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Yan X, Zhang Y, Peng Y, Li X. The water extract of Radix scutellariae, its total flavonoids and baicalin inhibited CYP7A1 expression, improved bile acid, and glycolipid metabolism in T2DM mice. J Ethnopharmacol 2022; 293:115238. [PMID: 35351576 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Radix scutellariae (the root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi), is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Abundant flavonoids are the antidiabetic components of Radix scutellariae, of which baicalin (Baicalein 7-O-glucuronide, BG) is the major bioactive component. Our previous studies found that the water extract of Radix scutellariae (WESB) could exert hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic efficacies by adjusting the ileum FXR-medicated interaction between gut microbiota and bile acid (BA) metabolism. However, it remains unclear whether WESB and its biologically active ingredients exert an antidiabetic effect through bile acid signaling mediated by FXR-CYP7A1. AIMS OF THE STUDY To explore the mechanism of WESB and its total flavonoids (TF) further and BG on BA signals and glycolipid metabolism in T2DM mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS The antidiabetic effects of WESB, TF and BG were evaluated by indexing the body weight, fasting blood glucose (FBG) and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in HFD/STZ-induced (high-fat diet and streptozocin) diabetic mice, and comparing them with the positive control (metformin). The lipids in the mouse liver and the total bile acids (TBA) in the mouse liver and bile were detected by commercial kits. The concentration of BAs in the mouse feces was determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The protein expression levels of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1), farnesol X receptor (FXR), etc., in the liver and/or ileum, play a key role in the BAs metabolism of T2DM mice were evaluated by immunoblot analysis. RESULTS The hyperglycemia and impaired glucose tolerance of T2DM mice were improved after WESB, TF and BG treatment. Especially after BG administration, the levels of low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-c) and total glyceride (TG) in the T2DM mouse liver were significantly decreased (p < 0.05). While the level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) was significant increased (p < 0.001). Meanwhile, the levels of TBA in both the liver and bile of T2DM mice were significantly decreased by BG (p < 0.05). Moreover, the high expression of CYP7A1 in the liver of T2DM mice was significantly inhibited by WESB, TF and BG (p < 0.05), and the high expression of FXR in the ileum of T2DM mice was significantly inhibited by TF (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION These results indicated that the hypoglycemic effects of WESB, TF and BG might be exerted by inhibiting the expression of CYP7A1 in T2DM mice, and TF inhibited expression of intestinal FXR by inducing changes in fecal BA profile. BG significantly improved hepatic lipid metabolism. Moreover, BG reduced lipid accumulation in the liver and bile by inhibiting the expression of CYP7A1 in T2DM mice. These findings provide useful explanations for the antidiabetic mechanism of Radix scutellariae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumei Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yulong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Ying Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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Zheng G, Gan L, Jia LY, Zhou DC, Bi S, Meng ZQ, Guan GJ, Huang MM, He X, Zhang CF, Wang CZ, Yuan CS. Screen of anti-migraine active compounds from Duijinsan by spectrum-effect relationship analysis and molecular docking. J Ethnopharmacol 2021; 279:114352. [PMID: 34161797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Duijinsan (DJS) is a famous Chinese medicine prescription composed of Radix scutellariae (RS) and Rhei Radix (RRR), which has been mainly used for treating migraine. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to uncover the anti-migraine active compounds from DJS and preliminary predicted the pharmacological mechanism by evaluating the spectrum-effect relationship between high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprints and anti-migraine effects of Duijinsan (DJS) extract combined with molecular docking. MATERIALS AND METHODS HPLC and LC-MS were applied for chemical analyses of DJS extracts in different proportions. Inhibition of DJS extracts on trigeminal nerve cell releasing calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) experiment was performed. The active compounds were screened by spectrum-effect relationship analysis and confirmed by molecular docking and the activities of major predicted compounds were validated in vitro. RESULTS Twenty-six common peaks were assigned and identified from the fingerprints of different proportions DJS extracts. In vitro experimental results showed that DJS extracts inhibited inflammation and release of CGRP from trigeminal nerve cells. Five predicted active compounds, Chrysin 6-C-arabinoside 8-C-glucoside, Chrysin 6-C-glucoside 8-C-arabinoside, baicalin, Chrysin-7-O-Beta-D-glucoronide and Oroxylin A 7-O-glucuronide were sorted out according to spectrum-effect relationship analysis and molecular docking comprehensively. In vitro validation experiments showed that all the predicted compounds inhibited the CGRP releasing and the activation of TRPV1 channel. Baicalin, chrysin-7-O-β-D-glucuronide and Oroxylin A-7-glucoronide significantly inhibited the activation of TRPV1 channel. CONCLUSION Chrysin 6-C-arabinoside 8-C-glucoside, Chrysin 6-C-glucoside 8-C-arabinoside, baicalin, Chrysin-7-O-Beta-D-glucoronide and Oroxylin A 7-O-glucuronide which can inhibit the CGRP releasing and the activation of TRPV1 channel were screened as the anti-migraine active compounds by spectrum-effect relationship analysis and molecular docking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Zheng
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Lu Gan
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Li-Ying Jia
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - De-Cui Zhou
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Sheng Bi
- Shandong Hongjitang Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd, Jinan, 250103, PR China.
| | - Zhao-Qing Meng
- Shandong Hongjitang Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd, Jinan, 250103, PR China.
| | - Gui-Ju Guan
- Shandong Hongjitang Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd, Jinan, 250103, PR China.
| | - Meng-Meng Huang
- Shandong Hongjitang Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd, Jinan, 250103, PR China.
| | - Xin He
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Chun-Feng Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Chong-Zhi Wang
- Tang Center of Herbal Medicine Research and Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - Chun-Su Yuan
- Tang Center of Herbal Medicine Research and Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
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Zhao L, Ma P, Peng Y, Wang M, Peng C, Zhang Y, Li X. Amelioration of hyperglycaemia and hyperlipidaemia by adjusting the interplay between gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism: Radix Scutellariae as a case. Phytomedicine 2021; 83:153477. [PMID: 33545549 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our previous clinical research showed that the interaction between gut microbiota and bile acids (BAs) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) changed significantly. We hypothesized that T2DM could be improved by adjusting this interaction mediated by farnesoid X receptor (FXR). T2DM belongs to the category of "xiaoke" in traditional Chinese medicine. Radix scutellariae has the effects of clearing away heat and eliminating dampness, curing jaundice and quenching thirst and is widely used alone or in combination with other medicines for the treatment of T2DM in China and throughout Asia. Additionally, the interaction between Radix scutellariae and gut microbiota may influence its efficacy in the treatment of T2DM. PURPOSE This study chose Radix scutellariae to validate that T2DM could improve by adjusting the interaction between gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Radix scutellariae water extract (WESB) was administered to a T2DM rat model established by a high-fat diet combined with streptozotocin. The body weight and blood glucose and insulin levels were measured. The levels of serum lipids, creatinine, uric acid, albumin and total bile acid were also detected. Changes in the pathology and histology of the pancreas, liver and kidney were observed by haematoxylin-eosin staining. The 16S rRNAs of gut microbiota were sequenced, and the faecal and serum BAs were determined by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The expression levels of BA metabolism-associated proteins in the liver and intestine were evaluated by immunoblot analysis. RESULTS The results showed that WESB improved hyperglycaemia, hyperlipaemia, and liver and kidney damage in T2DM rats. In addition, the abundances of key gut microbiota and the concentrations of certain secondary BAs in faeces and serum were restored. Moreover, there was a significant correlation between the restored gut microbiota and BAs, which might be related to the activation of liver cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) and the inhibition of FXR expression in the intestine rather than the liver. CONCLUSIONS This study provided new ideas for the prevention or treatment of clinical diabetes and its complications by adjusting the interaction between gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Ping Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ying Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Mengyue Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chongsheng Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yulong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.
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Lu F, Zhang WJ, Zhai S, Sun YW, Chen QJ, Yang XL, Zhang CF, Wang CZ, Yuan CS. Anti-migraine effect of wine-processed Radix scutellariae: Pharmacodynamic verification in nitroglycerin-induced rats and correlation study between compounds dissolution and the fractal dimension. J Ethnopharmacol 2020; 263:113131. [PMID: 32730879 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Wine-processed Radix scutellariae (RS) is the processed product of RS, which is the dried root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. It is recorded in Chinese traditional formula that wine-processed RS has the effect of anti-migraine, while the effect has not been confirmed and the possible mechanism remains unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY To verify the anti-migraine effect of wine-processed RS in nitroglycerin (NTG)-induced rats and explore the correlation between compounds dissolution and the pore structure based on fractal theory. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the validation of pharmacodynamics, the effects of wine-processed RS on migraines were firstly evaluated by observing the number of head-scratching of rats, then investigated by determining the levels of nitric oxide (NO), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and the expression of c-Fos in the brain of NTG-induced rat models using ELISA and immunohistochemical assessments. In the correlation study, the stir-frying time of RS was set to 5 min, 10 min and 15 min. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) and mercury intrusion method were used to explore the pore structure and main parameters of the pore structure including pore size distribution, pore volume, porosity, surface area and fractal dimension. The compounds dissolution of total flavonoids and five major components containing baicalein, baicalin, scutellarin, wogonin and wogonoside was determined by UV-Vis spectrophotometry and HPLC separately. RESULTS The animal experiments had shown that wine-processed RS could significantly reduce the head-scratching times of NTG-induced rat models (p < 0.01) and markedly decrease the levels of NO (p < 0.01), CGRP (p < 0.05) and the expression of c-Fos (p < 0.01) compared with model group. The data indicated that wine-processing would affect the dissolution of compounds by changing the pore structure of RS. The order of positive correlation between pore structure parameters and compounds' dissolution was total surface area > fractal dimension (r > 0) and the order of negative correlation was average pore size > total porosity > total volume (r < 0). Compared with the other sample groups (p < 0.05), the wine-processed RS stir-fried for 10 min had a pore structure which was more favorable for compounds dissolution. CONCLUSIONS Wine-processing could strengthen the anti-migraine effect of RS by changing the pore structure of RS, which is linked to the dissolution of compounds. The RS stir-fried for 10 min may be more effective in treating migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Lu
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, JS, 210009, China
| | - Wen-Jun Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, JS, 210009, China
| | - Shuo Zhai
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, JS, 210009, China
| | - Yue-Wen Sun
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, JS, 210009, China
| | - Qiu-Jing Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, JS, 210009, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Yang
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Chun-Feng Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, JS, 210009, China; Tang Center of Herbal Medicine Research and Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - Chong-Zhi Wang
- Tang Center of Herbal Medicine Research and Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Chun-Su Yuan
- Tang Center of Herbal Medicine Research and Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
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Wang L, Tan N, Wang H, Hu J, Diwu W, Wang X. A systematic analysis of natural α-glucosidase inhibitors from flavonoids of Radix scutellariae using ultrafiltration UPLC-TripleTOF-MS/MS and network pharmacology. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:72. [PMID: 32143602 PMCID: PMC7076893 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-2871-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flavonoids from plant medicines are supposed to be viable alternatives for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D) as less toxicity and side effects. Radix scutellariae (RS) is a widely used traditional medicine in Asia. It has shown great potential in the research of T2D. However, the pharmacological actions remain obscured due to the complex chemical nature of plant medicines. METHODS In the present study, a systematic method combining ultrafiltration UPLC-TripleTOF-MS/MS and network pharmacology was developed to screen α-glucosidase inhibitors from flavonoids of RS, and explore the underlying mechanism for the treatment of T2D. RESULTS The n-butanol part of ethanol extract from RS showed a strong α-glucosidase inhibition activity (90.55%, IC50 0.551 mg/mL) against positive control acarbose (90.59%, IC50 1.079 mg/mL). A total of 32 kinds of flavonoids were identified from the extract, and their ESI-MS/MS behaviors were elucidated. Thirteen compounds were screened as α-glucosidase inhibitors, including viscidulin III, 2',3,5,6',7-pentahydroxyflavanone, and so on. A compound-target-pathway (CTP) network was constructed by integrating these α-glucosidase inhibitors, target proteins, and related pathways. This network exhibited an uneven distribution and approximate scale-free property. Chrysin (k = 87), 5,8,2'-trihydroxy-7-methoxyflavone (k = 21) and wogonin (k = 20) were selected as the main active constituents with much higher degree values. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) weighted network was built for target proteins of these α-glucosidase inhibitors and drug targets of T2D. PPARG (Cd = 0.165, Cb = 0.232, Cc = 0.401), ACACB (Cd = 0.155, Cb = 0.184, Cc = 0.318), NFKB1 (Cd = 0.233, Cb = 0.161, Cc = 0.431), and PGH2 (Cd = 0.194, Cb = 0.157, Cc = 0.427) exhibited as key targets with the highest scores of centrality indices. Furthermore, a core subnetwork was extracted from the CTP and PPI weighted network. Type II diabetes mellitus (hsa04930) and PPAR signaling pathway (hsa03320) were confirmed as the critical pathways. CONCLUSIONS These results improved current understanding of natural flavonoids on the treatment of T2D. The combination of ultrafiltration UPLC-TripleTOF-MS/MS and network pharmacology provides a novel strategy for the research of plant medicines and complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, High-tech Avenue 1#, Baoji, 721013 China
| | - Nana Tan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, High-tech Avenue 1#, Baoji, 721013 China
| | - Huan Wang
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji, 721013 China
| | - Jingbo Hu
- College of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji, 721013 China
- Department of Physics, Center for Nonlinear Complex Systems, School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091 China
| | - Wenbo Diwu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, High-tech Avenue 1#, Baoji, 721013 China
| | - Xiaoling Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, High-tech Avenue 1#, Baoji, 721013 China
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Boost M, Yau P, Yap M, Cho P. Determination of cytotoxicity of traditional Chinese medicine herbs, Rhizoma coptidis, Radix scutellariae, and Cortex phellodendri, by three methods. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2016; 39:128-32. [PMID: 26421730 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many herbs are used in traditional Chinese medicine TCM) for treatment of infections but their properties, in particular, their effects on normal cells have received little attention. This study investigated the cytotoxic properties of three TCM herbs with potential use in prevention and treatment of ocular infections, including Acanthamoeba keratitis. METHOD The study investigated cytotoxic effects of the herbal extracts of Rhizoma coptidis, Radix scutellariae, and Cortex phellodendri on human corneal epithelial cells using trypan blue staining, MTT production, and flow cytometry. Differences between herbs were determined using repeated measures one-way analysis of variance, followed by paired t-tests where appropriate. RESULTS These three herbs appeared to lack cytotoxicity when tested with trypan blue and MTT, but flow cytometry revealed that R. coptidis led to cell membrane damage. CONCLUSION Lack of cytotoxicity of R. scutellariae and C. phellodendri extracts suggest that these are potentially suitable for use in ocular preparations. Only flow cytometry was able to accurately predict cytotoxic effects of extracts of TCM herbs on HCEC, demonstrating the importance of using a sensitive method of detection of cytotoxicity.
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Huang P, Tan S, Zhang YX, Li JS, Chai C, Li JJ, Cai BC. The effects of wine-processing on ascending and descending: The distribution of flavonoids in rat tissues after oral administration of crude and wine-processed Radix scutellariae. J Ethnopharmacol 2014; 155:649-664. [PMID: 24930356 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.05.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ascending and descending theory is a core principle of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theories. It plays an essential role in TCM clinical applications. Some TCM medicine has specific properties, which could alter the inclination and direction of their actions. The properties of the ascending and floating process of one herbal medicine are affected by means of herb processing. Wine-processing, which is sautéing with rice wine, is one of the most popular technologies of herb processing. Wine-processing increases the inclination and direction of its actions, thereby producing or strengthening their efficacy in cleaning the upper-energizer heat. Radix scutellariae, the dried roots of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, is a well-known TCM used for the treatment of inflammation, pyrexia, jaundice, etc. Recently, wine-processed Radix scutellariae was normally applied in clinical studies for the treatment of upper-energizer syndrome. In order to investigate the effects of wine-processing on ascending and descending of Radix scutellariae, the comparative study of distribution of flavonoids in rat tissues of triple energizers (SanJiao-upper, middle, lower jiao) after oral administration of crude and wine-processed Radix scutellariae aqueous extracts was carried out. MATERIALS AND METHODS The rats were randomly assigned to two groups and orally administered with crude and wine-processed Radix scutellariae aqueous extracts, respectively. At different pre-determined time points after administration, the concentrations of compounds in rat tissue homogenate were determined, and the main tissue pharmacokinetic parameters were investigated. Tissue pharmacokinetic parameters including AUC0-t, t1/2, Tmax and Cmax were calculated using DAS 2.0. An unpaired Student t-test was used to compare the differences in tissue pharmacokinetic parameters between the two groups. All the results were expressed as arithmetic mean±S.D. RESULTS The parameters of Cmax and AUC0-t of some flavonoids in wine-processed Radix scutellariae were remarkably increased (p<0.05, p<0.01, p<0.001) in the rat upper-energizer tissues (lung and heart) compared with those of the crude group. However, in the rat middle- and lower-energizer tissues (spleen, liver and kidney), the Cmax and AUC0-t of some flavonoids were significantly decreased (p<0.05, p<0.01) compared with the crude group. The main explanation for these differences seems to the effects of wine-processing on ascending and descending theory. CONCLUSIONS All of these differences in the distribution of triple energizers after oral administration of crude and wine-processed Radix scutellariae aqueous extracts may lead to the increase of efficacy on the upper-energizer tissues and were in compliance with the ascending and descending theory. Therefore, wine-processing was recommended when Radix scutellariae was used for cleaning the upper-energizer heat and humidity. The obtained knowledge can be used to evaluate the impact of these differences on the efficacy of both the drugs in clinical applications and might be helpful in explaining the effects of wine-processing on ascending and descending theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing 210023 , PR China; Jiangsu Provincial TCM Engineering Technology Research Center of High Efficient Drug Delivery System (DDS), Nanjing 210023, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Processing, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Shanzhong Tan
- The Second Hospital of Nanjing, 1-1 Zhongfu Road, Nanjing 210003, PR China
| | - Yong-xin Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing 210023 , PR China; Jiangsu Provincial TCM Engineering Technology Research Center of High Efficient Drug Delivery System (DDS), Nanjing 210023, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Processing, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Jun-song Li
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing 210023 , PR China; Jiangsu Provincial TCM Engineering Technology Research Center of High Efficient Drug Delivery System (DDS), Nanjing 210023, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Processing, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| | - Chuan Chai
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing 210023 , PR China
| | - Jin-ji Li
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing 210023 , PR China; Jiangsu Provincial TCM Engineering Technology Research Center of High Efficient Drug Delivery System (DDS), Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Bao-chang Cai
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing 210023 , PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Processing, Nanjing 210023, PR China
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Xu J, Zhao M, Qian D, Shang EX, Jiang S, Guo J, Duan JA, Du L. Comparative metabolism of Radix scutellariae extract by intestinal bacteria from normal and type 2 diabetic mice in vitro. J Ethnopharmacol 2014; 153:368-374. [PMID: 24632019 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Revised: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been used in clinical practice for several thousand years. TCM has played an indispensable role in the prevention and treatment of disease, especially the complicated and chronic ones. In TCMs, many ingredients which are known to have biological effects just pass through the gut, they do not get into the bloodstream. Study on interactions of these active ingredients with the intestinal bacteria is very helpful to unravel how TCM works. Radix scutellariae was widely used alone or in combination with other medicinal herbs to the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus for a long time in China even in Asia. Additionally, the incidence of type 2 diabetes is closely related to the changes of intestinal flora. In this paper, the metabolism of baicalin in Radix scutellariae extract by normal and type 2 diabetic mice intestinal bacteria were firstly investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ultra performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/QTOF-MS) technique combined with Metabolynx(TM) software was used for analysis of the metabolic profile of baicalin in Radix scutellariae extracts by the intestinal bacteria from normal and type 2 diabetic mice. RESULTS The amount of baicalin׳s aglycone (baicalein) in type 2 diabetic mice samples were remarkably more than that in normal mice samples and oroxylin A only existed in type 2 diabetic mice samples. Intestinal bacteria produced not only a small amount of baicalein, but also some conjugates such as hydrogenated baicalin and methylated baicalin. CONCLUSIONS We proposed that β-d-glucuronidases contributed to the deglycosylation prior to absorption. Intestinal bacteria from pathological state mice produced more baicalein, which was well absorbed contributing to the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Additionally, the pharmacological effects of oroxylin A were associated with type 2 diabetes. Hence, the production of metabolites of baicalin might influence the effects of traditional medicines. Thus the study on the metabolism of baicalin by intestinal bacteria from normal and type 2 diabetic mice was of great importance to understanding the effects of traditional medicines. Furthermore, this work demonstrated the potential of the ultra performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry approach with MetaboLynx for quite rapid, simple, reliable and automated identification of metabolites of natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Min Zhao
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Dawei Qian
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Er-xin Shang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Shu Jiang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| | - Jianming Guo
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Jin-ao Duan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| | - Leyue Du
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, PR China
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