1
|
Yu X, Zhao Z, Jiang Z. Recent Progress on the Activation of the cGAS-STING Pathway and its Regulation by Biomolecular Condensation. J Mol Cell Biol 2022; 14:6634241. [PMID: 35803579 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjac042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The cGAS-STING pathway, comprising the DNA sensor cyclic GMP-AMP synthetase (cGAS), the second messenger cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP), and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) adaptor protein stimulator of interferon genes (STING), detects cytoplasmic double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) to trigger type I-interferon responses for host defense against pathogens. Previous studies defined a model for the allosteric activation of cGAS by DNA-binding, but recent work reveals other layers of mechanisms to regulate cGAS activation such as the phase condensation and metal ions, especially the discovery of Mn2+ as a cGAS activator. Activation of the 2'3'-cGAMP sensor STING requires translocating from ER to the Golgi apparatus. The sulfated glycosaminoglycans (sGAGs) at the Golgi are found to be the second STING ligands promoting STING oligomerization and activation in addition to 2'3'-cGAMP, while surpassed levels of 2'3'-cGAMP induce ER-located STING to form a highly organized ER membranous condensate named STING phase-separator to restrain STING activation. Here, we summarize recent advances in the regulation of cGAS-STING activation and their implications in physiological or pathological conditions, particularly focusing on the emerging complexity of the regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhengfan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chong K, Almsherqi ZA, Zhuo R, Deng Y. Plasmalogen-rich foods promote the formation of cubic membranes in amoeba Chaos under stress conditions. FEBS Open Bio 2021. [PMID: 34184425 PMCID: PMC8329783 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have indicated that the ability to form cubic membrane (CM), a three-dimensional periodic structure with cubic symmetry, in amoeba (Chaos carolinense) under stress conditions depends on the type of food organism supplied before cell starvation. The significant increase in docosapentaenoic acid (DPA; C22:5n-6) during the starvation period has been reported to induce CM formation and support Chaos cell survival. In this article, we further investigated the lipid profiles of food organisms of the Chaos cells to reveal the key lipid components that might promote CM formation. Our results show that the lipids extracted from cells of the native food organism Paramecium multimicronucleatum are enriched in plasmalogens. More specifically, plasmalogen phosphatidylcholine and plasmalogen phosphatidylethanolamine might be the key lipids that trigger CM formation in Chaos cells under starvation stress conditions. Unexpectedly, CM formation in these cells is not supported when the native food organism was replaced with plasmalogen-deficit Tetrahymena pyriformis cells. Based on a previous lipidomics study on amoeba Chaos and this study on the lipid composition of its food organisms, three key lipids (plasmalogen phosphatidylcholine, plasmalogen phosphatidylethanolamine and diacyl-phosphatidylinositol) were identified and used for liposomal construction. Our in vitro study revealed the potential role of these lipids in a nonlamellar phase transition. The negative staining transmission electron microscopy data of our liposomal constructs support the notion that plasmalogens may curve the membrane, which, in turn, may facilitate membrane fusion and vesicular formation, which is crucial for membrane dynamics and trafficking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ketpin Chong
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zakaria A Almsherqi
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ruijiang Zhuo
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, China
| | - Yuru Deng
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, China.,Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Deng Y, Angelova A. Coronavirus-Induced Host Cubic Membranes and Lipid-Related Antiviral Therapies: A Focus on Bioactive Plasmalogens. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:630242. [PMID: 33791293 PMCID: PMC8006408 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.630242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses have lipid envelopes required for their activity. The fact that coronavirus infection provokes the formation of cubic membranes (CM) (denoted also as convoluted membranes) in host cells has not been rationalized in the development of antiviral therapies yet. In this context, the role of bioactive plasmalogens (vinyl ether glycerophospholipids) is not completely understood. These lipid species display a propensity for non-lamellar phase formation, facilitating membrane fusion, and modulate the activity of membrane-bound proteins such as enzymes and receptors. At the organism level, plasmalogen deficiency is associated with cardiometabolic disorders including obesity and type 2 diabetes in humans. A straight link is perceived with the susceptibility of such patients to SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2) infection, the severity of illness, and the related difficulty in treatment. Based on correlations between the coronavirus-induced modifications of lipid metabolism in host cells, plasmalogen deficiency in the lung surfactant of COVID-19 patients, and the alterations of lipid membrane structural organization and composition including the induction of CM, we emphasize the key role of plasmalogens in the coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, or MERS-CoV) entry and replication in host cells. Considering that plasmalogen-enriched lung surfactant formulations may improve the respiratory process in severe infected individuals, plasmalogens can be suggested as an anti-viral prophylactic, a lipid biomarker in SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infections, and a potential anti-viral therapeutic component of lung surfactant development for COVID-19 patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuru Deng
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, China
| | - Angelina Angelova
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Saclay UMR 8612, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhuo R, Rong P, Wang J, Parvin R, Deng Y. The Potential Role of Bioactive Plasmalogens in Lung Surfactant. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:618102. [PMID: 33681198 PMCID: PMC7928286 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.618102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS) is a type of newborn disorder caused by the deficiency or late appearance of lung surfactant, a mixture of lipids and proteins. Studies have shown that lung surfactant replacement therapy could effectively reduce the morbidity and mortality of NRDS, and the therapeutic effect of animal-derived surfactant preparation, although with its limitations, performs much better than that of protein-free synthetic ones. Plasmalogens are a type of ether phospholipids present in multiple human tissues, including lung and lung surfactant. Plasmalogens are known to promote and stabilize non-lamellar hexagonal phase structure in addition to their significant antioxidant property. Nevertheless, they are nearly ignored and underappreciated in the lung surfactant-related research. This report will focus on plasmalogens, a minor yet potentially vital component of lung surfactant, and also discuss their biophysical properties and functions as anti-oxidation, structural modification, and surface tension reduction at the alveolar surface. At the end, we boldly propose a novel synthetic protein-free lung surfactant preparation with plasmalogen modification as an alternative strategy for surfactant replacement therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruijiang Zhuo
- Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Pu Rong
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jieli Wang
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, China
| | - Rokshana Parvin
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yuru Deng
- Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cui C, Deng Y, Han L. Bicontinuous cubic phases in biological and artificial self-assembled systems. Sci China Mater 2020; 63:686-702. [PMID: 32219007 PMCID: PMC7094945 DOI: 10.1007/s40843-019-1261-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nature has created innumerable life forms with miraculous hierarchical structures and morphologies that are optimized for different life events through evolution over billions of years. Bicontinuous cubic structures, which are often described by triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMSs) and their constant mean curvature (CMC)/parallel surface companions, are of special interest to various research fields because of their complex form with unique physical functionalities. This has prompted the scientific community to fully understand the formation, structure, and properties of these materials. In this review, we summarize and discuss the formation mechanism and relationships of the relevant biological structures and the artificial self-assembly systems. These structures can be formed through biological processes with amazing regulation across a great length scales; nevertheless, artificial construction normally produces the structure corresponding to the molecular size and shape. Notably, the block copolymeric system is considered to be an applicable and attractive model system for the study of biological systems due to their versatile design and rich phase behavior. Some of the phenomena found in these two systems are compared and discussed, and this information may provide new ideas for a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between molecular shape and resulting interface curvature and the self-assembly process in living organisms. We argue that the co-polymeric system may serve as a model to understand these biological systems and could encourage additional studies of artificial self-assembly and the creation of new functional materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Cui
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Yuru Deng
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 325001 China
| | - Lu Han
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092 China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
The frequent appearance of non-lamellar membrane arrangements such as cubic membranes (CMs) in cells under stressed or pathological conditions points to an intrinsic cellular response mechanism. CM represents highly curved, three-dimensional nano-periodic structures that correspond to mathematically well-defined triply periodic minimal surfaces. Specifically, cellular membrane may transform into CM organization in response to pathological, inflammatory and oxidative stress conditions. CM organization, thus, may provide an advantage to cope with various types of stress. The identification of inducible membrane systems, such as in the mitochondrial inner membranes to cubic morphology upon starvation, opens new avenues for understanding the molecular mechanisms of cellular responses to oxidative stress. In this study, we compared the cellular responses of starved and fed amoeba Chaos carolinense to oxidative stress. Food deprivation from C. carolinense induces a significant increase in prooxidants such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. Surprisingly, we observed a significant lower rate of biomolecular damage in starved cells (with higher free radicals generation) when compared with fed cells. Specifically, lipid and RNA damages were significantly less in starved cells compared with fed cells. This observation was not due to the upregulation of intracellular antioxidants, as starved amoeba show reduced antioxidant enzymatic activities; however, it could be attributed to CM formation. CM could uptake and retain short segments of nucleic acids (resembles cellular RNA) in vivo and in vitro. Previous results showed that nucleic acids retained within CM sustain a minimal oxidative damage in vitro upon exposure to high level of superoxide. We thus propose that CM may act as a 'protective' shelter to minimize the oxidation of biologically essential macromolecules such as RNA. In summary, we examined enzymatic antioxidant activities as well as oxidative damage biomarkers in starved amoeba C. carolinense in correlation with the potential role of CM as an optimal intracellular membrane organization for the protection of biological macromolecules against oxidative damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuru Deng
- Institute of Biomaterials and Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Edlyn Li-Hui Lee
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Republic of Singapore
| | - Ketpin Chong
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Republic of Singapore
| | - Zakaria A Almsherqi
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Republic of Singapore
| |
Collapse
|