Development of a unique sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on monoclonal antibodies for the specific detection of the egg drop syndrome virus

RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS

A sandwich ELISA was developed to detect EDSV using the mAbs 5G4 and HRP-6G6.The sandwich ELISA maintained high specificity and sensitivity.The sandwich ELISA had equivalent consistency with real-time PCR assay.

The infectivity of progeny adenovirus in the presence of neutralizing antibody

Human adenoviruses (Ads), common pathogens that cause upper respiratory and gastrointestinal infections, are blocked by neutralizing antibodies (nAbs). However, Ads are not fully eliminated even in hosts with nAbs. In this study, we assessed the infectivity of progeny Ad serotype 5 (Ad5) in the presence of nAb. The infectivity of Ad5 was evaluated according to the expression of the Ad genome and reporter gene. Infection by wild-type Ad5 and Ad5 vector continued to increase until 3 days after infection even in the presence of nAb. We established an assay for determining the infection levels of progeny Ad5 using a sorting system with magnetic beads and observed little difference in progeny Ad5 counts in the presence and absence of nAb 1 day after infection. Moreover, progeny Ad5 in the presence of nAb more effectively infected coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR)-positive cells than CAR-negative cells. We investigated the function of fiber proteins, which are the binding partners of CAR, during secondary infection, observing that fibre proteins spread from infected cells to adjacent cells in a CAR-dependent manner. In conclusion, this study revealed that progeny Ad5 could infect cells even in the presence of nAb, differing from the common features of the Ad5 infection cycle. Our findings may be useful for developing new therapeutic agents against Ad infection.

Dietary Interventions for the Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes in High-Risk Groups: Current State of Evidence and Future Research Needs

A series of large-scale randomised controlled trials have demonstrated the effectiveness of lifestyle change in preventing type 2 diabetes in people with impaired glucose tolerance. Participants in these trials consumed a low-fat diet, lost a moderate amount of weight and/or increased their physical activity. Weight loss appears to be the primary driver of type 2 diabetes risk reduction, with individual dietary components playing a minor role. The effect of weight loss via other dietary approaches, such as low-carbohydrate diets, a Mediterranean dietary pattern, intermittent fasting or very-low-energy diets, on the incidence of type 2 diabetes has not been tested. These diets-as described here-could be equally, if not more effective in preventing type 2 diabetes than the tested low-fat diet, and if so, would increase choice for patients. There is also a need to understand the effect of foods and diets on beta-cell function, as the available evidence suggests moderate weight loss, as achieved in the diabetes prevention trials, improves insulin sensitivity but not beta-cell function. Finally, prediabetes is an umbrella term for different prediabetic states, each with distinct underlying pathophysiology. The limited data available question whether moderate weight loss is effective at preventing type 2 diabetes in each of the prediabetes subtypes.