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Kawaguchi T, Komanicky V, Latyshev V, Cha W, Maxey ER, Harder R, Ichitsubo T, You H. Electrochemically Induced Strain Evolution in Pt-Ni Alloy Nanoparticles Observed by Bragg Coherent Diffraction Imaging. Nano Lett 2021; 21:5945-5951. [PMID: 34251215 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c00778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Strain is known to enhance the activity of the oxygen reduction reaction in catalytic platinum alloy nanoparticles, whose inactivity is the primary impediment to efficient fuel cells and metal-air batteries. Bragg coherent diffraction imaging (BCDI) was employed to reveal the strain evolution during the voltammetric cycling in Pt-Ni alloy nanoparticles composed of Pt2Ni3, Pt1Ni1, and Pt3Ni2. Analysis of the 3D strain images using a core-shell model shows that the strain as large as 5% is induced on Pt-rich shells due to Ni dissolution. The composition dependency of the strain on the shells is in excellent agreement with that of the catalytic activity. The present study demonstrates that BCDI enables quantitative determination of the strain on alloy nanoparticles during electrochemical reactions, which provides a means to exploit surface strain to design a wide range of electrocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Kawaguchi
- Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, 9808577, Japan
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | | | | | - Wonsuk Cha
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Evan R Maxey
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Ross Harder
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Tetsu Ichitsubo
- Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, 9808577, Japan
| | - Hoydoo You
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
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2
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Desjardins K, Medjoubi K, Sacchi M, Popescu H, Gaudemer R, Belkhou R, Stanescu S, Swaraj S, Besson A, Vijayakumar J, Pautard S, Noureddine A, Mercère P, Da Silva P, Orsini F, Menneglier C, Jaouen N. Backside-illuminated scientific CMOS detector for soft X-ray resonant scattering and ptychography. J Synchrotron Radiat 2020; 27:1577-1589. [PMID: 33147182 DOI: 10.1107/s160057752001262x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The impressive progress in the performance of synchrotron radiation sources is nowadays driven by the so-called `ultimate storage ring' projects which promise an unprecedented improvement in brightness. Progress on the detector side has not always been at the same pace, especially as far as soft X-ray 2D detectors are concerned. While the most commonly used detectors are still based on microchannel plates or CCD technology, recent developments of CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor)-type detectors will play an ever more important role as 2D detectors in the soft X-ray range. This paper describes the capabilities and performance of a camera equipped with a newly commercialized backside-illuminated scientific CMOS (sCMOS-BSI) sensor, integrated in a vacuum environment, for soft X-ray experiments at synchrotron sources. The 4 Mpixel sensor reaches a frame rate of up to 48 frames s-1 while matching the requirements for X-ray experiments in terms of high-intensity linearity (>98%), good spatial homogeneity (<1%), high charge capacity (up to 80 ke-), and low readout noise (down to 2 e- r.m.s.) and dark current (3 e- per second per pixel). Performance evaluations in the soft X-ray range have been carried out at the METROLOGIE beamline of the SOLEIL synchrotron. The quantum efficiency, spatial resolution (24 line-pairs mm-1), energy resolution (<100 eV) and radiation damage versus the X-ray dose (<600 Gy) have been measured in the energy range from 40 to 2000 eV. In order to illustrate the capabilities of this new sCMOS-BSI sensor, several experiments have been performed at the SEXTANTS and HERMES soft X-ray beamlines of the SOLEIL synchrotron: acquisition of a coherent diffraction pattern from a pinhole at 186 eV, a scattering experiment from a nanostructured Co/Cu multilayer at 767 eV and ptychographic imaging in transmission at 706 eV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kadda Medjoubi
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, Saint-Aubin, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91192, France
| | - Maurizio Sacchi
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, Saint-Aubin, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91192, France
| | - Horia Popescu
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, Saint-Aubin, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91192, France
| | - Roland Gaudemer
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, Saint-Aubin, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91192, France
| | - Rachid Belkhou
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, Saint-Aubin, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91192, France
| | - Stefan Stanescu
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, Saint-Aubin, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91192, France
| | - Sufal Swaraj
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, Saint-Aubin, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91192, France
| | - Adrien Besson
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, Saint-Aubin, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91192, France
| | | | | | | | - Pascal Mercère
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, Saint-Aubin, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91192, France
| | - Paulo Da Silva
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, Saint-Aubin, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91192, France
| | - Fabienne Orsini
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, Saint-Aubin, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91192, France
| | | | - Nicolas Jaouen
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, Saint-Aubin, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91192, France
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3
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Sala S, Kuppili VSC, Chalkidis S, Batey DJ, Shi X, Rau C, Thibault P. Multiscale X-ray imaging using ptychography. J Synchrotron Radiat 2018; 25:1214-1221. [PMID: 29979184 PMCID: PMC6038604 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577518007221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The success of ptychography and other imaging experiments at third-generation X-ray sources is apparent from their increasingly widespread application and the improving quality of the images they produce both for resolution and contrast and in terms of relaxation of experimental constraints. The wider availability of highly coherent X-rays stimulates the development of several complementary techniques which have seen limited mutual integration in recent years. This paper presents a framework in which some of the established imaging techniques - with particular regard for ptychography - are flexibly applied to tackle the variable requirements occurring at typical synchrotron experiments. In such a framework one can obtain low-resolution images of whole samples and smoothly zoom in on specific regions of interest as they are revealed by switching to a higher-resolution imaging mode. The techniques involved range from full-field microscopy, to reach the widest fields of view (>mm), to ptychography, to achieve the highest resolution (<100 nm), and have been implemented at the I13 Coherence Branchline at Diamond Light Source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Sala
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Venkata S. C. Kuppili
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Stefanos Chalkidis
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Darren J. Batey
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Xiaowen Shi
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Christoph Rau
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Pierre Thibault
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
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4
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Abstract
Liquids, glasses and other amorphous matter lack long-range order, which makes them notoriously difficult to study. Local atomic order is partially revealed by measuring the distribution of pairwise atomic distances, but this measurement is insensitive to orientational order and unable to provide a complete picture of diverse amorphous phenomena, such as supercooling and the glass transition. Fluctuation scattering with electrons and X-rays is able provide this orientational sensitivity, but it is difficult to obtain clear structural interpretations of fluctuation data. Here we show that the interpretation of fluctuation diffraction data can be simplified by converting it into a real-space angular distribution function. We calculate this function from simulated diffraction of amorphous nickel, generated with a classical molecular dynamics simulation of the quenching of a high temperature liquid state. We compare the results of the amorphous case to the initial liquid state and to the ideal f.c.c. lattice structure of nickel. We show that the extracted angular distributions are rich in information about orientational order and bond angles. The diffraction fluctuations are potentially measurable with electron sources and also with the brightest X-ray sources, like X-ray free-electron lasers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew V. Martin
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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5
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Nave C, Sutton G, Evans G, Owen R, Rau C, Robinson I, Stuart DI. Imperfection and radiation damage in protein crystals studied with coherent radiation. J Synchrotron Radiat 2016; 23:228-37. [PMID: 26698068 PMCID: PMC4733927 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577515019700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Fringes and speckles occur within diffraction spots when a crystal is illuminated with coherent radiation during X-ray diffraction. The additional information in these features provides insight into the imperfections in the crystal at the sub-micrometre scale. In addition, these features can provide more accurate intensity measurements (e.g. by model-based profile fitting), detwinning (by distinguishing the various components), phasing (by exploiting sampling of the molecular transform) and refinement (by distinguishing regions with different unit-cell parameters). In order to exploit these potential benefits, the features due to coherent diffraction have to be recorded and any change due to radiation damage properly modelled. Initial results from recording coherent diffraction at cryotemperatures from polyhedrin crystals of approximately 2 µm in size are described. These measurements allowed information about the type of crystal imperfections to be obtained at the sub-micrometre level, together with the changes due to radiation damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Nave
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
- Correspondence e-mail:
| | - Geoff Sutton
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Gwyndaf Evans
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Robin Owen
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Christoph Rau
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Ian Robinson
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, 17–19 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AH, UK
| | - David Ian Stuart
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
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6
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Rodriguez JA, Xu R, Chen CC, Huang Z, Jiang H, Chen AL, Raines KS, Pryor Jr A, Nam D, Wiegart L, Song C, Madsen A, Chushkin Y, Zontone F, Bradley PJ, Miao J. Three-dimensional coherent X-ray diffractive imaging of whole frozen-hydrated cells. IUCrJ 2015; 2:575-83. [PMID: 26306199 PMCID: PMC4547825 DOI: 10.1107/s205225251501235x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A structural understanding of whole cells in three dimensions at high spatial resolution remains a significant challenge and, in the case of X-rays, has been limited by radiation damage. By alleviating this limitation, cryogenic coherent diffractive imaging (cryo-CDI) can in principle be used to bridge the important resolution gap between optical and electron microscopy in bio-imaging. Here, the first experimental demonstration of cryo-CDI for quantitative three-dimensional imaging of whole frozen-hydrated cells using 8 keV X-rays is reported. As a proof of principle, a tilt series of 72 diffraction patterns was collected from a frozen-hydrated Neospora caninum cell and the three-dimensional mass density of the cell was reconstructed and quantified based on its natural contrast. This three-dimensional reconstruction reveals the surface and internal morphology of the cell, including its complex polarized sub-cellular structure. It is believed that this work represents an experimental milestone towards routine quantitative three-dimensional imaging of whole cells in their natural state with spatial resolutions in the tens of nanometres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A. Rodriguez
- Biological Chemistry, UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Rui Xu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Chien-Chun Chen
- Department of Physics, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Zhifeng Huang
- Carl ZEISS X-ray Microscopy Inc., Pleasanton, CA 94588, USA
| | - Huaidong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Allan L. Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kevin S. Raines
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Alan Pryor Jr
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Daewoong Nam
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, South Korea
| | - Lutz Wiegart
- NSLS-II Photon Sciences Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Changyong Song
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, South Korea
| | - Anders Madsen
- European X-ray Free Electron Laser, Albert-Einstein-Ring 19, Hamburg 22761, Germany
| | - Yuriy Chushkin
- ESRF, The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble, France
| | - Federico Zontone
- ESRF, The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble, France
| | - Peter J. Bradley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jianwei Miao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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7
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Robinson I. Coherent three-dimensional X-ray cryo-imaging. IUCrJ 2015; 2:477-478. [PMID: 26306188 PMCID: PMC4547814 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252515015109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The combination of cryogenic sample temperatures with three-dimensional coherent diffractive imaging for the case of whole frozen-hydrated cells is discussed in the light of theoretical predictions of the achievable resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Robinson
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College, Gower St, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, OX11 0FA, UK
- Materials Science and Engineering, TongJi University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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8
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Clark JN, Ihli J, Schenk AS, Kim YY, Kulak AN, Campbell JM, Nisbet G, Meldrum FC, Robinson IK. Three-dimensional imaging of dislocation propagation during crystal growth and dissolution. Nat Mater 2015; 14:780-784. [PMID: 26030304 PMCID: PMC4623157 DOI: 10.1038/nmat4320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Atomic-level defects such as dislocations play key roles in determining the macroscopic properties of crystalline materials. Their effects range from increased chemical reactivity to enhanced mechanical properties. Dislocations have been widely studied using traditional techniques such as X-ray diffraction and optical imaging. Recent advances have enabled atomic force microscopy to study single dislocations in two dimensions, while transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can now visualize strain fields in three dimensions with near-atomic resolution. However, these techniques cannot offer three-dimensional imaging of the formation or movement of dislocations during dynamic processes. Here, we describe how Bragg coherent diffraction imaging (BCDI; refs 11, 12) can be used to visualize in three dimensions, the entire network of dislocations present within an individual calcite crystal during repeated growth and dissolution cycles. These investigations demonstrate the potential of BCDI for studying the mechanisms underlying the response of crystalline materials to external stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse N Clark
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Johannes Ihli
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Anna S Schenk
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Yi-Yeoun Kim
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | | | - James M Campbell
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Gareth Nisbet
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0DE, UK
| | | | - Ian K Robinson
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Research Complex at Harwell, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, UK
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Clark JN, Beitra L, Xiong G, Fritz DM, Lemke HT, Zhu D, Chollet M, Williams GJ, Messerschmidt MM, Abbey B, Harder RJ, Korsunsky AM, Wark JS, Reis DA, Robinson IK. Imaging transient melting of a nanocrystal using an X-ray laser. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:7444-8. [PMID: 26034277 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1417678112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a fundamental interest in studying photoinduced dynamics in nanoparticles and nanostructures as it provides insight into their mechanical and thermal properties out of equilibrium and during phase transitions. Nanoparticles can display significantly different properties from the bulk, which is due to the interplay between their size, morphology, crystallinity, defect concentration, and surface properties. Particularly interesting scenarios arise when nanoparticles undergo phase transitions, such as melting induced by an optical laser. Current theoretical evidence suggests that nanoparticles can undergo reversible nonhomogenous melting with the formation of a core-shell structure consisting of a liquid outer layer. To date, studies from ensembles of nanoparticles have tentatively suggested that such mechanisms are present. Here we demonstrate imaging transient melting and softening of the acoustic phonon modes of an individual gold nanocrystal, using an X-ray free electron laser. The results demonstrate that the transient melting is reversible and nonhomogenous, consistent with a core-shell model of melting. The results have implications for understanding transient processes in nanoparticles and determining their elastic properties as they undergo phase transitions.
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Abstract
The ability to serially interrogate single biomolecules with femtosecond X-ray pulses from free-electron lasers has ushered in the possibility of determining the three-dimensional structure of biomolecules without crystallization. However, the complexity of imaging a sample's structure from very many of its noisy and incomplete diffraction data can be daunting. In this review, we introduce a simple analogue of this imaging workflow, use it to describe a structure reconstruction algorithm based on the expectation maximization principle, and consider the effects of extraneous noise. Such a minimal model can aid experiment and algorithm design in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Duane Loh
- Center for Bioimaging Sciences and Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117411 PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
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11
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Thibault P, Guizar-Sicairos M, Menzel A. Coherent imaging at the diffraction limit. J Synchrotron Radiat 2014; 21:1011-8. [PMID: 25177990 PMCID: PMC4181642 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577514015343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
X-ray ptychography, a scanning coherent diffractive imaging technique, holds promise for imaging with dose-limited resolution and sensitivity. If the foreseen increase of coherent flux by orders of magnitude can be matched by additional technological and analytical advances, ptychography may approach imaging speeds familiar from full-field methods while retaining its inherently quantitative nature and metrological versatility. Beyond promises of high throughput, spectroscopic applications in three dimensions become feasible, as do measurements of sample dynamics through time-resolved imaging or careful characterization of decoherence effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Thibault
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, UK
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