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Plucarová J, Jansen S, Narasimhan S, Laníková A, Lewitzky M, Feller SM, Žídek L. Specific phosphorylation of microtubule-associated protein 2c by extracellular signal-regulated kinase reduces interactions at its Pro-rich regions. J Biol Chem 2022;:102384. [PMID: 35987383 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) is an important neuronal target of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 (ERK2) involved in Raf signaling pathways, but mechanistic details of MAP2 phosphorylation are unclear. Here, we used NMR spectroscopy to quantitatively describe the kinetics of phosphorylation of individual serines and threonines in the embryonic MAP2 variant MAP2c. We carried out real-time monitoring of phosphorylation to discover major phosphorylation sites that were not identified in previous studies relying on specific antibodies. Our comparison with phosphorylation of MAP2c by a model cyclin-dependent kinase CDK2 and with phosphorylation of the MAP2c homolog Tau revealed differences in phosphorylation profiles that explain specificity of regulation of biological functions of MAP2c and Tau. To probe the molecular basis of the regulatory effect of ERK2, we investigated the interactions of phosphorylated and unphosphorylated MAP2c by NMR with single-residue resolution. As ERK2 phosphorylates mostly outside the regions binding microtubules, we studied the binding of proteins other than tubulin, namely regulatory subunit RIIα of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), adaptor protein Grb2, Src homology domain 3 of tyrosine kinases Fyn and Abl, and ERK2 itself. We found ERK2 phosphorylation interfered mostly with binding to proline-rich regions of MAP2c. Furthermore, our NMR experiments in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell lysates showed that the kinetics of dephosphorylation are compatible with in-cell NMR studies and that residues targeted by ERK2 and PKA are efficiently phosphorylated in the cell lysates. Taken together, our results provide a deeper characterization of MAP2c phosphorylation and its effects on interactions with other proteins.
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Matsubara T, Addison WN, Kokabu S, Neff L, Horne W, Gori F, Baron R. Characterization of unique functionalities in c-Src domains required for osteoclast podosome belt formation. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100790. [PMID: 34019873 PMCID: PMC8196221 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Deletion of c-Src, a ubiquitously expressed tyrosine kinase, results in osteoclast dysfunction and osteopetrosis, in which bones harden into "stone." In contrast, deletion of the genes encoding other members of the Src family kinase (SFK) fails to produce an osteopetrotic phenotype. This suggests that c-Src performs a unique function in the osteoclast that cannot be compensated for by other SFKs. We aimed to identify the molecular basis of this unique role in osteoclasts and bone resorption. We found that c-Src, Lyn, and Fyn were the most highly expressed SFKs in WT osteoclasts, whereas Hck, Lck, Blk, and Fgr displayed low levels of expression. Formation of the podosome belt, clusters of unique actin assemblies, was disrupted in src-/- osteoclasts; introduction of constitutively activated SFKs revealed that only c-Src and Fyn could restore this process. To identify the key structural domains responsible, we constructed chimeric Src-Hck and Src-Lyn constructs in which the unique, SH3, SH2, or catalytic domains had been swapped. We found that the Src unique, SH3, and kinase domains were each crucial to establish Src functionality. The SH2 domain could however be substituted with Lyn or Hck SH2 domains. Furthermore, we demonstrate that c-Src's functionality is, in part, derived from an SH3-proximal proline-rich domain interaction with c-Cbl, leading to phosphorylation of c-Cbl Tyr700. These data help clarify Src's unique functionality in the organization of the cytoskeleton in osteoclasts, required for efficient bone resorption and explain why c-Src cannot be replaced, in osteoclasts, by other SFKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Matsubara
- Division of Bone and Mineral Research, Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Division of Molecular Signaling and Biochemistry, Department of Health Improvement, Kyushu Dental University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - William N Addison
- Division of Bone and Mineral Research, Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Division of Molecular Signaling and Biochemistry, Department of Health Improvement, Kyushu Dental University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Kokabu
- Division of Molecular Signaling and Biochemistry, Department of Health Improvement, Kyushu Dental University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Lynn Neff
- Division of Bone and Mineral Research, Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - William Horne
- Division of Bone and Mineral Research, Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Francesca Gori
- Division of Bone and Mineral Research, Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Roland Baron
- Division of Bone and Mineral Research, Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Endocrine Unit, MGH, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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3
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Staudt RP, Alvarado JJ, Emert-Sedlak LA, Shi H, Shu ST, Wales TE, Engen JR, Smithgall TE. Structure, function, and inhibitor targeting of HIV-1 Nef-effector kinase complexes. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:15158-15171. [PMID: 32862141 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.012317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy has revolutionized the treatment of AIDS, turning a deadly disease into a manageable chronic condition. Life-long treatment is required because existing drugs do not eradicate HIV-infected cells. The emergence of drug-resistant viral strains and uncertain vaccine prospects highlight the pressing need for new therapeutic approaches with the potential to clear the virus. The HIV-1 accessory protein Nef is essential for viral pathogenesis, making it a promising target for antiretroviral drug discovery. Nef enhances viral replication and promotes immune escape of HIV-infected cells but lacks intrinsic enzymatic activity. Instead, Nef works through diverse interactions with host cell proteins primarily related to kinase signaling pathways and endosomal trafficking. This review emphasizes the structure, function, and biological relevance of Nef interactions with host cell protein-tyrosine kinases in the broader context of Nef functions related to enhancement of the viral life cycle and immune escape. Drug discovery targeting Nef-mediated kinase activation has allowed identification of promising inhibitors of multiple Nef functions. Pharmacological inhibitors of Nef-induced MHC-I down-regulation restore the adaptive immune response to HIV-infected cells in vitro and have the potential to enhance immune recognition of latent viral reservoirs as part of a strategy for HIV clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P Staudt
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John J Alvarado
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lori A Emert-Sedlak
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Haibin Shi
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sherry T Shu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Thomas E Wales
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John R Engen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thomas E Smithgall
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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4
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Tomida S, Takata M, Hirata T, Nagae M, Nakano M, Kizuka Y. The SH3 domain in the fucosyltransferase FUT8 controls FUT8 activity and localization and is essential for core fucosylation. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:7992-8004. [PMID: 32350116 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Core fucose is an N-glycan structure synthesized by α1,6-fucosyltransferase 8 (FUT8) localized to the Golgi apparatus and critically regulates the functions of various glycoproteins. However, how FUT8 activity is regulated in cells remains largely unclear. At the luminal side and uncommon for Golgi proteins, FUT8 has an Src homology 3 (SH3) domain, which is usually found in cytosolic signal transduction molecules and generally mediates protein-protein interactions in the cytosol. However, the SH3 domain has not been identified in other glycosyltransferases, suggesting that FUT8's functions are selectively regulated by this domain. In this study, using truncated FUT8 constructs, immunofluorescence staining, FACS analysis, cell-surface biotinylation, proteomics, and LC-electrospray ionization MS analyses, we reveal that the SH3 domain is essential for FUT8 activity both in cells and in vitro and identified His-535 in the SH3 domain as the critical residue for enzymatic activity of FUT8. Furthermore, we found that although FUT8 is mainly localized to the Golgi, it also partially localizes to the cell surface in an SH3-dependent manner, indicating that the SH3 domain is also involved in FUT8 trafficking. Finally, we identified ribophorin I (RPN1), a subunit of the oligosaccharyltransferase complex, as an SH3-dependent binding protein of FUT8. RPN1 knockdown decreased both FUT8 activity and core fucose levels, indicating that RPN1 stimulates FUT8 activity. Our findings indicate that the SH3 domain critically controls FUT8 catalytic activity and localization and is required for binding by RPN1, which promotes FUT8 activity and core fucosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seita Tomida
- Center for Highly Advanced Integration of Nano and Life Sciences (G-CHAIN), Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.,Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Misaki Takata
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hirata
- Center for Highly Advanced Integration of Nano and Life Sciences (G-CHAIN), Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Masamichi Nagae
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Disease, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Miyako Nakano
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Kizuka
- Center for Highly Advanced Integration of Nano and Life Sciences (G-CHAIN), Gifu University, Gifu, Japan .,Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Tokai National Higher Education and Research System, Gifu, Japan
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5
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Sen S, Udgaonkar JB. Binding-induced folding under unfolding conditions: Switching between induced fit and conformational selection mechanisms. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:16942-16952. [PMID: 31582563 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemistry of protein-ligand binding is the basis of virtually every biological process. Ligand binding can be essential for a protein to function in the cell by stabilizing or altering the conformation of a protein, particularly for partially or completely unstructured proteins. However, the mechanisms by which ligand binding impacts disordered proteins or influences the role of disorder in protein folding is not clear. To gain insight into this question, the mechanism of folding induced by the binding of a Pro-rich peptide ligand to the SH3 domain of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase unfolded in the presence of urea has been studied using kinetic methods. Under strongly denaturing conditions, folding was found to follow a conformational selection (CS) mechanism. However, under mildly denaturing conditions, a ligand concentration-dependent switch in the mechanism was observed. The folding mechanism switched from being predominantly a CS mechanism at low ligand concentrations to being predominantly an induced fit (IF) mechanism at high ligand concentrations. The switch in the mechanism manifests itself as an increase in the reaction flux along the IF pathway at high ligand concentrations. The results indicate that, in the case of intrinsically disordered proteins too, the folding mechanism is determined by the concentration of the ligand that induces structure formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreemantee Sen
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru 560065, India Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Pashan, Pune 411 008, India
| | - Jayant B Udgaonkar
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru 560065, India Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Pashan, Pune 411 008, India
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6
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Lauenstein JU, Udgata A, Bartram A, De Sutter D, Fisher DI, Halabi S, Eyckerman S, Gay NJ. Phosphorylation of the multifunctional signal transducer B-cell adaptor protein (BCAP) promotes recruitment of multiple SH2/SH3 proteins including GRB2. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:19852-19861. [PMID: 31527084 PMCID: PMC6937578 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
B-cell adaptor protein (BCAP) is a multimodular, multifunctional signal transducer that regulates signal transduction pathways in leukocytes, including macrophages, B-cells, and T-cells. In particular, BCAP suppresses inflammatory signaling by Toll-like receptors (TLRs). However, how BCAP itself is regulated and what its interaction partners are is unclear. Here, using human immune cell lines, including THP-1 cells, we characterized the complex phosphorylation patterns of BCAP and used a novel protein complex trapping strategy, called virotrap, to identify its interaction partners. This analysis identified known interactions of BCAP with phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) p85 subunit and NCK adaptor protein (NCK), together with previously unknown interactions of BCAP with Src homology 2 (SH2) and SH3 domain-containing adaptor proteins, notably growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (GRB2) and CRK-like proto-oncogene, adaptor protein (CRKL). We show that the SH3 domain of GRB2 can bind to BCAP independently of BCAP phosphorylation status, suggesting that the SH2 domains mediate interactions with activated receptor tyrosine kinase complexes including the CD19 subunit of the B-cell receptor. Our results also suggested that the PI3K p85 subunit binds to BCAP via SH3 domains forming an inactive complex that is then activated by sequential binding with the SH2 domains. Taken together, our results indicate that BCAP is a complex hub that processes signals from multiple pathways in diverse cell types of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes U Lauenstein
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
| | - Atul Udgata
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Bartram
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
| | - Delphine De Sutter
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, A. Baertsoenkaai 3, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - David I Fisher
- Discovery Sciences, Discovery Biology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Samer Halabi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
| | - Sven Eyckerman
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, A. Baertsoenkaai 3, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Nicholas J Gay
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
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7
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Andersen TCB, Kristiansen PE, Huszenicza Z, Johansson MU, Gopalakrishnan RP, Kjelstrup H, Boyken S, Sundvold-Gjerstad V, Granum S, Sørli M, Backe PH, Fulton DB, Karlsson BG, Andreotti AH, Spurkland A. The SH3 domains of the protein kinases ITK and LCK compete for adjacent sites on T cell-specific adapter protein. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:15480-15494. [PMID: 31484725 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell activation requires stimulation of specific intracellular signaling pathways in which protein-tyrosine kinases, phosphatases, and adapter proteins interact to transmit signals from the T-cell receptor to the nucleus. Interactions of LCK proto-oncogene, SRC family tyrosine kinase (LCK), and the IL-2-inducible T cell kinase (ITK) with the T cell-specific adapter protein (TSAD) promotes LCK-mediated phosphorylation and thereby ITK activation. Both ITK and LCK interact with TSAD's proline-rich region (PRR) through their Src homology 3 (SH3) domains. Whereas LCK may also interact with TSAD through its SH2 domain, ITK interacts with TSAD only through its SH3 domain. To begin to understand on a molecular level how the LCK SH3 and ITK SH3 domains interact with TSAD in human HEK293T cells, here we combined biochemical analyses with NMR spectroscopy. We found that the ITK and LCK SH3 domains potentially have adjacent and overlapping binding sites within the TSAD PRR amino acids (aa) 239-274. Pulldown experiments and NMR spectroscopy revealed that both domains may bind to TSAD aa 239-256 and aa 257-274. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments further revealed that both domains may also bind simultaneously to TSAD aa 242-268. Accordingly, NMR spectroscopy indicated that the SH3 domains may compete for these two adjacent binding sites. We propose that once the associations of ITK and LCK with TSAD promote the ITK and LCK interaction, the interactions among TSAD, ITK, and LCK are dynamically altered by ITK phosphorylation status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorny Cesilie Bie Andersen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Zsuzsa Huszenicza
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Maria U Johansson
- Swedish NMR Centre at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 413 90, Sweden
| | | | - Hanna Kjelstrup
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Scott Boyken
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-1079
| | - Vibeke Sundvold-Gjerstad
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Stine Granum
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Morten Sørli
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Paul Hoff Backe
- Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, 0424 Oslo, Norway.,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - D Bruce Fulton
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-1079
| | - B Göran Karlsson
- Swedish NMR Centre at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 413 90, Sweden
| | - Amy H Andreotti
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-1079
| | - Anne Spurkland
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway
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8
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Merő B, Radnai L, Gógl G, Tőke O, Leveles I, Koprivanacz K, Szeder B, Dülk M, Kudlik G, Vas V, Cserkaszky A, Sipeki S, Nyitray L, Vértessy BG, Buday L. Structural insights into the tyrosine phosphorylation-mediated inhibition of SH3 domain-ligand interactions. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:4608-4620. [PMID: 30659095 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Src homology 3 (SH3) domains bind proline-rich linear motifs in eukaryotes. By mediating inter- and intramolecular interactions, they regulate the functions of many proteins involved in a wide variety of signal transduction pathways. Phosphorylation at different tyrosine residues in SH3 domains has been reported previously. In several cases, the functional consequences have also been investigated. However, a full understanding of the effects of tyrosine phosphorylation on the ligand interactions and cellular functions of SH3 domains requires detailed structural, atomic-resolution studies along with biochemical and biophysical analyses. Here, we present the first crystal structures of tyrosine-phosphorylated human SH3 domains derived from the Abelson-family kinases ABL1 and ABL2 at 1.6 and 1.4 Å resolutions, respectively. The structures revealed that simultaneous phosphorylation of Tyr89 and Tyr134 in ABL1 or the homologous residues Tyr116 and Tyr161 in ABL2 induces only minor structural perturbations. Instead, the phosphate groups sterically blocked the ligand-binding grooves, thereby strongly inhibiting the interaction with proline-rich peptide ligands. Although some crystal contact surfaces involving phosphotyrosines suggested the possibility of tyrosine phosphorylation-induced dimerization, we excluded this possibility by using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and NMR relaxation analyses. Extensive analysis of relevant databases and literature revealed not only that the residues phosphorylated in our model systems are well-conserved in other human SH3 domains, but that the corresponding tyrosines are known phosphorylation sites in vivo in many cases. We conclude that tyrosine phosphorylation might be a mechanism involved in the regulation of the human SH3 interactome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gergő Gógl
- the Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Tőke
- Laboratory for NMR Spectroscopy, Research Center for Natural Sciences (RCNS), Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Ibolya Leveles
- From the Institute of Enzymology and.,the Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Szt. Gellért tér 4, Budapest H-1111, Hungary, and
| | | | | | | | | | - Virág Vas
- From the Institute of Enzymology and
| | | | - Szabolcs Sipeki
- the Department of Medical Chemistry, Semmelweis University Medical School, Tűzoltó u. 37-47, Budapest H-1094, Hungary
| | - László Nyitray
- the Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Beáta G Vértessy
- From the Institute of Enzymology and.,the Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Szt. Gellért tér 4, Budapest H-1111, Hungary, and
| | - László Buday
- From the Institute of Enzymology and .,the Department of Medical Chemistry, Semmelweis University Medical School, Tűzoltó u. 37-47, Budapest H-1094, Hungary
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9
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Kokoszka ME, Kall SL, Khosla S, McGinnis JE, Lavie A, Kay BK. Identification of two distinct peptide-binding pockets in the SH3 domain of human mixed-lineage kinase 3. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:13553-13565. [PMID: 29980598 PMCID: PMC6120190 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mixed-lineage kinase 3 (MLK3; also known as MAP3K11) is a Ser/Thr protein kinase widely expressed in normal and cancerous tissues, including brain, lung, liver, heart, and skeletal muscle tissues. Its Src homology 3 (SH3) domain has been implicated in MLK3 autoinhibition and interactions with other proteins, including those from viruses. The MLK3 SH3 domain contains a six-amino-acid insert corresponding to the n-Src insert, suggesting that MLK3 may bind additional peptides. Here, affinity selection of a phage-displayed combinatorial peptide library for MLK3's SH3 domain yielded a 13-mer peptide, designated "MLK3 SH3-interacting peptide" (MIP). Unlike most SH3 domain peptide ligands, MIP contained a single proline. The 1.2-Å crystal structure of the MIP-bound SH3 domain revealed that the peptide adopts a β-hairpin shape, and comparison with a 1.5-Å apo SH3 domain structure disclosed that the n-Src loop in SH3 undergoes an MIP-induced conformational change. A 1.5-Å structure of the MLK3 SH3 domain bound to a canonical proline-rich peptide from hepatitis C virus nonstructural 5A (NS5A) protein revealed that it and MIP bind the SH3 domain at two distinct sites, but biophysical analyses suggested that the two peptides compete with each other for SH3 binding. Moreover, SH3 domains of MLK1 and MLK4, but not MLK2, also bound MIP, suggesting that the MLK1-4 family may be differentially regulated through their SH3 domains. In summary, we have identified two distinct peptide-binding sites in the SH3 domain of MLK3, providing critical insights into mechanisms of ligand binding by the MLK family of kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefanie L Kall
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60607
| | | | | | - Arnon Lavie
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60607
| | - Brian K Kay
- From the Departments of Biological Sciences and
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10
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Lin Y, Currie SL, Rosen MK. Intrinsically disordered sequences enable modulation of protein phase separation through distributed tyrosine motifs. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:19110-19120. [PMID: 28924037 PMCID: PMC5704491 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.800466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) is thought to contribute to the establishment of many biomolecular condensates, eukaryotic cell structures that concentrate diverse macromolecules but lack a bounding membrane. RNA granules control RNA metabolism and comprise a large class of condensates that are enriched in RNA-binding proteins and RNA molecules. Many RNA granule proteins are composed of both modular domains and intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) having low amino acid sequence complexity. Phase separation of these molecules likely plays an important role in the generation and stability of RNA granules. To understand how folded domains and IDRs can cooperate to modulate LLPS, we generated a series of engineered proteins. These were based on fusions of an IDR derived from the RNA granule protein FUS (fused in sarcoma) to a multivalent poly-Src homology 3 (SH3) domain protein that phase-separates when mixed with a poly-proline–rich-motif (polyPRM) ligand. We found that the wild-type IDR promotes LLPS of the polySH3–polyPRM system, decreasing the phase separation threshold concentration by 8-fold. Systematic mutation of tyrosine residues in Gly/Ser-Tyr-Gly/Ser motifs of the IDR reduced this effect, depending on the number but not on the position of these substitutions. Mutating all tyrosines to non-aromatic residues or phosphorylating the IDR raised the phase separation threshold above that of the unmodified polySH3–polyPRM pair. These results show that low-complexity IDRs can modulate LLPS both positively and negatively, depending on the degree of aromaticity and phosphorylation status. Our findings provide plausible mechanisms by which these sequences could alter RNA granule properties on evolutionary and cellular timescales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Lin
- From the Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and.,the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Simon L Currie
- From the Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and.,the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Michael K Rosen
- From the Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and .,the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Dallas, Texas 75390
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11
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Desrochers G, Cappadocia L, Lussier-Price M, Ton AT, Ayoubi R, Serohijos A, Omichinski JG, Angers A. Molecular basis of interactions between SH3 domain-containing proteins and the proline-rich region of the ubiquitin ligase Itch. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:6325-6338. [PMID: 28235806 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.754440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The ligase Itch plays major roles in signaling pathways by inducing ubiquitylation-dependent degradation of several substrates. Substrate recognition and binding are critical for the regulation of this reaction. Like closely related ligases, Itch can interact with proteins containing a PPXY motif via its WW domains. In addition to these WW domains, Itch possesses a proline-rich region (PRR) that has been shown to interact with several Src homology 3 (SH3) domain-containing proteins. We have previously established that despite the apparent surface uniformity and conserved fold of SH3 domains, they display different binding mechanisms and affinities for their interaction with the PRR of Itch. Here, we attempt to determine the molecular bases underlying the wide range of binding properties of the Itch PRR. Using pulldown assays combined with mass spectrometry analysis, we show that the Itch PRR preferentially forms complexes with endophilins, amphyphisins, and pacsins but can also target a variety of other SH3 domain-containing proteins. In addition, we map the binding sites of these proteins using a combination of PRR sub-sequences and mutants. We find that different SH3 domains target distinct proline-rich sequences overlapping significantly. We also structurally analyze these protein complexes using crystallography and molecular modeling. These structures depict the position of Itch PRR engaged in a 1:2 protein complex with β-PIX and a 1:1 complex with the other SH3 domain-containing proteins. Taken together, these results reveal the binding preferences of the Itch PRR toward its most common SH3 domain-containing partners and demonstrate that the PRR region is sufficient for binding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laurent Cappadocia
- Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Mathieu Lussier-Price
- Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Anh-Tien Ton
- Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | | | - Adrian Serohijos
- Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - James G Omichinski
- Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
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12
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Tossavainen H, Aitio O, Hellman M, Saksela K, Permi P. Structural Basis of the High Affinity Interaction between the Alphavirus Nonstructural Protein-3 (nsP3) and the SH3 Domain of Amphiphysin-2. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:16307-17. [PMID: 27268056 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.732412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We show that a peptide from Chikungunya virus nsP3 protein spanning residues 1728-1744 binds the amphiphysin-2 (BIN1) Src homology-3 (SH3) domain with an unusually high affinity (Kd 24 nm). Our NMR solution complex structure together with isothermal titration calorimetry data on several related viral and cellular peptide ligands reveal that this exceptional affinity originates from interactions between multiple basic residues in the target peptide and the extensive negatively charged binding surface of amphiphysin-2 SH3. Remarkably, these arginines show no fixed conformation in the complex structure, indicating that a transient or fluctuating polyelectrostatic interaction accounts for this affinity. Thus, via optimization of such dynamic electrostatic forces, viral peptides have evolved a superior binding affinity for amphiphysin-2 SH3 compared with typical cellular ligands, such as dynamin, thereby enabling hijacking of amphiphysin-2 SH3-regulated host cell processes by these viruses. Moreover, our data show that the previously described consensus sequence PXRPXR for amphiphysin SH3 ligands is inaccurate and instead define it as an extended Class II binding motif PXXPXRpXR, where additional positive charges between the two constant arginine residues can give rise to extraordinary high SH3 binding affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Tossavainen
- From the Program in Structural Biology and Biophysics, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki and
| | - Olli Aitio
- From the Program in Structural Biology and Biophysics, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki and
| | - Maarit Hellman
- From the Program in Structural Biology and Biophysics, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki and
| | - Kalle Saksela
- the Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland and
| | - Perttu Permi
- From the Program in Structural Biology and Biophysics, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki and the Departments of Biological and Environmental Science and Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, FI-40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland
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13
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Luo L, Xue J, Kwan A, Gamsjaeger R, Wielens J, von Kleist L, Cubeddu L, Guo Z, Stow JL, Parker MW, Mackay JP, Robinson PJ. The Binding of Syndapin SH3 Domain to Dynamin Proline-rich Domain Involves Short and Long Distance Elements. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:9411-24. [PMID: 26893375 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.703108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynamin is a GTPase that mediates vesicle fission during synaptic vesicle endocytosis. Its long C-terminal proline-rich domain contains 13 PXXP motifs, which orchestrate its interactions with multiple proteins. The SH3 domains of syndapin and endophilin bind the PXXP motifs called Site 2 and 3 (Pro-786-Pro-793) at the N-terminal end of the proline-rich domain, whereas the amphiphysin SH3 binds Site 9 (Pro-833-Pro-836) toward the C-terminal end. In some proteins, SH3/peptide interactions also involve short distance elements, which are 5-15 amino acid extensions flanking the central PXXP motif for high affinity binding. Here we found two previously unrecognized elements in the central and the C-terminal end of the dynamin proline-rich domain that account for a significant increase in syndapin binding affinity compared with a previously reported Site 2 and Site 3 PXXP peptide alone. The first new element (Gly-807-Gly-811) is short distance element on the C-terminal side of Site 2 PXXP, which might contact a groove identified under the RT loop of the SH3 domain. The second element (Arg-838-Pro-844) is located about 50 amino acids downstream of Site 2. These two elements provide additional specificity to the syndapin SH3 domain outside of the well described polyproline-binding groove. Thus, the dynamin/syndapin interaction is mediated via a network of multiple contacts outside the core PXXP motif over a previously unrecognized extended region of the proline-rich domain. To our knowledge this is the first example among known SH3 interactions to involve spatially separated and extended long-range elements that combine to provide a higher affinity interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Luo
- From the Cell Signalling Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2145, Australia, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia, IMB Center for Inflammation and Disease Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jing Xue
- From the Cell Signalling Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2145, Australia
| | - Ann Kwan
- School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Roland Gamsjaeger
- School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia, School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, New South Wales 2751, Australia
| | - Jerome Wielens
- ACRF Rational Drug Discovery Center, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - Lisa von Kleist
- Group of Cellular Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Thielallee 63, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Liza Cubeddu
- School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia, School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, New South Wales 2751, Australia
| | - Zhong Guo
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jennifer L Stow
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia, IMB Center for Inflammation and Disease Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Michael W Parker
- ACRF Rational Drug Discovery Center, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Joel P Mackay
- School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia,
| | - Phillip J Robinson
- From the Cell Signalling Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2145, Australia,
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14
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Wu Y, Span LM, Nygren P, Zhu H, Moore DT, Cheng H, Roder H, DeGrado WF, Bennett JS. The Tyrosine Kinase c-Src Specifically Binds to the Active Integrin αIIbβ3 to Initiate Outside-in Signaling in Platelets. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:15825-15834. [PMID: 25947380 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.648428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
It is currently believed that inactive tyrosine kinase c-Src in platelets binds to the cytoplasmic tail of the β3 integrin subunit via its SH3 domain. Although a recent NMR study supports this contention, it is likely that such binding would be precluded in inactive c-Src because an auto-inhibitory linker physically occludes the β3 tail binding site. Accordingly, we have re-examined c-Src binding to β3 by immunoprecipitation as well as NMR spectroscopy. In unstimulated platelets, we detected little to no interaction between c-Src and β3. Following platelet activation, however, c-Src was co-immunoprecipitated with β3 in a time-dependent manner and underwent progressive activation as well. We then measured chemical shift perturbations in the (15)N-labeled SH3 domain induced by the C-terminal β3 tail peptide NITYRGT and found that the peptide interacted with the SH3 domain RT-loop and surrounding residues. A control peptide whose last three residues where replaced with those of the β1 cytoplasmic tail induced only small chemical shift perturbations on the opposite face of the SH3 domain. Next, to mimic inactive c-Src, we found that the canonical polyproline peptide RPLPPLP prevented binding of the β3 peptide to the RT- loop. Under these conditions, the β3 peptide induced chemical shift perturbations similar to the negative control. We conclude that the primary interaction of c-Src with the β3 tail occurs in its activated state and at a site that overlaps with PPII binding site in its SH3 domain. Interactions of inactive c-Src with β3 are weak and insensitive to β3 tail mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibing Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Lisa M Span
- Departments of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Patrik Nygren
- Departments of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Hua Zhu
- Departments of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - David T Moore
- Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Hong Cheng
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111
| | - Heinrich Roder
- Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104; Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111
| | - William F DeGrado
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Joel S Bennett
- Departments of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104.
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