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Martinez-Soto CE, McClelland M, Kropinski AM, Lin JT, Khursigara CM, Anany H. Multireceptor phage cocktail against Salmonella enterica to circumvent phage resistance. Microlife 2024; 5:uqae003. [PMID: 38545601 PMCID: PMC10972627 DOI: 10.1093/femsml/uqae003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Non-Typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) is one of the most common food-borne pathogens worldwide, with poultry products being the major vehicle for pathogenesis in humans. The use of bacteriophage (phage) cocktails has recently emerged as a novel approach to enhancing food safety. Here, a multireceptor Salmonella phage cocktail of five phages was developed and characterized. The cocktail targets four receptors: O-antigen, BtuB, OmpC, and rough Salmonella strains. Structural analysis indicated that all five phages belong to unique families or subfamilies. Genome analysis of four of the phages showed they were devoid of known virulence or antimicrobial resistance factors, indicating enhanced safety. The phage cocktail broad antimicrobial spectrum against Salmonella, significantly inhibiting the growth of all 66 strains from 20 serovars tested in vitro. The average bacteriophage insensitive mutant (BIM) frequency against the cocktail was 6.22 × 10-6 in S. Enteritidis, significantly lower than that of each of the individual phages. The phage cocktail reduced the load of Salmonella in inoculated chicken skin by 3.5 log10 CFU/cm2 after 48 h at 25°C and 15°C, and 2.5 log10 CFU/cm2 at 4°C. A genome-wide transduction assay was used to investigate the transduction efficiency of the selected phage in the cocktail. Only one of the four phages tested could transduce the kanamycin resistance cassette at a low frequency comparable to that of phage P22. Overall, the results support the potential of cocktails of phage that each target different host receptors to achieve complementary infection and reduce the emergence of phage resistance during biocontrol applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos E Martinez-Soto
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Rd W, N1G 5C9, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, N1G 2W1, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael McClelland
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, 811 Health Sciences Road, CA 92614, United States
| | - Andrew M Kropinski
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, 419 Gordon St, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Janet T Lin
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Rd W, N1G 5C9, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cezar M Khursigara
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, N1G 2W1, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hany Anany
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Rd W, N1G 5C9, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, N1G 2W1, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Fortuna KJ, Holtappels D, Venneman J, Baeyen S, Vallino M, Verwilt P, Rediers H, De Coninck B, Maes M, Van Vaerenbergh J, Lavigne R, Wagemans J. Back to the Roots: Agrobacterium-Specific Phages Show Potential to Disinfect Nutrient Solution from Hydroponic Greenhouses. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0021523. [PMID: 37010433 PMCID: PMC10132094 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00215-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Agrobacterium biovar 1 is a soilborne plant pathogen with the ability to colonize the irrigation system of greenhouses, causing hairy root disease (HRD). Currently, management focuses on using hydrogen peroxide to disinfect the nutrient solution, but due to the emergence of resistant strains, its efficacy and sustainability are questioned. Using a relevant collection of pathogenic Agrobacterium biovar 1 strains, OLIVR1 to 6, six phages specific to this pathogen and belonging to three different genera were isolated from Agrobacterium biovar 1-infected greenhouses. All phages were named OLIVR, referring to their location of isolation, Onze-Lieve-Vrouwe-Waver, and were characterized by whole-genome analysis, confirming their strictly lytic lifestyle. They remained stable under greenhouse-relevant conditions. To assess the efficacy of the phages, their ability to disinfect greenhouse nutrient solution inoculated with agrobacteria was tested. Each of the phages infected their host, but their ability to decrease the bacterial concentration differed. For instance, OLIVR1 reduced the bacterial concentration with 4 log units without phage resistance emerging. While OLIVR4 and OLIVR5 were also infectious in nutrient solution, they did not always decrease the bacterial load below the limit of detection, and phage resistance emerged. Finally, the mutations causing phage resistance by receptor modification were identified. For OLIVR4-resistant Agrobacterium isolates, but not for OLIVR5-resistant isolates, motility decreased. Together, these data show the potential of some of these phages as disinfectant of nutrient solution, and they might be a valuable tool to tackle HRD. IMPORTANCE Hairy root disease, caused by rhizogenic Agrobacterium biovar 1 is a rapidly emerging bacterial disease worldwide. It affects tomatoes, cucumbers, eggplant, and bell pepper, causing high yield losses in hydroponic greenhouses. Recent findings suggest that the current management practices, mainly focusing on UV-C and hydrogen peroxide to disinfect contaminated water, have a questionable efficacy. Hence, we investigate the potential of phages as a biological means of preventing this disease. Using a diverse collection of Agrobacterium biovar 1, we isolated three different phage species that together infect 75% of the collection. Since these phages are strictly lytic, while remaining both stable and infectious under greenhouse-relevant conditions, they might be suitable candidates for biological control.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Fortuna
- Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Plant Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - D Holtappels
- Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - J Venneman
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Ghent, Belgium
| | - S Baeyen
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Ghent, Belgium
| | - M Vallino
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Turin, Italy
| | - P Verwilt
- Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Plant Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - H Rediers
- Leuven Plant Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology & Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG), Leuven, Belgium
| | - B De Coninck
- Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Plant Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - J Van Vaerenbergh
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Ghent, Belgium
| | - R Lavigne
- Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Plant Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - J Wagemans
- Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Plant Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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