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Xu T, Zhang X, Zhu Y, Xu X, Rao X. Evolution Pattern in Bruised Tissue of ' Red Delicious' Apple. Foods 2024; 13:602. [PMID: 38397579 PMCID: PMC10888104 DOI: 10.3390/foods13040602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The study of apple damage mechanisms is key to improving post-harvest apple treatment techniques, and the evolution pattern of damaged tissue is fundamental to the study of apple damage mechanisms. In the study, 'Red Delicious' apples were used to explore the relationship between damage and time. A cell death zone was found in the pulp of the damaged tissue after the apple had been bruised. The tissue damage was centered in the cell death zone and developed laterally, with the width of the damage increasing with injury time. The extent of tissue damage in the core and pericarpal directions varied. About 60% of the damaged tissue developed in the core direction and 40% in the pericarpal direction, and the damage ratios in both directions remained consistent throughout the injury. The depth of damage and the rate of damage were influenced by the impact force size and the difference in the size of the damaged part of the apple, but the damage development pattern was independent of the impact force size and the difference in the damaged part. The maximum damage rate was reached at about 30 min, and the depth of damage was stabilized at about 72 min. By studying the evolution pattern of the damaged tissue of the bruised 'Red Delicious' apple, it provides the research idea and theoretical basis for enhancing the prediction accuracy and robustness of early stage damage in apples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of on Site Processing Equipment for Agricultural Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Equipment and Robotics for Agriculture of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, China
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment Technology, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of on Site Processing Equipment for Agricultural Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Equipment and Robotics for Agriculture of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, China
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment Technology, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yihang Zhu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of on Site Processing Equipment for Agricultural Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Equipment and Robotics for Agriculture of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, China
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment Technology, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xufeng Xu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of on Site Processing Equipment for Agricultural Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Equipment and Robotics for Agriculture of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, China
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment Technology, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiuqin Rao
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of on Site Processing Equipment for Agricultural Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Equipment and Robotics for Agriculture of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, China
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment Technology, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Chang X, Zhu L, Hu J, Zhang Q, Zhang F, Lin Q, Gai X, Wang X. Unveiling of Evolution Pattern for HY12 Enterovirus Quasispecies and Pathogenicity Alteration. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112174. [PMID: 34834980 PMCID: PMC8619380 DOI: 10.3390/v13112174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus, like the majority of RNA viruses, evolves to survive the changeable environments by a variety of strategies. Here, we showed that HY12 virus evolved to alter its characteristics and pathogenicity by employing a non-synonymous mutation. Analyses of 5'UTR, VP1 and VP2 gene sequences revealed the existence of HY12 virus in an array of mutants defined as quasispecies. The determination of diversity and complexity showed that the mutation rate and complexity of HY12 virus quasispecies increased, while the proportion of HY12 VP1 and VP2 consensus (master) sequences decreased with increasing passages. Synonymous mutation and non-synonymous mutation analysis displayed a positive selection for HY12 quasispecies evolution. A comparison of HY12 virus in different passages demonstrated that HY12 virus altered its characteristic, phenotype, and pathogenicity via non-synonymous mutation. These findings revealed the evolution pattern for HY12 virus, and the alteration of HY12 virus characteristics and pathogenicity by mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoran Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (X.C.); (L.Z.); (J.H.); (Q.Z.); (F.Z.); (Q.L.); (X.G.)
| | - Lisai Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (X.C.); (L.Z.); (J.H.); (Q.Z.); (F.Z.); (Q.L.); (X.G.)
| | - Junying Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (X.C.); (L.Z.); (J.H.); (Q.Z.); (F.Z.); (Q.L.); (X.G.)
| | - Qun Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (X.C.); (L.Z.); (J.H.); (Q.Z.); (F.Z.); (Q.L.); (X.G.)
| | - Fuhui Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (X.C.); (L.Z.); (J.H.); (Q.Z.); (F.Z.); (Q.L.); (X.G.)
| | - Qian Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (X.C.); (L.Z.); (J.H.); (Q.Z.); (F.Z.); (Q.L.); (X.G.)
| | - Xiaochun Gai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (X.C.); (L.Z.); (J.H.); (Q.Z.); (F.Z.); (Q.L.); (X.G.)
| | - Xinping Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (X.C.); (L.Z.); (J.H.); (Q.Z.); (F.Z.); (Q.L.); (X.G.)
- Key Laboratory for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130062, China
- Correspondence:
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Wu JY, Xue JY, Van de Peer Y. Evolution of NLR Resistance Genes in Magnoliids: Dramatic Expansions of CNLs and Multiple Losses of TNLs. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:777157. [PMID: 34992620 PMCID: PMC8724549 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.777157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Magnoliids are the third-largest group of angiosperms and occupy a critical position in angiosperm evolution. In the past years, due to the lack of sequenced genomes, the disease resistance gene (R gene) profile of magnoliids remains poorly understood. By the genome-wide identification of 1,832 NLR genes from seven magnoliid genomes, we built a framework for the evolution of magnoliid R genes. TNL genes were completely absent from five magnoliids, presumably due to immune pathway deficiencies. A total of 74 ancestral R genes (70 CNLs, 3 TNLs, and 1 RNL) were recovered in a common ancestor of magnoliids, from which all current NLR gene repertoires were derived. Tandem duplication served as the major drive for NLR genes expansion in seven magnoliid genomes, as most surveyed angiosperms. Due to recent rapid expansions, most magnoliids exhibited "a first expansion followed by a slight contraction and a further stronger expansion" evolutionary pattern, while both Litsea cubeba and Persea americana showed a two-times-repeated pattern of "expansion followed by contraction." The transcriptome analysis of seven different tissues of Saururus chinensis revealed a low expression of most NLR genes, with some R genes displaying a relatively higher expression in roots and fruits. Overall, our study sheds light on the evolution of NLR genes in magnoliids, compensates for insufficiency in major angiosperm lineages, and provides an important reference for a better understanding of angiosperm NLR genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yi Wu
- College of Horticulture, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jia-Yu Xue
- College of Horticulture, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology (CAS), Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Jia-Yu Xue, ;
| | - Yves Van de Peer
- College of Horticulture, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Yves Van de Peer, ;
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Liu C, Lu X. Network Evolution of a Large Online MSM Dating Community: 2005-2018. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 16:E4322. [PMID: 31698801 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16224322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Due to multiple sexual partners and low rates of condom use, the HIV infection rate among MSM (men who have sex with men) is much higher than that of the general population. In order to analyze the characteristics of online activities of MSM, and to understand the evolution of their social networks, in this study we collect a comprehensive dataset, covering the period from January 2005 to June 2018, from the largest Chinese online community, Baidu Tieba. We build an online dating network for MSM-related individuals in the gay-bar community, and analyze the network from static and dynamic aspects. It is found that there is a strong homophily regarding the cities where users reside when developing interactions with others, and that most network measurements tend to be stable at the later stages of evolution, while the size of the largest community fluctuates. This is an indication that the network is formed of rapidly flexible interactions which changes quickly. In comparison with studies on heterosexual networks, we find that the MSM dating network shows differences in many aspects, such as the positive degree-degree correlation and high clustering coefficient, suggesting different thinking and measures should be taken in the policy making of public health management towards the MSM population.
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Huang Z, Tang J, Duan W, Wang Z, Song X, Hou X. Molecular evolution, characterization, and expression analysis of SnRK2 gene family in Pak-choi (Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis). Front Plant Sci 2015; 6:879. [PMID: 26557127 PMCID: PMC4617174 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The sucrose non-fermenting 1-related protein kinase 2 (SnRK2) family members are plant-specific serine/threonine kinases that are involved in the plant response to abiotic stress and abscisic acid (ABA)-dependent plant development. Further understanding of the evolutionary history and expression characteristics of these genes will help to elucidate the mechanisms of the stress tolerance in Pak-choi, an important green leafy vegetable in China. Thus, we investigated the evolutionary patterns, footprints and conservation of SnRK2 genes in selected plants and later cloned and analyzed SnRK2 genes in Pak-choi. We found that this gene family was preferentially retained in Brassicas after the Brassica-Arabidopsis thaliana split. Next, we cloned and sequenced 13 SnRK2 from both cDNA and DNA libraries of stress-induced Pak-choi, which were under conditions of ABA, salinity, cold, heat, and osmotic treatments. Most of the BcSnRK2s have eight exons and could be divided into three groups. The subcellular localization predictions suggested that the putative BcSnRK2 proteins were enriched in the nucleus. The results of an analysis of the expression patterns of the BcSnRK2 genes showed that BcSnRK2 group III genes were robustly induced by ABA treatments. Most of the BcSnRK2 genes were activated by low temperature, and the BcSnRK2.6 genes responded to both ABA and low temperature. In fact, most of the BcSnRK2 genes showed positive or negative regulation under ABA and low temperature treatments, suggesting that they may be global regulators that function at the intersection of multiple signaling pathways to play important roles in Pak-choi stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhinan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Jun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
- Institute of Horticulture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural ScienceNanjing, China
| | - Weike Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Xiaoming Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Xilin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Xilin Hou
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