurdle and disease burden. The mechanism of the novel agents differs significantly and includes the alteration in intestinal microbiota, intestinal endothelial integrity, oxidative stress, inflammatory markers, and modulation of neurotoxins. Most of the trials have reported promising results in the treatment and prevention of HE with fecal microbiota transplantation, albumin, probiotics, flumazenil, polyethylene glycol, AST-120, glycerol phenylbutyrate, nitazoxanide, branched-chain amino acid, naloxone, and acetyl-l-carnitine. However, their clinical use is limited due to the presence of major drawbacks in their study design, sample size, safety profile, bias, and heterogenicity. This study will discuss the novel therapeutic targets for HE in liver cirrhosis patients with supporting clinical trial data.
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Key Words
- ALC, acetyl-L-carnitine
- BCAA, branched-chain amino acid
- BD, twice a day
- BDI, Beck Depression Inventory
- BUN, blood urea nitrogen
- CHESS, Clinical Hepatic Encephalopathy Staging Scale
- CLDQ, Chronic Liver Disease Questionnaire
- ECT, estimated completion time
- EEG, electroencephalogram
- FMT, fecal microbiota transplantation
- GPB, glycerol phenylbutyrate
- HESA, Hepatic Encephalopathy Scoring Algorithm
- HRQOL, health-related quality of life
- IV, intravenous
- MED, Modified Encephalopathy Scale
- MELD, Model for End-stage Liver Disease
- MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination
- NTZ, nitazoxanide
- Nal, naloxone
- OD, once a day
- ORT, object recognition test
- PEG, polyethylene glycol
- QID, four times a day
- QOL, quality of life
- RBNS, Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status
- RCT, randomized control trial
- RT-qPCR, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction
- TID, three times a day
- VSL#3, high concentration probiotic preparations
- hepatic encephalopathy
- liver cirrhosis
- novel drugs
- treatment outcome
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shiran Shetty
- Address for correspondence: Shiran Shetty, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India.
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Timmer C, Davids M, Nieuwdorp M, Levels JHM, Langendonk JG, Breederveld M, Ahmadi Mozafari N, Langeveld M. Differences in faecal microbiome composition between adult patients with UCD and PKU and healthy control subjects. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2021; 29:100794. [PMID: 34527515 PMCID: PMC8433284 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2021.100794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Urea cycle disorders (UCDs) are a group of rare inherited metabolic diseases causing hyperammonemic encephalopathy. Despite intensive dietary and pharmacological therapy, outcome is poor in a subset of UCD patients. Reducing ammonia production by changing faecal microbiome in UCD is an attractive treatment approach. We compared faecal microbiome composition of 10 UCD patients, 10 healthy control subjects and 10 phenylketonuria (PKU) patients. PKU patients on a low protein diet were included to differentiate between the effect of a low protein diet and the UCD itself on microbial composition. Participants were asked to collect a faecal sample and to fill out a 24 h dietary journal. DNA was extracted from faecal material, taxonomy was assigned and microbiome data was analyzed, with a focus on microbiota involved in ammonia metabolism.In this study we show an altered faecal microbiome in UCD patients, different from both PKU and healthy controls. UCD patients on dietary and pharmacological treatment had a less diverse faecal microbiome, and the faecal microbiome of PKU patients on a protein restricted diet with amino acid supplementation showed reduced richness compared to healthy adults without a specific diet. The differences in the microbiome composition of UCD patients compared to healthy controls were in part related to lactulose use. Other genomic process encodings involved in ammonia metabolism, did not seem to differ. Since manipulation of the microbiome is possible, this could be a potential treatment modality. We propose as a first next step, to study the impact of these faecal microbiome alterations on metabolic stability. TAKE HOME MESSAGE The faecal microbiome of UCD patients was less diverse compared to PKU patients and even more compared to healthy controls.
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Key Words
- 16S rRNA, taxonomic marker genes, common to all bacteria
- ADI, Arginine Deimination. Bacteria derive energy from the deamination of arginine to citrulline and citrulline cleavage to ornithine plus carbamoyl phosphate. The latter is then converted into ATP and carbon dioxide, or used for pyrimidine biosynthesis. This route also generates two moles of ammonia (one from the arginine-citrulline conversion, the second from carbamoyl phosphate hydrolysis)
- ARG1d, arginase 1 (ARG1) deficiency
- ASLd, argininosuccinate lyase (ASL) deficiency
- ASSd, argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS) deficiency
- ASV, Amplified Sequence Variant. A specific nucleotide sequence representing a bacterial lineage
- Alpha Diversity, the species diversity in a microbial sample. Used to represent the taxonomic diversities of individual samples
- Ammonium scavengers, agents developed for the reduction of blood ammonia concentration used for the treatment of patients with urea cycle disorders. Sodiumbenzoate and phenylbutyrate are ammonium scavengers
- BCAA, branched chain amino acids: isoleucine, leucine and valine
- DEGs, differentially expressed genes
- DESeq, an R package to analyse count data from high-throughput sequencing assays such as RNA-Seq and test for differential expression
- EAA supplement, essential amino acids supplement containing L-histidine, L-isoleucine, L-leucine, l-lysine, L-methionine, L-phenylalanine, L-threonine, L-tryptofaan and L-valine with optional L-cystine and L-tyrosine added (depending on what product is used)
- FPD, Faiths Phylogenetic Diversity, alpha diversity metric accounting for genetic diversity
- Faecal
- Genus, a taxonomic rank
- Gut
- Hyperammonemia
- Metagenome, microbiome collective genome
- Microbiome
- OTCd, ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency
- PCoA, Principal Coordinate Analysis. PCoA is aimed at graphically representing a resemblance matrix between p elements (individuals, variables, objects, among others). By using PCoA we can visualize individual and/or group differences. Individual differences can be used to show outliers
- PFAA, precursor free amino acid supplement, in this case phenylalanine free
- PKU, Phenylketonuria
- Phenylketonuria
- Proteolytic capacity, the capacity to break proteins down into smaller polypeptides or amino acids. In this study: enzymes involved in protein degradation
- RT-qPCR, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction
- Sodium BPA, sodium phenylbutyrate
- UCD, urea cycle defect
- Urea cycle defect
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Affiliation(s)
- C Timmer
- Department of Dietetics and Nutritional science and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M Davids
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M Nieuwdorp
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J H M Levels
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J G Langendonk
- Department of Dietetics and Department of Internal Medicine, Center of Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M Breederveld
- Department of Dietetics and Department of Internal Medicine, Center of Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - N Ahmadi Mozafari
- Department of Dietetics and Department of Internal Medicine, Center of Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M Langeveld
- Department of Dietetics and Nutritional science and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Latour YL, Yoon R, Thomas SE, Grant C, Li C, Sena-Esteves M, Allende ML, Proia RL, Tifft CJ. Human GLB1 knockout cerebral organoids: A model system for testing AAV9-mediated GLB1 gene therapy for reducing GM1 ganglioside storage in GM1 gangliosidosis. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2019; 21:100513. [PMID: 31534909 PMCID: PMC6744524 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2019.100513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
GM1 gangliosidosis is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder caused by the deficiency of lysosomal β-galactosidase (β-gal) and resulting in accumulation of GM1 ganglioside. The disease spectrum ranges from infantile to late onset and is uniformly fatal, with no effective therapy currently available. Although animal models have been useful for understanding disease pathogenesis and exploring therapeutic targets, no relevant human central nervous system (CNS) model system has been available to study its early pathogenic events or test therapies. To develop a model of human GM1 gangliosidosis in the CNS, we employed CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing to target GLB1 exons 2 and 6, common sites for mutations in patients, to create isogenic induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell lines with lysosomal β-gal deficiency. We screened for clones with <5% of parental cell line β-gal enzyme activity and confirmed GLB1 knockout clones using DNA sequencing. We then generated GLB1 knockout cerebral organoids from one of these GLB1 knockout iPS cell clones. Analysis of GLB1 knockout organoids in culture revealed progressive accumulation of GM1 ganglioside. GLB1 knockout organoids microinjected with AAV9-GLB1 vector showed a significant increase in β-gal activity and a significant reduction in GM1 ganglioside content compared with AAV9-GFP-injected organoids, demonstrating the efficacy of an AAV9 gene therapy-based approach in GM1 gangliosidosis. This proof-of-concept in a human cerebral organoid model completes the pre-clinical studies to advance to clinical trials using the AAV9-GLB1 vector.
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Key Words
- 4MU, 4-methylumbelliferyl
- AAV, adeno-associated virus
- AAV9, AAV serotype 9
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- CNS, central nervous system
- CPB, citrate phosphate buffer
- EB, embryoid body
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- HPTLC, high-performance thin-layer chromatography
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- RT-qPCR, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction
- SD, standard deviation
- X-gal, 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-D-galactopyranoside
- hiPSC, human induced pluripotent stem cells
- iPS, induced pluripotent stem
- β-gal, β-galactosidase
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne L. Latour
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Robin Yoon
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sarah E. Thomas
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Christina Grant
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Cuiling Li
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Miguel Sena-Esteves
- Department of Neurology and Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Maria L. Allende
- Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Richard L. Proia
- Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Cynthia J. Tifft
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Nagy V, Cole T, Van Campenhout C, Khoung TM, Leung C, Vermeiren S, Novatchkova M, Wenzel D, Cikes D, Polyansky AA, Kozieradzki I, Meixner A, Bellefroid EJ, Neely GG, Penninger JM. The evolutionarily conserved transcription factor PRDM12 controls sensory neuron development and pain perception. Cell Cycle 2016; 14:1799-808. [PMID: 25891934 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1036209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PR homology domain-containing member 12 (PRDM12) belongs to a family of conserved transcription factors implicated in cell fate decisions. Here we show that PRDM12 is a key regulator of sensory neuronal specification in Xenopus. Modeling of human PRDM12 mutations that cause hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy (HSAN) revealed remarkable conservation of the mutated residues in evolution. Expression of wild-type human PRDM12 in Xenopus induced the expression of sensory neuronal markers, which was reduced using various human PRDM12 mutants. In Drosophila, we identified Hamlet as the functional PRDM12 homolog that controls nociceptive behavior in sensory neurons. Furthermore, expression analysis of human patient fibroblasts with PRDM12 mutations uncovered possible downstream target genes. Knockdown of several of these target genes including thyrotropin-releasing hormone degrading enzyme (TRHDE) in Drosophila sensory neurons resulted in altered cellular morphology and impaired nociception. These data show that PRDM12 and its functional fly homolog Hamlet are evolutionary conserved master regulators of sensory neuronal specification and play a critical role in pain perception. Our data also uncover novel pathways in multiple species that regulate evolutionary conserved nociception.
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Key Words
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- Brn3d, brain 3d
- CGNL1, cyclin L1
- ChIP, chromatin immunoprecipitation
- DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
- DDK, DYKDDDDK epitope
- Drgx, dorsal root ganglia homeobox
- ECL, enhanced chemiluminescence
- En1, engrailed-1
- FDR, false discovery rate
- FPKM, fragments per kilobase exon
- GAPDH, glyceraldehyde 3-phospate dehydrogenase
- GEO, gene expression omnibus
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- HEK293, human embryonic kidney cell 293
- HRP, horseraddish peroxidase
- HSAN, hereditary and sensory autonomic neuropathy
- Hamlet
- Hmx3, H6 family homeobox 3
- IL1R1, interleukin 1 receptor type 1
- MO, morpholino oligonucleotide
- NBT/BCIP, nitro blue tetrazolium / 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-phosphate
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- PDB, protein data base
- PMID, pubmed identification.
- PRDM12
- PRDM12, PR homology domain-containing member 12
- RA, retinoic acid
- RT-qPCR, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction
- S1PR1, Sphi8ngosine-1-phosphate receptor 1
- SET, Su(var)3–9 and ‘Enhancer of zeste’
- Sncg, Synuclein Gamma (Breast Cancer-Specific Protein 1)
- TRH(DE), tryrotropin-releasing hormone degrading enzyme
- TRHDE
- TRHDE, tyrotropin-releasing hormone degrading enzyme
- Tlx3, T-cell leukemia homeobox 3
- nociception
- pCMV6, plasmid cytomegalovirus
- sensory neurons
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanja Nagy
- IMBA-Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria; UNSW Medicine, Sydney, Australia
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Berger E, Héraud S, Mojallal A, Lequeux C, Weiss-Gayet M, Damour O, Géloën A. Pathways commonly dysregulated in mouse and human obese adipose tissue: FAT/CD36 modulates differentiation and lipogenesis. Adipocyte 2015; 4:161-80. [PMID: 26257990 DOI: 10.4161/21623945.2014.987578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is linked to adipose tissue hypertrophy (increased adipocyte cell size) and hyperplasia (increased cell number). Comparative analyses of gene datasets allowed us to identify 1426 genes which may represent common adipose phenotype in humans and mice. Among them we identified several adipocyte-specific genes dysregulated in obese adipose tissue, involved in either fatty acid storage (acyl CoA synthase ACSL1, hormone-sensitive lipase LIPE, aquaporin 7 AQP7, perilipin PLIN) or cell adhesion (fibronectin FN1, collagens COL1A1, COL1A3, metalloprotein MMP9, or both (scavenger receptor FAT/CD36). Using real-time analysis of cell surface occupancy on xCELLigence system we developed a new method to study lipid uptake and differentiation of mouse 3T3L1 fibroblasts and human adipose stem cells. Both processes are regulated by insulin and fatty acids such as oleic acid. We showed that fatty acid addition to culture media increased the differentiation rate and was required for full differentiation into unilocular adipocytes. Significant activation of lipogenesis, i.e. lipid accumulation, by either insulin or oleic acid was monitored in times ranging from 1 to 24 h, depending on differentiation state, whereas significant effects on adipogenesis, i.e., surperimposed lipid accumulation and gene transcriptional regulations were measured after 3 to 4 d. Combination of selected times for analysis of lipid contents, cell counts, size fractionations, and gene transcriptional regulations showed that FAT/CD36 specific inhibitor AP5258 significantly increased cell survival of oleic acid-treated mouse and human adipocytes, and partially restored the transcriptional response to oleic acid in the presence of insulin through JNK pathway. Taken together, these data open new perspectives to study the molecular mechanisms commonly dysregulated in mouse and human obesity at the level of lipogenesis linked to hypertrophy and adipogenesis linked to hyperplasia.
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Key Words
- (h)ASCs, (human)adipose stem cells
- (h)dA, (human) adipocytes differentiated in vitro
- ACSL1, Acyl-CoA synthetase long chain family member 1
- AQP7, aquaporin 7
- BSA, bovine serum albumin, lipid-free
- CEBPA, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) α
- CIDEA &
- CIDEC, cell death-inducing DFFA-like effectors a and c
- COL1A1 &
- COL1A3, Collagens 1 α
- DMEM, Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- FABP1 and 4, fatty acid binding proteins 1 and 4
- FAT/CD36, fatty acid translocase
- FCS, foetal calf serum
- FN1, fibronectin
- GO, Gene Ontology
- HSPG, heparan sulfate proteoglycans
- IBMX, isobutylmethylxanthine
- IL6, interleukin 6
- JNK, Jun-NH2 kinase
- LIPE, hormone-sensitive lipase
- MMP9, matrix metallopeptidase 9
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- PLIN, perilipin
- PPARG, peroxisome-proliferator receptor gamma
- RT-qPCR, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction
- RTCA, Real-time Cell Analyzer
- TA, adipose tissue
- TNFA, tumor necrosis factor α
- adipogenesis
- bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor
- bio-informatics
- fatty acid
- lipogenesis
- obesity
- real-time cell analysis
- subunits 1 and 3
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