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Roberts ME, Singer JM, Lu B, Wagner DD, Wold LE, Qiang R, Craigmile PF, Tackett AP. The case of young people who use e-cigarettes infrequently: Who is this population? What becomes of them? Drug Alcohol Depend 2024; 259:111316. [PMID: 38704886 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.111316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging data indicate that many adolescents and young adults ("youth") engage in infrequent, or occasional, e-cigarette use. However, little is known about this population as they are often subsumed into the broader "any past-30-day use" category used to define youth "current use." This study aimed to focus on infrequent e-cigarette use by youth, examining its correlates and transitional outcomes. METHODS Participants were from a prospective cohort study of youth (aged 15-24 at baseline). Among youth who had used e-cigarettes, we classified "infrequent use" as using e-cigarettes ≤5 days in the last 30 days (n=273) and "frequent use" as using e-cigarettes ≥6 days in the last 30 days (n=278). Descriptive statistics, Markov modeling, and logistic regression were utilized. RESULTS By the 12-month follow-up, 76.8% of those using infrequently at baseline remained in the "infrequent use" category, 6.3% reported no recent use, and 16.8% had escalated to the "frequent use" category. Among the youth using infrequently at baseline, those who did (vs. did not) escalate to frequent use by follow-up had higher baseline nicotine dependence and were more likely to have family members who used tobacco. CONCLUSIONS Infrequent e-cigarette use is extremely common, and often fairly stable, among young people. Prevention efforts must certainly attempt to reduce escalation and attend to both individual and interpersonal factors (e.g., nicotine dependence, family use). Yet prevention efforts must additionally attend to the case of continued infrequent use, given the high prevalence of people in this category and their regular exposure to e-cigarette harms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Roberts
- College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.
| | - Jill M Singer
- College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Bo Lu
- College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Dylan D Wagner
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Loren E Wold
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Rui Qiang
- Department of Statistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Peter F Craigmile
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Hunter College, CUNY, New York, NY, United States
| | - Alayna P Tackett
- Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
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Crabtree MA, Stanley LR, Miech RA, Swaim RC. Nicotine use among reservation-area American Indian adolescents compared with a national sample. Drug Alcohol Depend 2024; 257:111124. [PMID: 38387255 PMCID: PMC11031341 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.111124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Past research has found significant nicotine use disparities for reservation-area American Indian adolescents when compared to national levels. However, adolescent nicotine use has changed markedly, with reduced smoking and rapid increases in nicotine vaping. This study presents 2021-2022 prevalence estimates of tobacco product use, perceived harm and availability for reservation-area American Indian youth, with comparisons to the Monitoring the Future (MTF) national study. METHODS Participants were 8th, 10th and 12th grade students. American Indian data were 33 reservation-area schools in 2021-2022 (n=2420); MTF data were 308 schools in Spring 2022 (n=31,438). Measures were lifetime, 30-day cigarette smoking, smokeless tobacco use, and nicotine vaping; past-year nicotine vaping; daily smoking; perceived harmfulness and availability of these tobacco products. Prevalence and 95% confidence intervals were computed by grade. RESULTS Estimated prevalence of lifetime, monthly and daily cigarette smoking among American Indian 8th and 10th graders was higher than national levels. Nicotine vaping prevalence was similar between samples. American Indian students were less likely to report tobacco product use poses great risk, but also less likely to report tobacco products are easily available. CONCLUSIONS Although estimated smoking prevalence among American Indian 8th and 10th graders was higher than national levels, prevalence appears lower than reported in earlier studies, suggesting declining disparities. Prevalence of nicotine vaping among reservation-area American Indian adolescents generally mirrors the national population; however, a lower percentage reported regular nicotine vaping poses a serious risk. This discrepancy suggests a need for prevention and intervention efforts culturally tailored for this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan A Crabtree
- Tri-Ethnic Center for Prevention Research, Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1879, USA.
| | - Linda R Stanley
- Tri-Ethnic Center for Prevention Research, Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1879, USA
| | - Richard A Miech
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 412 Maynard St, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1399, USA
| | - Randall C Swaim
- Tri-Ethnic Center for Prevention Research, Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1879, USA
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3
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Abouk R, De PK, Pesko MF. Estimating the effects of tobacco-21 on youth tobacco use and sales. J Health Econ 2024; 94:102860. [PMID: 38341937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2024.102860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
We examine the effect of raising the minimum legal sale age of tobacco to 21 (i.e., "T21"). We estimate difference-in-differences models using the Monitoring the Future (MTF) survey data and Nielsen Retail Scanner data from 2012 to 2019. Outcomes include cigarette and e-cigarette use and sales. We find sizable reductions in e-cigarette and cigarette use for 12th graders. T21 also reduced cigarette sales by 12.4 % and e-cigarette sales by 69.3 % in counties with the highest percent quartile of individuals under 21 years of age. In terms of mechanisms, we find that T21 increases ID checking and perceived risks of using both products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahi Abouk
- William Paterson University, United States.
| | - Prabal K De
- CUNY City College and The Graduate Center, United States
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4
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Patel M, Kierstead EC, Kreslake J, Schillo BA. Patterns of oral nicotine pouch use among U.S. adolescents and young adults. Prev Med Rep 2023; 34:102239. [PMID: 37228836 PMCID: PMC10203764 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2023.102239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral nicotine pouches are gaining popularity, yet national-level research on youth and young adult use is still needed. We examined characteristics of those who use oral nicotine pouches and trends in use over time in a sample of U.S. youth and young adults. Data were obtained from a weekly, national, online, continuous tracking survey of approximately 315 unique participants (aged 15-24) per week. Bivariate analyses were conducted on those surveyed December 2021 to May 2022 (n = 7,832) summarizing demographic and tobacco product use characteristics of those currently using oral nicotine pouches, those who had ever used oral nicotine pouches, but not currently, and those who never used pouches. From December 2021 to May 2022, 16% of participants ever used nicotine pouches and 12% currently used the product. Participants who currently used oral nicotine pouches were more likely to report being aged 21+, male, and lower income. Seventy-three percent of those who currently used pouches and 33% of those who ever, but not currently, used pouches reported current cigarette smoking. Results suggest that many young people who smoke cigarettes are concurrently using oral nicotine pouches. We also examined current and ever use in respondents surveyed between September 2020 and May 2022 to assess trends over the two-year period (n = 25,944) and findings indicate stable oral nicotine product use rates over time among adolescents and young adults. Appropriate regulation is needed so nicotine naïve individuals do not initiate use and those currently using tobacco do not use oral nicotine pouches concurrently with other products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elexis C. Kierstead
- Corresponding author at: Truth Initiative Schroeder Institute, 900 G St. NW, Washington, DC 20006, USA
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5
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Sutfin EL, Denlinger-Apte RL, Ross JC, Wagoner KG, Suerken CK, Spangler J, Wolfson M, Reboussin BA. Longitudinal latent class analysis of tobacco use and correlates among young adults over a 10-year period. Drug Alcohol Depend 2022; 236:109474. [PMID: 35533571 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We assessed patterns and correlates, including demographic characteristics, psychological factors, and social role transitions, of young adults' tobacco use over time. METHODS In the fall of 2010, we recruited a cohort of 3146 students from 11 colleges in North Carolina and Virginia. Participants completed baseline and at least two survey waves between 2010 and 2019. RESULTS The sample was 49.8% female, 15.7% non-white, and 6.6% Hispanic. Longitudinal latent class analysis revealed a five-class model with distinct patterns and correlates of tobacco use. Limited Use (52.6% of sample) had minimal use. College-Limited Combustible Tobacco Users (18.6%) had moderate probability of cigarette, cigar, and waterpipe smoking, which decreased to no use post-college. Intermittent Sustained Polytobacco Users (10.9%) had low probability of use that continued post-college. College Polytobacco with Continued Cigarette and E-Cigarette Users (14.5%) had high probability of use of cigarette smoking and increasing probability of e-cigarette, both of which continued post-college. Sustained Polytobacco Users (5.7%) had moderate probability of use of tobacco products across all waves. CONCLUSIONS Patterns of tobacco use varied considerably. In most classes, tobacco use was highest during freshman year and in three classes, use continued post-college. Prevention activities should focus on first-year students and target those at risk for post-college tobacco use.
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Olson LT, Coats EM, Rogers T, Brown EM, Nonnemaker J, Ross AM, Delahanty J, Xu X. Youth Tobacco Use Before and After Local Sales Restrictions on Flavored and Menthol Tobacco Products in Minnesota. J Adolesc Health 2022; 70:978-984. [PMID: 35272928 PMCID: PMC9133141 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.01.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minnesota, implemented sales restrictions on all flavored tobacco products in 2016 ("flavor policy") and expanded the restrictions to menthol tobacco products in 2018 ("menthol policy"). We examined data from surveys of Minnesota youth collected before and after the flavor and menthol policies. METHODS We measured changes in youth tobacco use prevalence using data from the Minnesota Youth Tobacco Survey and the Minnesota Student Survey. We analyzed tobacco use overall and, where possible, by product category and flavor category among survey respondents in the Twin Cities area (including Minneapolis and St. Paul) and the rest of the state of Minnesota (ROS). RESULTS In the Minnesota Youth Tobacco Survey, overall youth use of any tobacco product significantly increased in ROS (by 26.6%) but did not change in the Twin Cities after the flavor policies. Similarly, the Minnesota Student Survey showed the youth use of any tobacco product increased to a greater extent in ROS (by 44.6%) than that in the Twin Cities (by 34.6%) after implementation of the menthol policies. In both surveys, increases in youth use of particular tobacco products were less pronounced in the Twin Cities relative to the rest of the state. DISCUSSION Policies restricting sales of all flavored and menthol tobacco products may be associated with attenuated increases in youth use of tobacco product categories. Policy exemptions and proximity to nonpolicy jurisdictions may have diluted the effect of policies on overall tobacco product use among youth tobacco users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ellen M Coats
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Todd Rogers
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | | | | | - Ashley M Ross
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Tobacco Products, FDA White Oak Campus, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Janine Delahanty
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Tobacco Products, FDA White Oak Campus, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Xin Xu
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Tobacco Products, FDA White Oak Campus, Silver Spring, Maryland
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7
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Cuccia AF, Patel M, Kierstead EC, Evans WD, Schillo BA. Associations of e-cigarette industry beliefs and e-cigarette use and susceptibility among youth and young adults in the United States. Drug Alcohol Depend 2022; 231:109126. [PMID: 35030507 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-industry sentiments are protective against smoking, but the relationship between industry beliefs and e-cigarette use remains unknown. METHODS A nationally representative survey of U.S. youth and young adults in Fall 2019 (n = 9554) assessed knowledge that e-cigarette and cigarette companies are the same, belief that e-cigarette companies lie about harm, and belief that tobacco companies want young people to vape. Weighted multivariate logistic regression models estimated odds of current use and susceptibility to use (among ever and never users) by industry knowledge and beliefs. Additional models assess association between industry knowledge and industry beliefs. All models controlled for harm perceptions, friend use, sensation seeking, combustible use, and demographic characteristics. RESULTS Disagreement that companies lie about harm (adjusted odds ratio (aOR)= 1.94, 95% CI: 1.43-2.63) and companies want young people to vape (aOR=1.72, 95% CI: 1.36-2.17) was associated with increased odds of current use. Belief that e-cigarette and cigarette companies were different entities was associated with increased odds of current use (aOR=1.45, 95% CI: 1.12-1.88). Disagreement or not knowing that companies are the same was associated with lower odds of believing companies lie about harm (disagreement aOR=0.37, 95% CI: 0.27-0.52; don't know aOR=0.47, 95% CI: 0.35-0.65) and belief that companies want young people to vape (disagreement aOR=0.36, 95% CI: 0.28-0.46; don't know aOR=0.54, 95% CI: 0.42-0.68). CONCLUSION Similar to cigarettes, e-cigarette industry beliefs were associated with current use among young people. Highlighting e-cigarettes' connection to Big Tobacco may be an important strategy to prevent youth and young adult e-cigarette use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison F Cuccia
- Truth Initiative Schroeder Institute, Washington, DC, USA; Department of Prevention and Community Health, George Washington University Milken Institute of Public Health, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Minal Patel
- Truth Initiative Schroeder Institute, Washington, DC, USA.
| | | | - W Douglas Evans
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, George Washington University Milken Institute of Public Health, Washington, DC, USA.
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8
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Johnson AC, Luta G, Tercyak KP, Niaura RS, Mays D. Effects of pictorial warning label message framing and standardized packaging on cigarette packaging appeal among young adult smokers. Addict Behav 2021; 120:106951. [PMID: 33895661 PMCID: PMC8184603 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.106951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pictorial warning labels and standardized "plain" packaging are policy interventions to reduce smoking, in part, by making cigarette packs and smoking less appealing. To inform potential policy decisions, this study examined the relative effects of message text framing (gain vs. loss) and cigarette packaging (standardized vs. branded) on appeal in a sample of young adult cigarette smokers. METHODS Cigarette smokers (N = 339) ages 18-30 completed two within-subjects experimental tasks. Tasks assessed the effects of message text framing (gain vs. loss) and packaging (standardized vs. branded) on cigarette packaging appeal. Task 1 was a 2 × 2 discrete choice experiment, where participants chose between each experimental pack and a standard branded cigarette pack without a pictorial warning label. Task 2 was a ranking task where participants ranked all packs on measures of appeal. RESULTS In Task 1, there were no significant differences in measures of appeal between packs displaying gain- vs. loss-framed message text, but all packs with pictorial warning labels significantly decreased appeal relative to standard branded packs without pictorial warning labels. Standardized packs with pictorial warning labels significantly reduced appeal relative to branded packs with pictorial warning labels and standard branded packs without pictorial warning labels. Task 2 pack rankings showed similar effects of pictorial warning labels and standardized packaging on appeal. CONCLUSIONS Pictorial warning labels with gain- and loss-framed text were equally powerful at reducing appeal of cigarette packs in young adult smokers relative to branded packs without pictorial warning labels, especially when combined with standardized packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry and Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, United States
| | - George Luta
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Kenneth P Tercyak
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Raymond S Niaura
- College of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Darren Mays
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States.
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Hair EC, Cantrell J, Pitzer L, Bennett MA, Romberg AR, Xiao H, Rath JM, Halenar MJ, Vallone D. Estimating the Pathways of an Antitobacco Campaign. J Adolesc Health 2018; 63:401-406. [PMID: 30055845 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined mechanisms through which the truth campaign, a national mass media antismoking campaign, influences smoking-related attitudes, and progression of tobacco use over time in youth and young adults. METHODS Structural equation modeling tested causal pathways derived from formative research and behavioral theory with a nationally representative longitudinal sample of 15-21-year-olds (n = 8747) over 24 months. Data were collected from 2014 to 2016, and analyses were conducted in 2017. RESULTS Greater ad awareness predicted strengthening of attitudes targeted by the campaign (i.e., feelings of independence from tobacco, antitobacco industry sentiment, decreasing acceptance of social smoking, and decreasing acceptance of smoking imagery), and attitude changes were significantly associated with greater support for an antitobacco social movement (e.g., agreement to the item "I would be part of a movement to end smoking"). Greater social movement support predicted a slower rate of progression on smoking intensity after two years of the campaign. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that engaging youth and young adults in a cause-based social movement for promoting health can be a powerful strategy to drive positive behavior change. Messages targeting attitudes that resonate with values important to this age group, including independence and connectedness, are particularly effective. Investments in national antitobacco public education campaigns are key policy interventions which continue to help prevent tobacco use among youth and young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Hair
- Schroeder Institute at Truth Initiative, Washington, District of Columbia; Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Jennifer Cantrell
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; College of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Lindsay Pitzer
- Schroeder Institute at Truth Initiative, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Morgane A Bennett
- Schroeder Institute at Truth Initiative, Washington, District of Columbia; Department of Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Alexa R Romberg
- Schroeder Institute at Truth Initiative, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Haijun Xiao
- Schroeder Institute at Truth Initiative, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Jessica M Rath
- Schroeder Institute at Truth Initiative, Washington, District of Columbia; Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michael J Halenar
- Schroeder Institute at Truth Initiative, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Donna Vallone
- Schroeder Institute at Truth Initiative, Washington, District of Columbia; Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; College of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, New York
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10
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Villanti AC, Collins LK, Niaura RS, Gagosian SY, Abrams DB. Menthol cigarettes and the public health standard: a systematic review. BMC Public Health 2017; 17:983. [PMID: 29284458 PMCID: PMC5747135 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4987-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although menthol was not banned under the Tobacco Control Act, the law made it clear that this did not prevent the Food and Drug Administration from issuing a product standard to ban menthol to protect public health. The purpose of this review was to update the evidence synthesis regarding the role of menthol in initiation, dependence and cessation. Methods A systematic review of the peer-reviewed literature on menthol cigarettes via a PubMed search through May 9, 2017. The National Cancer Institute’s Bibliography of Literature on Menthol and Tobacco and the FDA’s 2011 report and 2013 addendum were reviewed for additional publications. Included articles addressing initiation, dependence, and cessation were synthesized based on study design and quality, consistency of evidence across populations and over time, coherence of findings across studies, and plausibility of the findings. Results Eighty-two studies on menthol cigarette initiation (n = 46), dependence (n = 14), and cessation (n = 34) were included. Large, representative studies show an association between menthol and youth smoking that is consistent in magnitude and direction. One longitudinal and eight cross-sectional studies demonstrate that menthol smokers report increased nicotine dependence compared to non-menthol smokers. Ten studies support the temporal relationship between menthol and reduced smoking cessation, as they measure cessation success at follow-up. Conclusions The strength and consistency of the associations in these studies support that the removal of menthol from cigarettes is likely to reduce youth smoking initiation, improve smoking cessation outcomes in adult smokers, and in turn, benefit public health. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12889-017-4987-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C Villanti
- The Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies at Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, USA. .,Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA. .,Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Lauren K Collins
- The Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies at Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Raymond S Niaura
- The Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies at Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - David B Abrams
- The Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies at Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC, USA
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11
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Pesko MF, Robarts AMT. Adolescent Tobacco Use in Urban Versus Rural Areas of the United States: The Influence of Tobacco Control Policy Environments. J Adolesc Health 2017; 61:70-76. [PMID: 28363718 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Adults and adolescents who reside in rural areas of the United States are traditionally more likely to be tobacco users. This urban-rural disparity remains largely unexplained and, more recently, it is unclear what impact the emergence of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) has had on adolescent tobacco use in urban and rural areas. Our objective is to evaluate the influence of sociodemographics and tobacco control policy environments on adolescent tobacco use in urban versus rural areas, as well as to identify the effect of e-cigarettes on traditional patterns of urban-rural tobacco use. METHODS This study analyzes repeated cross-sectional data from the National Youth Tobacco Survey for the years 2011-2014. We estimate the associations between rural residence, cigarette taxes, tobacco advertisement exposure, and ease of access to tobacco with six tobacco use outcomes: current (past 30-day) use of cigarettes, e-cigarettes, cigars, smokeless tobacco, multiple tobacco products, and any tobacco. RESULTS E-cigarette use among urban youths aged 11-17 years in the United States increased from .82% in 2011 to 8.62% in 2014 (p < .001). Tobacco advertisement exposure was significantly positively associated with all current tobacco use outcomes (p < .001) except for e-cigarettes. Our predictors account for approximately 40% of the difference in urban-rural cigarette use. CONCLUSIONS Sociodemographics, cigarette taxes, and tobacco advertisement exposure are significant predictors of adolescent tobacco use in the United States but do not entirely explain urban-rural disparities. In addition, e-cigarettes appear to be rapidly changing traditional patterns of tobacco use, particularly in urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Pesko
- Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York.
| | - Adam M T Robarts
- Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
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12
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Roberts ME, Bernstein MH, Colby SM. The effects of eliciting implicit versus explicit social support among youths susceptible for late-onset smoking. Addict Behav 2016; 62:60-4. [PMID: 27322670 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Adolescents susceptible to late-onset smoking (becoming regular smokers at age 18 or later) are an understudied population. Social support is a promising target for intervention, but it is important to distinguish between implicit social support (reminders that one belongs to a network of valued others) and explicit social support (seeking and receiving advice and emotional solace). This study aimed to test the potential protective influence of implicit and explicit social support on reducing the risk of late-onset smoking. METHODS Fifty-eight smoking-susceptible youths (aged 16-18, 45% African American, 55% non-Hispanic White) completed an experimental session that included a video-recording task designed to elicit thoughts about implicit, explicit, or no social support. Youths reported their behavioral willingness and intentions (BW and BI) to smoke immediately following the social support manipulation; a random sample of 39 youths reported again at a 3-week follow-up. RESULTS Following the manipulation, BW and BI for cigarette smoking were significantly higher among youths assigned to the explicit-support condition, compared to those in the implicit-support or control conditions. At follow-up, BW and BI were highest in the explicit-support condition and lowest in the implicit-support condition, but the differences were not significant. CONCLUSIONS Overall, findings indicated that for teens susceptible for late-onset smoking, eliciting thoughts about implicit social support produces lower risk for cigarette initiation than does eliciting thoughts about explicit social support. The present results and the video task that yielded them are important to researchers and practitioners interested in reducing the likelihood of late-onset smoking.
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Thrul J, Stemmler M, Goecke M, Bühler A. Are you in or out? Recruitment of adolescent smokers into a behavioral smoking cessation intervention. Addict Behav 2015; 45:150-5. [PMID: 25678303 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Even though many adolescent smokers want to quit, it is difficult to recruit them into smoking cessation interventions. Little is known about which adolescent smokers are currently reached by these measures. In this study we compare participants of a group-based, cognitive behavioral smoking cessation intervention with adolescent smokers who decided against participating. Within a non-randomized controlled trial, data of 1053 smokers (age 11–19) from 42 German secondary schools were analyzed. Of these smokers, 272 were recruited into 47 courses of the intervention. An in-class information session, individually addressing potential participants, and incentives were used as means of recruitment. Personal predictors of participation were analyzed using regression analyses and multivariate path analyses to test for mediation. In the path analysis model, nicotine dependence, quit motivation, and a previous quit attempt were directly positively related to participation. Heavier smoking behavior was indirectly positively associated with participation through nicotine dependence and negatively through quit motivation, yielding an overall positive indirect effect. The positive effect of a previous quit attempt on participation was partially mediated through nicotine dependence and quit motivation. The proportion of smoking friends were indirectly positively related to participation, mediated through nicotine dependence. Since adolescents with heavier smoking behavior and stronger nicotine dependence are less likely to undertake a successful unassisted quit attempt, the reach of these young smokers with professional cessation interventions is desirable. Further measures to improve the recruitment of those currently not motivated to quit have to be examined in future studies.
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Lipperman-Kreda S, Morrison C, Grube JW, Gaidus A. Youth activity spaces and daily exposure to tobacco outlets. Health Place 2015; 34:30-3. [PMID: 25879915 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2015.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We explored whether exposure to tobacco outlets in youths' broader activity spaces differs from that obtained using traditional geographic measures of exposure to tobacco outlet within buffers around homes and schools. Youths completed an initial survey, daily text-prompted surveys, and carried GPS-enabled phones for one week. GPS locations were geocoded and activity spaces were constructed by joining sequential points. We calculated the number of tobacco outlets around these polylines and around homes and schools. Results suggest that activity spaces provide a more accurate measure of tobacco outlet exposures than traditional measures. Assessing tobacco outlet exposure within activity spaces may yield significant information to advance the field.
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Cantrell J, Ganz O, Anesetti-Rothermel A, Harrell P, Kreslake JM, Xiao H, Pearson JL, Vallone D, Kirchner TR. Cigarette price variation around high schools: evidence from Washington DC. Health Place 2015; 31:193-8. [PMID: 25560754 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study examines lowest cigarette prices in all tobacco retail outlets in Washington D.C. (n=750) in relation to the type and number of high schools nearby, controlling for confounders. The lowest overall and Newport menthol prices were significantly lower at outlets near public non-charter and charter schools compared with outlets near private schools. Given higher smoking prevalence and more price-sensitive youth subgroups in U.S. public schools, exposure to low prices may contribute to tobacco-related health disparities in minority and low-income populations. Tobacco taxes combined with policies to minimize the increasing use of price as a marketing tool are critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Cantrell
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Legacy, Washington, DC, USA; Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Ollie Ganz
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Legacy, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Andrew Anesetti-Rothermel
- Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies, Legacy, Washington, DC, USA; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Paul Harrell
- Moffitt Cancer Center, Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, Tampa, FL (current affiliation); Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (affiliation at the time the article was written)
| | - Jennifer M Kreslake
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Legacy, Washington, DC, USA; Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Haijun Xiao
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Legacy, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jennifer L Pearson
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies, Legacy, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Donna Vallone
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Legacy, Washington, DC, USA; Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thomas R Kirchner
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies, Legacy, Washington, DC, USA
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