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Posridee K, Chirinang P, Oonsivilai A, Oonsivilai R. Evaluation of Short-Term Toxicity and Cholesterol-Lowering Effects in Rats Exposed to Dietary Fiber Derived from Cassava Pulp. Foods 2023; 12:4074. [PMID: 38002132 PMCID: PMC10669986 DOI: 10.3390/foods12224074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The dietary fiber extracted from cassava pulp, composed of crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and cellulose content, demonstrates promise as a functional food ingredient. The study's objectives encompassed the assessment of short-term toxicity and the evaluation of its potential cholesterol-lowering effects. The results indicated that cassava pulp dietary fiber (CDF) is well-tolerated with non-toxic thresholds determined at 10.01 g/kg body weight/day for male rats and 11.21 g/kg body weight/day for female rats during the short-term toxicity assessment. Furthermore, CDF exhibited notable cholesterol-lowering effects, significantly reducing serum triglyceride and serum total cholesterol levels, along with decreased liver total lipids and liver cholesterol levels. In contrast, it led to significant increases in fecal total lipids and cholesterol when compared to the control group. Most notably, there were no significant differences in terms of serum triglyceride, serum total cholesterol, liver total lipids, and liver cholesterol between CDF and the conventional cholesterol-lowering medication, simvastatin. These findings underscore the potential of cassava pulp dietary fiber as a natural and safe alternative for managing hyperlipidemia and related conditions. It offers a valuable avenue for the development of functional foods aimed at improving cardiovascular health and further investigation for its potential application in the field of nutraceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kakanang Posridee
- School of Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand;
| | - Pornariya Chirinang
- Applied Food and Nutrition Division, Faculty of Science and Technology, Phetchaburi Rajabhat University, Phetchaburi 76000, Thailand;
| | - Anant Oonsivilai
- School of Electrical Engineering, Institute of Engineering, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand;
| | - Ratchadaporn Oonsivilai
- School of Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand;
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Khejornsart P, Meenongyai W, Juntanam T. Cassava pulp added to fermented total mixed rations increased tropical sheep's nutrient utilization, rumen ecology, and microbial protein synthesis. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2022; 9:754-760. [PMID: 36714507 PMCID: PMC9868789 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2022.i645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The price of animal production will be affected by the significant increase in feed costs. The objective of this research was to investigate the impact of adding waste cassava pulp to fermented total mixed ration (FTMR) on nutrient utilization, rumen ecology, and microbial protein synthesis in tropical sheep. Materials and Methods A 3 × 3 replicated Latin square design was used to randomly arrange nine crossbreed lambs (Santa Inês × Dorper) with an initial body weight (BW) of 18.7 ± 1.6 kg (mean ± SD). During a 21-day trial, the animal was offered a random selection of concentrate diets and rice straw (control), total mixed ration (TMR), or FTMR. During the investigation, data on nutrition utilization, rumen ecology, and microbial protein synthesis were analyzed using analysis of variance. Results The finding shows that FTMR had significantly higher dry matter (DM) intake and DM intake per BW than either TMR or control (p < 0.05). Lamb fed on FTMR had significantly higher DM, organic matter protein, crude protein, and neutral detergent fiber digestion than those on control or TMR (p < 0.05). Rumen pH values for all treatments ranged from 6.68 to 6.73, with no significant differences. Growing lambs fed FTMR had greater rumen total volatile fatty acid and propionic acid concentrations than those given TMR and the control (p < 0.05). Protozoa were not different across the FTMR groups, although total bacterial and fungal zoospores were increased. In addition, when lambs were fed FTMR containing cassava pulp, ruminal microbial protein synthesis was significantly increased. Conclusion It could indicate that feeding growing lambs with FTMR could improve nutrient utilization, ruminal fermentation, and microbial protein synthesis. However, studies on the effects of FTMR on sheep performance, meat quality, and milk quality are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pichad Khejornsart
- Faculty of Natural Resources and Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand
| | - Watcharawit Meenongyai
- Faculty of Natural Resources and Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand
| | - Theerayut Juntanam
- Faculty of Natural Resources and Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand
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Pongsub S, Suntara C, Khota W, Boontiam W, Cherdthong A. The Chemical Composition, Fermentation End-Product of Silage, and Aerobic Stability of Cassava Pulp Fermented with Lactobacillus casei TH14 and Additives. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9110617. [PMID: 36356094 PMCID: PMC9694650 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9110617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of cassava pulp fermented with Lactobacillus casei TH14, urea, and molasses on its chemical composition, the fermentation end-product of silage, and aerobic stability. A 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with a randomized complete block design was employed. The first factor: level of L. casei TH14 [L; 0 and 105 cfu/kg fresh matter (FM)], the second factor: level of molasses (M; 0 and 4% DM), the third factor: level of urea (U; 0 and 4% DM), and the number of days of fermentation (7, 14, and 21 days) were evaluated using a statistical block. There were interactions among CSP fermented with different additives on DM content (p < 0.05). The control group (CON) and CSP fermented with L, L×M, and L×U had lower DM contents than U, U×M, and L×U×M. The crude protein of CSP was increased by interaction of L×U and U×M additives (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively). Interaction effects between L and U and NDF content were detected (p < 0.05). The L×U combination resulted in a significantly lower NDF than the other groups. The interaction between L×U×M had no effect on the change in the CSP fermentation process (p > 0.05). The combination of U×M caused a poorer pH than other groups (p < 0.01). The ammonia-N content was higher than others, when CSP was fermented with L×U (p < 0.01) or U×M (p < 0.05), respectively. The lactic acid levels in fermented CSP were higher (p < 0.01) than in other groups through the L. casei. The interaction between L×U×M had an influence on lactic acid bacteria (LAB) (p < 0.01) and aerobic bacteria (p < 0.01). The highest LAB population (p < 0.01) at 106 cfu/g FM was found in CSP fermented with L. casei and molasses. In conclusion, the current study shows that CSP treated with L×U×M resulted in good preservation by recovering DM, a low number of aerobic bacteria, and greater LAB than other treatments, with the exception of the L×U×M addition. A 21-day fermentation period is advised because it produces products with greater levels of crude protein, lactic acid, acetic acid, and propionic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunisa Pongsub
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Chanon Suntara
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Waroon Khota
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Natural Resources, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Sakon Nakhon Campus, Phangkhon, Sakon Nakhon 47160, Thailand
| | - Waewaree Boontiam
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Anusorn Cherdthong
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-4320-2362
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Okrathok S, Sirisopapong M, Mermillod P, Khempaka S. Modified dietary fiber from cassava pulp affects the cecal microbial population, short-chain fatty acid, and ammonia production in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2022; 102:102265. [PMID: 36402043 PMCID: PMC9676379 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of modified dietary fiber from cassava pulp (M-DFCP) supplementation in broiler diets on cecal microbial populations, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), ammonia production, and immune responses. A total of 336, one-day-old male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were distributed over 4 dietary treatments in 7 replicate pens (n = 12 chicks) using a completely randomized design. Chicks were fed the control diet and 3 levels of M-DFCP (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5%) for an experimental duration of 42 d. The M-DFCP contained total dietary fiber (TDF), soluble dietary fiber (SDF), insoluble dietary fiber (IDF), cello-oligosaccharides (COS), and xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) of approximately 280.70, 22.20, 258.50, 23.93, and 157.55 g/kg, respectively. The 1.0 and 1.5% M-DFCP supplementation diets showed positive effects on stimulating the growth of Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp., enhancing SCFAs (acetic, propionic, butyric acid, and branched SCFAs) and lactic acid concentrations during growing periods. Broilers fed 1.0 and 1.5% M-DFCP also exhibited a significant increase in caecal Lactobacillus spp. and lactic acid concentrations during the finisher period as well. In addition, M-DFCP also reduced cecal digesta and excreta ammonia production in broilers over both periods (0-21 and 22-42 d of age). However, M-DFCP did not exhibit any effect on total serum immunoglobulin (Ig) or lysozyme activity. In conclusion, this study shows that M-DFCP can be used as a dietary fiber source in broiler diets, with a recommended level of approximately 1.0%.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Okrathok
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - M. Sirisopapong
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - P. Mermillod
- Physiology of Reproduction and Behaviors (PRC), UMR085, INRAE, CNRS, University of Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - S. Khempaka
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand,Corresponding author:
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Bomrungnok W, Arai T, Yoshihashi T, Sudesh K, Hatta T, Kosugi A. Direct production of polyhydroxybutyrate from waste starch by newly-isolated Bacillus aryabhattai T34-N4. Environ Technol 2020; 41:3318-3328. [PMID: 30987543 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2019.1608314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is a natural microbial polyester produced by a variety of bacteria and archaea from renewable resources. PHB resembles some petrochemical plastics but is completely biodegradable. It is desirable to identify suitable microbial strains and develop processes that can directly use starch from agricultural wastes without commercial amylase treatment. Here, PHB production using starch from agricultural waste was developed using a newly isolated strain, Bacillus aryabhattai T34-N4. This strain hydrolyzed cassava pulp and oil palm trunk starch and accumulated up to 17 wt% PHB of the cell dry weight. The α-amylase of this strain, AmyA, showed high activity in the presence of cassava pulp starch (69.72 U) and oil palm trunk starch (70.53 U). High expression of amyA was recorded in the presence of cassava pulp starch, whereas low expression was detected in the presence of glucose. These data suggest that starch saccharification by amyA allows strain T34-N4 to grow and directly produce PHB from waste starch materials such as cassava pulp and oil palm trunk starch, which may be used as low-cost substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wichittra Bomrungnok
- Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Arai
- Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tadashi Yoshihashi
- Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kumar Sudesh
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Tamao Hatta
- Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kosugi
- Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Sugiharto S, Isroli I, Yudiarti T, Widiastuti E, Wahyuni HI, Sartono TA. Effect of two-step fermentation by Chrysonilia crassa and Bacillus subtilis on nutritional values and antioxidative properties of agro-industrial by-products as poultry feed ingredients. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 5:472-480. [PMID: 31453160 PMCID: PMC6702905 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2018.e301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This current study was subjected to investigate the influence of two-stage fermentation by Chrysonilia crassa and Bacillus subtilis on nutritional values and antioxidative properties of agro-industrial by-products. Materials and methods: Two-stage fermentation with Ch. crassa (inoculated in advance; single-step fermentation) and B. subtilis (inoculated later; two-step fermentation) was conducted on agro-industrial by-products, i.e., banana peel meals, cassava pulp, and rice bran. The pH measurement, microbial enumeration, proximate, and antioxidant analyses were conducted following 4- and 2-days aerobic incubation with Ch. crassa and B. subtilis, respectively. Results: The pH of banana peels and cassava pulp increased with Ch. crassa-fermentation, but then decreased following B. subtilis-fermentation. Chrysonilia crassa-fermentationdid not change, but B. subtilis-fermentation decreased pH of rice bran. The number of lactic acid bacteria was higher in two-stage than in single-stage fermented by-products. Crude protein and fat were higher in fermented than in unfermented banana peels. Crude protein was higher in single- and two-stage fermented, while fat higher in single-stage fermented than in unfermented cassava pulp. Crude fat and ash contents increased with fermentation in rice bran. Single-stage fermentation increased some of amino acids contents in banana peels and cassava pulp. The concentration of polyphenols, tannins, and antioxidant potential of banana peels reduced with fermentation. Total polyphenols and tannins were higher, whereas antioxidant activity was lower in fermented than in unfermented cassava pulp. Total polyphenols, tannins, and antioxidant activity were lower in two-stage than in single-stage fermented and unfermented rice bran. Conclusion: Single-stage fermentation with Ch. crassa improved nutritional characteristics of agro-industrial by-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sugiharto Sugiharto
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Isroli Isroli
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Turrini Yudiarti
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Endang Widiastuti
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Hanny Indrat Wahyuni
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Tri Agus Sartono
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia
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Kaeokliang O, Kawashima T, Narmseelee R, Butcha P, Sunato S, Thinowong A, Jindatajak Y. Effects of physically effective fiber in diets based on rice straw and cassava pulp on chewing activity, ruminal fermentation, milk production, and digestibility in dairy cows. Anim Sci J 2019; 90:1193-1199. [PMID: 31310041 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of physically effective neutral detergent fiber (peNDF) in rice straw and cassava pulp diets on the chewing activity, ruminal fermentation, milk production, and digestibility in low-producing dairy cows. Eight lactating Holstein crossbred cows were randomly divided into two groups in a crossover design with two dietary treatments over two 21-day periods. The difference in peNDF contents was achieved by balancing the ratio of rice straw, cassava pulp, and concentrate. The high cassava pulp diet had 15.5% peNDF and the low cassava pulp diet had 20.2% peNDF. The results showed that feeding the low cassava pulp diet increased the concentrations of milk protein, milk fat, solids-not-fat, and total solids in the milk. In contrast, the dry matter intake, milk yield, lactose content, chewing activity, nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation, and pH were not affected by treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ornvimol Kaeokliang
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Agriculture and Engineering, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.,Ruminants Feeding Standard Research and Development Center, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Tomoyuki Kawashima
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Agriculture and Engineering, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.,Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Ramphrai Narmseelee
- Ruminants Feeding Standard Research and Development Center, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Patima Butcha
- Ruminants Feeding Standard Research and Development Center, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Supakit Sunato
- Ruminants Feeding Standard Research and Development Center, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Anusorn Thinowong
- Sakon Nakhon Animal Breeding Research and Development Center, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand
| | - Yaungyote Jindatajak
- Sakon Nakhon Animal Breeding Research and Development Center, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand
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Kamphayae S, Kumagai H, Bureenok S, Narmseelee R, Butcha P. Effects of graded levels of liquid brewer's yeast on chemical composition and fermentation quality in cassava pulp and rice straw-based total mixed ration silage. Anim Sci J 2016; 88:618-624. [PMID: 27611881 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of liquid brewer's yeast (LBY) addition on chemical composition and fermentation quality of mixture of LBY and cassava pulp (CVP) with rice straw (RS) in different ratios during preservation periods. Four mixtures of LBY, CVP and RS were made, that is mixture ratio of LBY : CVP : RS of 0% LBY, 20% LBY, 35% LBY and 50% LBY were 0:70:30, 20:50:30, 35:35:30 and 50:20:30 as fresh matter, respectively. The bags were opened at weeks 0, 1, 2, 4 and 8 after storage. The contents of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber ranged 36.4-40.0, 88.9-90.8, 4.0-12.0, 1.1-1.3, 58.8-61.6 and 37.6-40.0, respectively, and the contents of CP and EE increased and the other components decreased in proportion to LBY inclusion (P < 0.01). 50% LBY had the highest (P < 0.05) pH (4.81) and ammonia nitrogen per total nitrogen (NH3 -N/TN) (7.40%) and the lowest V-score (90.3). Propionic and butyric acid contents were 0.01% or lower in each mixture and storage period. There were rapid pH decrease and NH3 -N/TN increase during the first week of the storage period. The increases of NH3 -N/TN and acetic acid content and decreases of pH, lactic acid content and V-score during the preservation were more drastic as LBY inclusion increased. Although higher proportion of LBY produced higher CP and lower fiber contents in the mixture, attention should be paid for the reduction of fermentation quality during longer storage periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Kamphayae
- Khon Kaen Animal Nutrition Research and Development Center, Amphur Muang, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Hajime Kumagai
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Smerjai Bureenok
- Faculty of Sciences and Liberal Arts, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Nakhonratchasima, Thailand
| | - Ramphrai Narmseelee
- Khon Kaen Animal Nutrition Research and Development Center, Amphur Muang, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Patima Butcha
- Khon Kaen Animal Nutrition Research and Development Center, Amphur Muang, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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Song ZT, Zhu MJ. Feed additive production by fermentation of herb Polygonum hydropiper L. and cassava pulp with simultaneous flavonoid dissolution. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2016; 64:290-300. [PMID: 26749490 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Fermentation of herb Polygonum hydropiper L. (PHL) and cassava pulp (CP) for feed additive production with simultaneous flavonoid dissolution was investigated, and a two-stage response surface methodology (RSM) based on Plackett-Burman factorial design (PB design) was used to optimize the flavonoid dissolution and protein content. Using the screening function of PB design, four different significant factors for the two response variables were acquired: factors A (CP) and B (PHL) for the flavonoid dissolution versus factors G (inoculum size) and H (fermentation time) for protein content. Then, two RSMs were used sequentially to improve the values of the two response variables separately. The mutual corroboration of the experimental results in the present study confirmed the validity of the associated experimental design. The validation experiment showed a flavonoid dissolution rate of 94.00%, and a protein content of 18.20%, gaining an increase in 21.20% and 199.10% over the control, respectively. The present study confirms the feasibility of feed additive production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae with CP and PHL and simultaneous optimization of flavonoid dissolution and protein content using a two-stage RSM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Tao Song
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Jun Zhu
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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