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Ali SS, Bhat S, Salih HA, Naseer A, Rajaratnam A. A bumpy ride-Acute recurrent pancreatitis in pregnancy in a Type 2 diabetic, presenting with euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis: A case report. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2024. [PMID: 38282454 DOI: 10.1002/ijgo.15403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
SynopsisWe describe a case of recurrent idiopathic pancreatitis in a pregnant diabetic who presented with euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), was managed successfully and delivered a healthy baby.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Showkath Ali
- Department of General Medicine, Yenepoya Medical College, Mangalore, India
| | - Sowrabha Bhat
- Department of Endocrinology, Yenepoya Medical College, Mangalore, India
| | - Hisham A Salih
- Department of Endocrinology, Yenepoya Medical College, Mangalore, India
| | - Ansaba Naseer
- Department of Endocrinology, Yenepoya Medical College, Mangalore, India
| | - Annie Rajaratnam
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yenepoya Medical College, Mangalore, India
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Yagi S, Miwa H, Kobayashi Y, Mitsusada K. Infected Walled-Off Necrosis Following COVID-19-Associated Acute Pancreatitis. Cureus 2024; 16:e51889. [PMID: 38327952 PMCID: PMC10849867 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.51889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
A 54-year-old man was admitted for fever and dyspnea. He presented with severe COVID-19 pneumonia and elevated amylase and lipase levels. He received treatment for COVID-19 and possible acute pancreatitis (AP). Although pneumonia and amylase levels improved, a high-grade fever persisted. On day 39, abdominal CT revealed heterogenous liquid and non-liquid components with a well-defined wall around the pancreas, and he was diagnosed with infected walled-off necrosis (WON) after AP. It was concluded to be associated with COVID-19 because there were no identifiable causes, such as alcohol consumption, gallstones, or other viral infections. The necrotic collection and fever improved after endoscopic transgastric drainage and necrosectomy. SARS-CoV-2 is becoming recognized as a new etiological infectious factor for AP, and COVID-19-associated AP shows higher severity and mortality. Clinicians should evaluate COVID-19 patients for concomitant AP, and if it is present, they should carefully monitor the development of local complications, including WON.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Yagi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Seirei Hamamatsu General Hospital, Hamamatsu, JPN
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, JPN
| | - Hideki Miwa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Seirei Hamamatsu General Hospital, Hamamatsu, JPN
| | - Yosuke Kobayashi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Seirei Hamamatsu General Hospital, Hamamatsu, JPN
| | - Kenta Mitsusada
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Seirei Hamamatsu General Hospital, Hamamatsu, JPN
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Li J, Painter TJ. Acute Recurrent Pancreatitis With Exclusion of Biliary Causes in a Young Female Patient. Cureus 2023; 15:e46246. [PMID: 37908949 PMCID: PMC10614106 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.46246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Biliary pathologies are common causes of acute pancreatitis, including gallbladder cholesterolosis and gallstone pancreatitis. Nevertheless, after these two pathologies have been excluded, a broader differential and less common etiologies must be considered. Here we report an 18-year-old female with preliminary diagnosis of gallstone pancreatitis who underwent cholecystectomy and intraoperative cholangiogram resulting in uneventful recovery and resolution of symptoms. She returned three times within the month with symptoms of acute pancreatitis. We discussed alternative etiologies of her pancreatitis after exclusion of other causes with extensive imaging and laboratory evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Li
- Molecular and Cellular Sciences, Liberty University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lynchburg, USA
| | - Thomas J Painter
- Acute Care Surgery, Cheasapeake Regional Medical Center, Cheasapeake, USA
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Nohomovich B, Shah A, Hughes N. Severe, Complicated Pancreatitis With an Unclear Etiology. Cureus 2023; 15:e39011. [PMID: 37323321 PMCID: PMC10264160 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.39011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis is an inflammatory process. There can be many causes of pancreatitis, which include alcohol or gallstones but can also be due to hypercalcemia, infections, or hypertriglyceridemia. Most cases of pancreatitis are mild and without complications. Severe cases of pancreatitis can cause complications, including organ failure. Pseudocysts are a rare complication of pancreatitis and may require management. We present a patient with severe acute pancreatitis with organ failure admitted to the intensive care unit, stabilized, and required subsequent management of a pseudocyst with cystogastrostomy with a lumen-apposing metal stent. The patient subsequently improved and is doing well today. Herein, we present an acute severe pancreatitis case report with an extensive workup complicated by pseudocyst development. We review pancreatitis causes, including rare causes and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Nohomovich
- Internal Medicine, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, USA
| | - Ali Shah
- Internal Medicine, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, USA
| | - Neil Hughes
- Internal Medicine, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, USA
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Abstract
Pancreatic divisum (PD) is a malformation wherein the majority of affected patients remain asymptomatic or present with complications early in life. Some cases, however, may present in adulthood with recurrent pancreatitis, which makes the diagnosis clinically challenging. Here, we present a rare case of an elderly female with acute-on-chronic epigastric pain secondary to pancreatitis due to PD. During hospitalization, the patient was treated for acute pancreatitis and subsequently discharged with recommendations for corrective surgery. This case is unique particularly due to the older age of onset of symptoms, as well as the lack of exacerbating factors such as drug abuse, alcohol, or obesity. This case highlights the importance of considering PD as a differential diagnosis when managing patients with recurrent pancreatitis regardless of their age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Kara
- Department of Neurology, Larkin Community Hospital Palm Springs Campus, Miami, USA
| | - Saleha Ozair
- Department of Internal Medicine, Larkin Community Hospital, Miami, USA
| | - Miro Brzobohaty
- Department of Internal Medicine, Larkin Community Hospital Palm Springs Campus, Miami, USA
| | - Kester Nedd
- Department of Neurology, Larkin Community Hospital Palm Springs Campus, Miami, USA
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Litvinova M, Khafizov K, Speranskaya A, Matsvay A, Asanov A, Nikolskaya K, Vinokurova L, Dubtsova E, Ipatova M, Mukhina T, Karnaushkina M, Bordin D. Spectrum of PRSS1, SPINK1, CTRC, CFTR, and CPA1 Gene Variants in Chronic Pancreatitis Patients in Russia. Sovrem Tekhnologii Med 2023; 15:60-70. [PMID: 37389024 PMCID: PMC10306969 DOI: 10.17691/stm2023.15.2.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to define the spectrum of genetic risk factors of chronic pancreatitis (CP) development in patients living in the European part of the Russian Federation. Materials and Methods The study group included 105 patients with CP, with the age of the disease onset under 40 years old (the average age of onset was 26.9 years). The control group consisted of 76 persons without clinical signs of pancreatitis. The diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis in patients was made on the basis of clinical manifestations and the results of laboratory and instrumental investigations. Genetic examination of patients was conducted using the next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology and included targeted sequencing of all exons and exon-intron boundaries of the PRSS1, SPINK1, CTRC, CFTR, and CPA1 genes. The genotyping of the rs61734659 locus of the PRSS2 gene was also conducted. Results Genetic risk factors of the CP development were found in 61% of patients. Pathogenic and likely-pathogenic variants associated with the risk of CP development were identified in the following genes: CTRC (37.1% of patients), CFTR (18.1%), SPINK1 (8.6%), PRSS1 (8.6%), and CPA1 (6.7%). The frequent gene variants in Russian patients with CP were as follows: CTRC gene - c.180C>T (rs497078), c.760C>T (rs121909293), c.738_761del24 (rs746224507); cumulative odds ratio (OR) for all risk alleles was 1.848 (95% CI: 1.054-3.243); CFTR gene - c.3485G>T (rs1800120), c.1521_1523delCTT (p.Phe508del, rs113993960), and c.650A>G (rs121909046); OR=2.432 (95% CI: 1.066-5.553). In the SPINK1, PRSS1, and CPA1 genes, pathogenic variants were found only in the group of patients with CP. The frequent variants of the SPINK1 gene include c.101A>G (p.Asn34Ser, rs17107315) and c.194+2T>C (rs148954387); of the PRSS1 gene - c.86A>T (p.Asn29Ile, rs111033566); of the CPA1 gene - c.586-30C>T (rs782335525) and c.696+23_696+24delGG. The OR for the CP development for the c.180TT genotype (rs497078) CTRC according to the recessive model (TT vs. CT+CC) was 7.05 (95% CI: 0.86-263, p=0.011). In the CTRC gene, the variant c.493+49G>C (rs6679763) appeared to be benign, the c.493+51C>A (rs10803384) variant was frequently detected among both the diseased and healthy persons and did not demonstrate a protective effect. The protective factor c.571G>A (p.Gly191Arg, rs61734659) of the PRSS2 gene was detected only in the group of healthy individuals and confirmed its protective role. 12.4% of the patients with CP had risk factors in 2 or 3 genes. Conclusion Sequencing of the coding regions of the PRSS1, SPINK1, CTRC, CFTR, and CPA1 genes allowed to identify genetic risk factors of the CP development in 61% of cases. Determining the genetic cause of CP helps to predict the disease course, perform preventive measures in the proband's relatives, and facilitate a personalized treatment of the patient in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.M. Litvinova
- Associate Professor, Deputy Head for Research Work, Department of Medical Genetics1; Clinical Geneticist; The Loginov Moscow Clinical Scientific Center of Moscow Healthcare Department, 86 Entuziastov Shosse, Moscow, 111123, Russia
| | - K.F. Khafizov
- Head of the Laboratory of Genomic Research; Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Russian Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, 3A Novogireevskaya St., Moscow, 111123, Russia
| | - A.S. Speranskaya
- Senior Researcher, Head of the Laboratory of Multiomix Investigations; Scientific Research Institute for Systems Biology and Medicine, Russian Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, 18 Nauchniy Proezd, Moscow, 117246, Russia; Researcher; Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1 Leninskiye Gory, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - A.D. Matsvay
- Researcher, Laboratory of Genomic Methods Development; Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks of FMBA of Russia
| | - A.Yu. Asanov
- Professor, Department of Medical Genetics; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8/2 Malaya Trubetskaya St., Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - K.A. Nikolskaya
- Physician; The Loginov Moscow Clinical Scientific Center of Moscow Healthcare Department, 86 Entuziastov Shosse, Moscow, 111123, Russia
| | - L.V. Vinokurova
- Gastroenterologist; The Loginov Moscow Clinical Scientific Center of Moscow Healthcare Department, 86 Entuziastov Shosse, Moscow, 111123, Russia
| | - E.A. Dubtsova
- Head of the Department of Pathology of the Pancreas and Bile Ducts; The Loginov Moscow Clinical Scientific Center of Moscow Healthcare Department, 86 Entuziastov Shosse, Moscow, 111123, Russia
| | - M.G. Ipatova
- Associate Professor, Department of Hospital Pediatrics named after Academician V.A. Tabolin; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1 Ostrovitianova St., Moscow, 117997, Russia; Head of the Center for the Treatment of Developmental Anomalies and Diseases of the Hepatobiliary System in Children; N.F. Filatov Children’s City Hospital of Moscow Healthcare Department, 15 Sadovaya-Kudrinskaya St., Moscow, 123001, Russia
| | - T.F. Mukhina
- Gastroenterologist; Morozovskaya Children’s City Clinical Hospital of Moscow Healthcare Department, 1/9, 4 Dobrininskiy Pereulok, 119049, Moscow, Russia
| | - M.A. Karnaushkina
- Professor, Department of Internal Medicine with a Course of Cardiology and Functional Diagnostics named after Academician V.S. Moiseev; Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow, 117198, Russia
| | - D.S. Bordin
- Professor, Head of the Department of Pancreatic, Biliary and Upper Digestive Tract Disorders; The Loginov Moscow Clinical Scientific Center of Moscow Healthcare Department, 86 Entuziastov Shosse, Moscow, 111123, Russia; Professor, Department of Propaedeutic of Internal Diseases and Gastroenterology; A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, 20/1 Delegatskaya St., Moscow, 127473, Russia; Professor, Department of General Medical Practice and Family Medicine; Tver State Medical University, 4 Sovetaskaya St., Tver, 170100, Russia
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Porges T, Shafat T, Sagy I, Schwarzfuchs D, Rahmani Tzvi-Ran I, Jotkowitz A, Barski L. Clinical Characteristics and Prognosis of Idiopathic Acute Pancreatitis. Rambam Maimonides Med J 2021; 12:RMMJ.10442. [PMID: 34270401 PMCID: PMC8284986 DOI: 10.5041/rmmj.10442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Acute pancreatitis is a serious diagnosis with an increasing incidence in the Western world. In this study we sought to investigate the incidence of idiopathic AP and to compare clinical and prognostic characteristics of idiopathic cases with cases of AP with known etiology. METHODS In this retrospective study of adult hospitalized patients diagnosed with acute pancreatitis between 2012 and 2015, a comparison was made between admissions of patients with known etiology and those for whom no cause was found. Primary outcome was defined as composite outcome of 30-day mortality and complications. RESULTS Among 560 admissions of 437 patients with a primary diagnosis of acute pancreatitis, the main factors identified were gallstones (51.2%) and idiopathic pancreatitis (35.9%), with alcohol ranked third at only 4.8%. Mortality rate within 30 days of hospitalization was 2.9% and within one year was 7.1%. Use of lipid-lowering, anti-hypertensive, and anti-diabetic medications was more frequent among patients with "idiopathic" disease (70%, 68%, and 33% versus 59%, 56%, and 27%, respectively). Patients admitted with idiopathic AP, in comparison to patients with known AP etiology, had milder disease with shorter hospital stay (3 days versus 4, respectively), and less re-admission in 30 days (7.5% versus 21.2%). Idiopathic AP patients had better prognosis in terms of 30-day death and complication (HR 0.33, 95% CI 0.08-0.40, P<0.001). CONCLUSION Idiopathic disease is common among acute pancreatitis patients; the two study groups differed in severity of disease and prognosis. Common use of medications with doubtful value suggests possible under-diagnosis of drug-induced acute idiopathic pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzvika Porges
- Internal Medicine Division F, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Tali Shafat
- Internal Medicine Division F, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Clinical Research Center, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Iftach Sagy
- Internal Medicine Division F, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Clinical Research Center, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Rheumatologic Unit, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Dan Schwarzfuchs
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | | | - Alan Jotkowitz
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Leonid Barski
- Internal Medicine Division F, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Amir W, Nawaz M, Ahmed Z. A Rare Case of Acute Idiopathic Pancreatitis in Third Trimester Which Aggravated in Early Postpartum Period. Cureus 2020; 12:e7348. [PMID: 32328360 PMCID: PMC7170021 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.7348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) in pregnancy and post-partum period is a rare event and can have a lethal effect on the mother and the fetus. Gallstone disease is thought to be the most common causative factor of AP; however, in many cases the cause remains unclear. Here, we present a case of severe AP occurring in late pregnancy which aggravated in the early postpartum period. A 32-year-old multiparous woman, para 7, presented with severe abdominal pain, abdominal distension and multiple episodes of vomiting. The pain was localized to the upper abdomen and radiating to the back, aggravated by food and bending forward. She had neither a history of chronic alcoholism nor any evidence of viral infection was found. The patient was diagnosed with idiopathic severe AP on contrast-enhanced computed tomography, which was managed conservatively and recovered within several days. She did not have any recurrence thereafter and had a good clinical recovery. Therefore, it is important to consider AP when a woman presents with upper abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting in pregnancy and during the postpartum period to improve the maternal outcome for patients with AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Washma Amir
- Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, PAK
| | - Marrium Nawaz
- Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, PAK
| | - Zohaib Ahmed
- Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, PAK
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9
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Abstract
Introduction: Pancreas divisum is the most common congenital malformation of the pancreas with the majority asymptomatic. The etiological role, pathogenesis, clinical significance and management of pancreas divisum in pancreatic disease has not been clearly defined and our understanding is yet to be fully elucidated.Areas covered: This review describes the role of pancreas divisum in the development of pancreatic disease and the ambiguity related to it. In our attempt to offer clarity, a comprehensive search on PubMed, Ovid, Embase and Cochrane Library from inception to May 2019 was undertaken using key words "pancreas divisum", "idiopathic recurrent acute pancreatitis" and "chronic pancreatitis".Expert opinion: Current research fails to define a clear association between pancreas divisum and pancreatic disease. Though debatable, several studies do suggest a pathological role of pancreas divisum in pancreatic disease and a benefit of minor papilla therapy in the setting of acute recurrent pancreatitis. Surgical and endoscopic therapeutic modalities have not been directly compared. With the current data available, it would be imprudent to advise a definitive line of management for pancreatic disease associated with pancreas divisum and should involve a comprehensive discussion with the individual patient to define expectations before embarking on any medical and/or interventional therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Gutta
- Advanced Endoscopy Gastroenterology Fellow, Indiana University School of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, 550 N. University Blvd, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Evan Fogel
- Professor of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, 550 N. University Blvd, Suite 1602, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Stuart Sherman
- Professor of Medicine, Glen Lehman Professor in Gastroenterology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, 550 N. University Blvd, Suite 1634, Indianapolis, IN 46202
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10
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Kello N. Idiopathic Pancreatitis as a Rare Gastrointestinal Manifestation of Myotonic Muscular Dystrophy. Cureus 2018; 10:e2373. [PMID: 29805942 PMCID: PMC5969800 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.2373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Myotonic muscular dystrophy (DM) is a multi-system disorder affecting skeletal muscles as well as smooth and cardiac muscles. Patients with DM experience disturbances in gastrointestinal motility; however, pancreatobiliary manifestations have rarely been described. We report the case of a 58-year-old male with MD who presented with a sudden onset of vomiting and abdominal pain. Laboratory and radiological findings were consistent with acute pancreatitis. No identifiable cause of pancreatitis could be identified despite an extensive workup. Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction (SOD) was felt to be the most likely cause of our patient’s acute pancreatitis. SOD leading to acute pancreatitis results from spasm of both the distal common biliary duct and the duct of Wirsung. It is a very rarely reported gastrointestinal manifestation of MD, but one that should not be overlooked.
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Abstract
Hereditary pancreatitis (HP) is a rare cause of acute, recurrent acute, and chronic pancreatitis. It may present similarly to other causes of acute and chronic pancreatitis, and often there has been a protracted evaluation prior to the diagnosis of HP. Since it was first described in 1952, multiple genetic defects that affect the action of digestive enzymes in the pancreas have been implicated. The most common mutations involve the PRSS1, CFTR, SPINK1, and CTRC genes. New mutations in these genes and previously unrecognized mutations in other genes are being discovered due to the increasing use of next-generation genomic sequencing. While the inheritance pathways of these genetic mutations may be variable and complex, sometimes involving coinheritance of other mutations, the clinical presentation of patients tends to be similar. Interactions with environmental triggers often play a role. Patients tend to present at an early age (prior to the second decade of life) and have a significantly increased risk for the development of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Patients with HP may develop sequelae of chronic pancreatitis such as strictures and fluid collections as well as exocrine and endocrine insufficiency. Management of patients with HP involves avoidance of environmental triggers, surveillance for pancreatic adenocarcinoma, medical therapy for endocrine and exocrine insufficiency, pain management, and endoscopic or surgical treatment for complications. Care for affected patients should be individualized, with an emphasis on early diagnosis and multidisciplinary involvement to develop a comprehensive treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara L Raphael
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Field F Willingham
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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12
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Cotton PB, Elta GH, Carter CR, Pasricha PJ, Corazziari ES. Rome IV. Gallbladder and Sphincter of Oddi Disorders. Gastroenterology 2016; 150:S0016-5085(16)00224-9. [PMID: 27144629 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The concept that motor disorders of the gallbladder, cystic duct and sphincter of Oddi can cause painful syndromes is attractive and popular, at least in the USA. However, the results of commonly performed ablative treatments (cholecystectomy and sphincterotomy) are not uniformly good. The predictive value of tests that are often used to diagnose dysfunction (dynamic gallbladder scintigraphy and sphincter manometry) is controversial. Evaluation and management of these patients is made difficult by the fluctuating symptoms and the placebo effect of invasive interventions. A recent stringent study has shown that sphincterotomy is no better than sham treatment in patients with post-cholecystectomy pain and little or no objective abnormalities on investigation, so that the old concept of sphincter of Oddi dysfunction (SOD) type III is discarded. ERCP approaches are no longer appropriate in that context. There is a pressing need for similar prospective studies to provide better guidance for clinicians dealing with these patients. We need to clarify the indications for cholecystectomy in patients with Functional Gallbladder Disorder (FGBD) and the relevance of sphincter dysfunction in patients with some evidence for biliary obstruction (previously SOD type II, now called "Functional Biliary Sphincter Disorder - FBSD") and with idiopathic acute recurrent pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Cotton
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
| | - G H Elta
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - P J Pasricha
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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13
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Rana SS, Sharma V, Sharma RK, Chhabra P, Gupta R, Bhasin DK. Clinical significance of presence and extent of extrapancreatic necrosis in acute pancreatitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 30:794-8. [PMID: 25251298 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.12793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Extrapancreatic necrosis (EPN) alone represents a subgroup of pancreatitis with better outcome than patients with pancreatic parenchymal necrosis (PN). However, data on clinical significance of EPN is limited, and significance of the extent of EPN is not known. METHODS Two hundred thirteen patients (136 [63.8%] males; mean age: 39.8 ± 13.2 years) with acute pancreatitis were prospectively enrolled and followed up till recovery or death. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography of each patient was retrospectively evaluated for presence of PN and EPN, pleural effusion and ascites. EPN was termed extensive if it extended to paracolic gutters or pelvis. RESULTS Twenty-one (9.9%) patients had interstitial pancreatitis, seven (3.3%) patients had PN alone, 48 (22.5%) patients had EPN alone, and 137 (64.3%) patients had combined PN and EPN. Patients with EPN alone had significantly higher frequency of organ failure than patients with interstitial pancreatitis. Compared with patients with EPN alone, the patients with combined necrosis had significantly higher frequency of pleural effusion (88.2% vs. 75%), ascites (41% vs. 20.8%), and need for intervention (32.6% vs. 14.6%). Patients with extensive EPN (n = 57) had significantly higher frequency of pleural effusion, ascites, and multi-organ failure than those with limited EPN. CONCLUSION EPN alone should be considered as a separate category of acute pancreatitis as it has less severe course than PN but has more severe course than interstitial pancreatitis. Patients with extensive EPN in spite of having increased frequency of ascites, pleural effusion, and multi-organ failure had similar outcome as compared to patients with limited EPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surinder S Rana
- Department of Gastroenterology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
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14
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Ballard DD, Flueckiger JR, Fogel EL, McHenry L, Lehman GA, Watkins JL, Sherman S, Coté GA. Evaluating Adults With Idiopathic Pancreatitis for Genetic Predisposition: Higher Prevalence of Abnormal Results With Use of Complete Gene Sequencing. Pancreas 2015; 44:116-21. [PMID: 25251442 DOI: 10.1097/MPA.0000000000000225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In adults with unexplained pancreatitis, the yield of complete gene versus select exosome sequencing on mutation detection and distinguishing clinical characteristics associated with mutations requires clarification. We sought to (1) compare frequency of mutations identified using different techniques and (2) compare clinical characteristics between adults with and without mutations. METHODS This is a cohort study of adults with unexplained pancreatitis who underwent genetic testing between January 2008 and December 2012. We compare probabilities of having a positive mutation with complete gene sequencing versus alternatives and describe differences in characteristics among patients with and without mutations. RESULTS Of the 370 patients, 67 (18%) had a genetic mutation; 24 (6%) were of high risk. Mutations were significantly more prevalent with use of complete sequencing (42%) versus other approaches (8%, P < 0.0001). Most (44/67, 66%) with a mutation had no family history. Those with high-risk mutations were more likely to have a family history of chronic pancreatitis (21% vs 4%, P = 0.002). Patients with pancreas divisum were more likely to have mutations (27% vs 14%, P = 0.0007). CONCLUSION Among individuals with adult-onset pancreatic disease, the probability of finding any mutation, including high risk, is significantly higher using complete gene sequencing. The impact on patients and providers requires further investigation.
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Sharma V, Rana SS, Sharma RK, Kang M, Gupta R, Bhasin DK. A study of radiological scoring system evaluating extrapancreatic inflammation with conventional radiological and clinical scores in predicting outcomes in acute pancreatitis. Ann Gastroenterol 2015; 28:399-404. [PMID: 26129965 PMCID: PMC4480179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of scoring systems are available to predict prognosis in acute pancreatitis (AP). The aim of the study was to compare extra-pancreatic inflammation on computed tomography (CT) (EPIC score) and renal rim sign with clinical scores (BISAP, SIRS) and conventional CT severity index (CTSI) and modified CTSI (MCTSI) in predicting persistent organ failure (POF), intervention and mortality. METHODS The demographic, clinical and radiographic data from patients with AP were retrospectively evaluated. The scores were evaluated by calculating receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves and area under the ROC (AUROC). RESULTS Of the 105 patients (65 males; mean age 40.6±12.9 years) included, 8 died, 71 developed POF, and 16 needed intervention. The mean CTSI, MCTSI and EPIC scores were 5.8±3.0, 7.1±2.6 and 4.0±1.9 respectively. The AUROC for SIRS, BISAP, CTSI, MCTSI, Renal Rim Score and EPIC score in predicting POF were 0.65 (95%CI 0.53-0.78), 0.75 (95%CI 0.65-0.86), 0.66 (95%CI 0.54-0.78), 0.70 (95%CI 0.58-0.81), 0.64 (95%CI 0.52-0.76), 0.71 (95%CI 0.60-0.83), for radiological/endoscopic intervention were 0.50 (95%CI 0.35-0.65), 0.64 (95%CI 0.49-0.78), 0.51 (95%CI 0.36-0.66), 0.55 (95%CI 0.41-0.70), 0.51 (95%CI 0.36-0.67), 0.66 (95%CI 0.52-0.81), and for mortality 0.57 (95%CI 0.38-0.75), 0.90 (95%CI 0.83-0.97), 0.67 (95%CI 0.50-0.83), 0.68 (95%CI 0.51-0.85), 0.73 (95%CI 0.57-0.89) and 0.77 (95%CI 0.64-0.90) respectively. CONCLUSION The prognostic performance of various clinical and radiological scoring systems in AP is comparable with BISAP having the highest accuracy for predicting POF and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Sharma
- Department of Gastroenterology (Vishal Sharma, Surinder S. Rana, Ravi K. Sharma, Deepak K. Bhasin), Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Surinder S. Rana
- Department of Gastroenterology (Vishal Sharma, Surinder S. Rana, Ravi K. Sharma, Deepak K. Bhasin), Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India,
Correspondence to: Dr Surinder Singh Rana, Assistant Professor, Department of Gastroenterology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160012 India, Tel.: +91 172 2749123, Fax: +91 172 2744401, e-mail:
| | - Ravi K. Sharma
- Department of Gastroenterology (Vishal Sharma, Surinder S. Rana, Ravi K. Sharma, Deepak K. Bhasin), Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Mandeep Kang
- Department of Radiodiagnosis (Mandeep Kang), Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Rajesh Gupta
- Department of Surgery (Rajesh Gupta), Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Deepak K. Bhasin
- Department of Gastroenterology (Vishal Sharma, Surinder S. Rana, Ravi K. Sharma, Deepak K. Bhasin), Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
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Abstract
Hereditary pancreatitis shares a majority of clinical and morphologic features with chronic alcoholic pancreatitis, but may present at an earlier age. The term hereditary pancreatitis has primarily been associated with mutations in the serine protease 1 gene (PRSS1) which encodes for cationic trypsinogen. PRSS1 mutations account for approximately 68-81% of hereditary pancreatitis. Mutations in other genes, primarily serine protease inhibitor Kazal type 1 (SPINK1) and the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) are also associated with hereditary pancreatitis. While chronic alcoholic pancreatitis may develop in the fourth or fifth decades, patients with hereditary pancreatitis may develop symptoms in the first or second decades of life. Hereditary pancreatitis is diagnosed either by detecting a causative gene mutation or by the presence of chronic pancreatitis in two first-degree or three second-degree relatives, in two or more generations, without precipitating factors and with a negative workup for known causes. Patients with hereditary pancreatitis may have recurrent acute pancreatitis and may develop pancreatic exocrine and endocrine insufficiency. Hereditary pancreatitis may involve premature trypsinogen activation or decreased control of trypsin. Recurrent inflammation can lead to acute pancreatitis and subsequently to chronic pancreatitis with parenchymal calcification. There is a markedly increased risk of pancreatic carcinoma compared with the general population. Patients are often referred for evaluation of pancreatitis, biliary or pancreatic ductal dilatation, jaundice, biliary obstruction, pancreatic duct stone or stricture, pancreatic pseudocysts, and for evaluation for malignancy. Medical treatment includes pancreatic enzyme supplementation, nutritional supplementation, diabetes management, and palliation of pain. Patients should avoid tobacco use and alcohol exposure. Hereditary pancreatitis is reviewed and recommendations for genetic testing are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan R. Patel
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Amanda L. Eppolito
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Field F. Willingham
- Director of Endoscopy, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, 1365 Clifton Road, NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Threadgold J, Greenhalf W, Ellis I, Howes N, Lerch MM, Simon P, Jansen J, Charnley R, Laugier R, Frulloni L, Oláh A, Delhaye M, Ihse I, Schaffalitzky de Muckadell OB, Andrén-Sandberg A, Imrie CW, Martinek J, Gress TM, Mountford R, Whitcomb D, Neoptolemos JP. The N34S mutation of SPINK1 (PSTI) is associated with a familial pattern of idiopathic chronic pancreatitis but does not cause the disease. Gut 2002; 50:675-81. [PMID: 11950815 PMCID: PMC1773194 DOI: 10.1136/gut.50.5.675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2001] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in the PRSS1 gene explain most occurrences of hereditary pancreatitis (HP) but many HP families have no PRSS1 mutation. Recently, an association between the mutation N34S in the pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor (SPINK1 or PSTI) gene and idiopathic chronic pancreatitis (ICP) was reported. It is unclear whether the N34S mutation is a cause of pancreatitis per se, whether it modifies the disease, or whether it is a marker of the disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 327 individuals from 217 families affected by pancreatitis were tested: 152 from families with HP, 108 from families with ICP, and 67 with alcohol related CP (ACP). Seven patients with ICP had a family history of pancreatitis but no evidence of autosomal dominant disease (f-ICP) compared with 87 patients with true ICP (t-ICP). Two hundred controls were also tested for the N34S mutation. The findings were related to clinical outcome. RESULTS The N34S mutation was carried by five controls (2.5%; allele frequency 1.25%), 11/87 (13%) t-ICP patients (p=0.0013 v controls), and 6/7 (86%) affected (p<0.0001 v controls) and 1/9 (11%) unaffected f-ICP cases. N34S was found in 4/108 affected HP patients (p=0.724 v controls), in 3/27 (11%) with wild-type and in 1/81 (1%) with mutant PRSS1, and 4/67 ACP patients (all p>0.05 v controls). The presence of the N34S mutation was not associated with early disease onset or disease severity. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of the N34S mutation was increased in patients with ICP and was greatest in f-ICP cases. Segregation of the N34S mutation in families with pancreatitis is unexplained and points to a complex association between N34S and another putative pancreatitis related gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Threadgold
- Department of Surgery, University of Liverpool, 5th Floor UCD Building, Daulby Street, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK
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