Longitudinal Trajectories of Television Watching Across Childhood and Adolescence Predict Bone Mass at Age 20 Years in the Raine Study

Sedentary behaviors such as watching television (TV) are associated with increased risk of cardiometabolic disease. The effects of TV watching during key developmental stages on skeletal health are uncertain. Hours of TV watching/week were recorded by parental or self-report at 5, 8, 10, 14, 17, and 20 years of age in 1181 members (48% female) of a pregnancy cohort (the Raine Study). Participants were classified into one of three TV-watching trajectories (using latent class analysis): low (consistently <14 h/week; 20.3%), high (consistently ≥14 h/week; 44.4%), or increasing (increased from <14 to ≥14 h/week during adolescence; 35.3%). General linear models tested associations between TV trajectory and bone mineral content (BMC) measured at age 20 years using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. After adjustment for height, body mass, physical activity, calcium intake, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels, alcohol, and smoking (all at age 20 years), males in the low TV-watching trajectory had greater BMC for whole body (mean ± SEM, 3338 ± 59 g versus 3111 ± 31 g), legs (612 ± 12 g versus 569 ± 6 g), and arms (234 ± 5 g versus 214 ± 3 g) than those in the high TV-watching trajectory. Differences between low and high TV-watching trajectories were similar for females. BMC in the increasing TV-watching trajectory also differed for both sexes, for example males in the increasing TV-watching trajectory had greater whole-body BMC (3252 ± 38 g) than males in the high TV-watching trajectory (3111 ± 31 g) but less arm BMC (218 ± 3 g) than those in the low TV-watching trajectory (234 ± 5 g). In this community-based cohort, consistently high TV watching during childhood and adolescence independently predicted reduced peak bone mass at age 20 years. Because attainment of optimal peak bone mass is protective against osteoporosis in later life, reducing sedentary time in children may have long-term skeletal benefits. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

A TELEVISION-BASED TRAINING PROGRAM FOR NURSE'S AIDES IN NURSING HOMES

Images

THE USE OF CLOSED-CIRCUIT TELEVISION FOR THE TEACHING OF PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC INTERVIEWING TO MEDICAL STUDENTS

While closed-circuit television has been used in medical schools in the United States for some 12 years, its use for teaching diagnostic and psychotherapeutic interviewing to medical students has not previously been reported in Canada. The procedure involved a class of 64 students in their second year for a total of 38 hours. Concurrently with the demonstration interviews, the students were supervised in individual practice interviews with patients. The principles of psychotherapy had to be carefully related to the rest of the medical curriculum which essentially is biologically oriented. Three basic principles of health and healing were adopted because they were as applicable psychologically as physically. Evaluation of the program was undertaken by polling the students by means of a questionnaire. The general conclusion was that the use of closed-circuit television for these purposes far surpasses any other technique and has no major drawbacks.

REFLUX AFTER CARDIOMYOTOMY

Images