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Li Z, Gao Z. A Time-to-Digital Converter for Low-Power Consumption Single Slope Analog-to-Digital Converters in a High-Speed CMOS Image Sensor. Micromachines (Basel) 2024; 15:578. [PMID: 38793151 DOI: 10.3390/mi15050578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
To reduce the power consumption of a TDC in high-speed applications, a TDC architecture applied to SS ADC is proposed to reduce redundant counting. This structure can remove the identical part between two rows of pixel signals in a CMOS image sensor by adjusting the start and stop signal of the TDC, which will reduce the number of flipping of D flip-flops in the TDC. This structure requires the simultaneous readout of two rows of pixels in the high-speed CMOS image sensor. In the 110 nm CMOS process, simulation results show that the designed 5-bit TDC achieves an effective number of bits (ENOB) at 4.72 bits and a figure-of-merit (FOM) at 104.7-162.3 fJ/step, with a power consumption ranging from 60 µW to 93 µW. Compared with traditional counting methods, the proposed TDC can reduce counting power consumption by 30%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Li
- School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhiyuan Gao
- School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
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2
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Zhukov A, Rivero A, Benois-Pineau J, Zemmari A, Mosbah M. A Hybrid System for Defect Detection on Rail Lines through the Fusion of Object and Context Information. Sensors (Basel) 2024; 24:1171. [PMID: 38400331 PMCID: PMC10892099 DOI: 10.3390/s24041171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Defect detection on rail lines is essential for ensuring safe and efficient transportation. Current image analysis methods with deep neural networks (DNNs) for defect detection often focus on the defects themselves while ignoring the related context. In this work, we propose a fusion model that combines both a targeted defect search and a context analysis, which is seen as a multimodal fusion task. Our model performs rule-based decision-level fusion, merging the confidence scores of multiple individual models to classify rail-line defects. We call the model "hybrid" in the sense that it is composed of supervised learning components and rule-based fusion. We first propose an improvement to existing vision-based defect detection methods by incorporating a convolutional block attention module (CBAM) in the you only look once (YOLO) versions 5 (YOLOv5) and 8 (YOLOv8) architectures for the detection of defects and contextual image elements. This attention module is applied at different detection scales. The domain-knowledge rules are applied to fuse the detection results. Our method demonstrates improvements over baseline models in vision-based defect detection. The model is open for the integration of modalities other than an image, e.g., sound and accelerometer data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Zhukov
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, INRIA, LaBRI, UMR 5800, 33400 Talence, France; (J.B.-P.); (A.Z.); (M.M.)
- Ferrocampus, 18 bd Guillet-Maillet, 17100 Saintes, France
| | - Alain Rivero
- SNCF-Réseau, Direction Générale Industrielle et Ingénierie, Département IP3M DM MATRICE, 6 Avenue François Mitterrand, 93574 Paris, France;
| | - Jenny Benois-Pineau
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, INRIA, LaBRI, UMR 5800, 33400 Talence, France; (J.B.-P.); (A.Z.); (M.M.)
| | - Akka Zemmari
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, INRIA, LaBRI, UMR 5800, 33400 Talence, France; (J.B.-P.); (A.Z.); (M.M.)
| | - Mohamed Mosbah
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, INRIA, LaBRI, UMR 5800, 33400 Talence, France; (J.B.-P.); (A.Z.); (M.M.)
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3
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Pérez M, Lado GM, Mato G, Franco DG, Vinciguerra IA, Berisso MG, Pomiro FJ, Lipovetzky J, Marpegan L. High-resolution X-Ray imaging of small animal samples based on Commercial-Off-The-Shelf CMOS image sensors. J Xray Sci Technol 2024; 32:355-367. [PMID: 38427532 DOI: 10.3233/xst-230232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
An automated system for acquiring microscopic-resolution radiographic images of biological samples was developed. Mass-produced, low-cost, and easily automated components were used, such as Commercial-Off-The-Self CMOS image sensors (CIS), stepper motors, and control boards based on Arduino and RaspberryPi. System configuration, imaging protocols, and Image processing (filtering and stitching) were defined to obtain high-resolution images and for successful computational image reconstruction. Radiographic images were obtained for animal samples including the widely used animal models zebrafish (Danio rerio) and the fruit-fly (Drosophila melanogaster), as well as other small animal samples. The use of phosphotungstic acid (PTA) as a contrast agent was also studied. Radiographic images with resolutions of up to (7±0.6)μm were obtained, making this system comparable to commercial ones. This work constitutes a starting point for the development of more complex systems such as X-ray attenuation micro-tomography systems based on low-cost off-the-shelf technology. It will also bring the possibility to expand the studies that can be carried out with small animal models at many institutions (mostly those working on tight budgets), particularly those on the effects of ionizing radiation and absorption of heavy metal contaminants in animal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- MartÍn Pérez
- Centro Atómico Bariloche, Av. Bustillo 9500, S. C. de Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina
- Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Argentina
- Instituto Balseiro, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Argentina
| | - Gerardo M Lado
- Centro Atómico Bariloche, Av. Bustillo 9500, S. C. de Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina
- Instituto Balseiro, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Argentina
| | - Germán Mato
- Centro Atómico Bariloche, Av. Bustillo 9500, S. C. de Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina
- Instituto Balseiro, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina
| | - Diego G Franco
- Centro Atómico Bariloche, Av. Bustillo 9500, S. C. de Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina
- Instituto Balseiro, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina
| | - Ignacio Artola Vinciguerra
- Centro Atómico Bariloche, Av. Bustillo 9500, S. C. de Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina
- Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Argentina
| | - Mariano Gómez Berisso
- Centro Atómico Bariloche, Av. Bustillo 9500, S. C. de Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina
- Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Argentina
- Instituto Balseiro, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina
| | - Federico J Pomiro
- Centro Atómico Bariloche, Av. Bustillo 9500, S. C. de Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina
- Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Argentina
| | - José Lipovetzky
- Centro Atómico Bariloche, Av. Bustillo 9500, S. C. de Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina
- Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Argentina
- Instituto Balseiro, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina
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4
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Cho D, Gong J. A Feasibility Study on Extension of Measurement Distance in Vision Sensor Using Super-Resolution for Dynamic Response Measurement. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:8496. [PMID: 37896590 PMCID: PMC10611130 DOI: 10.3390/s23208496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
The current civil infrastructure conditions can be assessed through the measurement of displacement using conventional contact-type sensors. To address the disadvantages of traditional sensors, vision-based sensor measurement systems have been derived in numerous studies and proven as an alternative to traditional sensors. Despite the benefits of the vision sensor, it is well known that the accuracy of the vision-based displacement measurement is largely dependent on the camera extrinsic or intrinsic parameters. In this study, the feasibility study of a deep learning-based single image super-resolution (SISR) technique in a vision-based sensor system is conducted to alleviate the low spatial resolution of image frames at long measurement distance ranges. Additionally, its robustness is evaluated using shaking table tests. As a result, it is confirmed that the SISR can reconstruct definite images of natural targets resulting in an extension of the measurement distance range. Additionally, it is determined that the SISR mitigates displacement measurement error in the vision sensor-based measurement system. Based on this fundamental study of SISR in the feature point-based measurement system, further analysis such as modal analysis, damage detection, and so forth should be continued in order to explore the functionality of SR images by applying low-resolution displacement measurement footage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dooyong Cho
- Department of Convergence System Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Junho Gong
- Department of Future & Smart Construction Research, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology, Goyang-si 10223, Republic of Korea
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5
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Park H, Sen A, Kaniselvan M, AlMutairi A, Bala A, Lee LP, Yoon Y, Kim S. A Wafer-Scale Nanoporous 2D Active Pixel Image Sensor Matrix with High Uniformity, High Sensitivity, and Rapid Switching. Adv Mater 2023; 35:e2210715. [PMID: 36807606 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202210715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
2D transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have been successfully developed as novel ubiquitous optoelectronics owing to their excellent electrical and optical characteristics. However, active-matrix image sensors based on TMDs have limitations owing to the difficulty of fabricating large-area integrated circuitry and achieving high optical sensitivity. Herein, a large-area uniform, highly sensitive, and robust image sensor matrix with active pixels consisting of nanoporous molybdenum disulfide (MoS2 ) phototransistors and indium-gallium-zinc oxide (IGZO) switching transistors is reported. Large-area uniform 4-inch wafer-scale bilayer MoS2 films are synthesized by radio-frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering and sulfurization processes and patterned to be a nanoporous structure consisting of an array of periodic nanopores on the MoS2 surface via block copolymer lithography. Edge exposure on the nanoporous bilayer MoS2 induces the formation of subgap states, which promotes a photogating effect to obtain an exceptionally high photoresponsivity of 5.2 × 104 A W-1 . A 4-inch-wafer-scale image mapping is successively achieved using this active-matrix image sensor by controlling the device sensing and switching states. The high-performance active-matrix image sensor is state-of-the-art in 2D material-based integrated circuitry and pixel image sensor applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heekyeong Park
- Department of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Harvard Institute of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Anamika Sen
- Department of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Manasa Kaniselvan
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology (WIN) & Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - AbdulAziz AlMutairi
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology (WIN) & Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Arindam Bala
- Department of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Luke P Lee
- Harvard Institute of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Department of Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngki Yoon
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology (WIN) & Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Sunkook Kim
- Department of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
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6
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Yun Y, Han GS, Park GN, Kim J, Park J, Vidyasagar D, Jung J, Choi WC, Choi YJ, Heo K, Kang J, Park JS, Jung HS, Lee S. A Wide Bandgap Halide Perovskite Based Self-Powered Blue Photodetector with 84.9% of External Quantum Efficiency. Adv Mater 2022; 34:e2206932. [PMID: 36210726 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202206932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A self-powered, color-filter-free blue photodetector (PD) based on halide perovskites is reported. A high external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 84.9%, which is the highest reported EQE in blue PDs, is achieved by engineering the A-site monovalent cations of wide-bandgap perovskites. The optimized composition of formamidinium (FA)/methylammonium (MA) increases the heat of formation, yielding a uniform and smooth film. The incorporation of Cs+ ions into the FA/MA composition suppresses the trap density and increases charge-carrier mobility, yielding the highest average EQE of 77.4%, responsivity of 0.280 A W-1 , and detectivity of 5.08 × 1012 Jones under blue light. Furthermore, Cs+ improves durability under repetitive operations and ambient atmosphere. The proposed device exhibits peak responsivity of 0.307 A W-1 , which is higher than that of the commercial InGaN-based blue PD (0.289 A W-1 ). This study will promote the development of next-generation image sensors with vertically stacked perovskite PDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonghun Yun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Kyungpook National University (KNU), Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Gill Sang Han
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyu Na Park
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyun Kim
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhong Park
- Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Engineering, Hybrid Materials Research Center (HMC), Sejong University (SJU), Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Devthade Vidyasagar
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Kyungpook National University (KNU), Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jina Jung
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Kyungpook National University (KNU), Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Chang Choi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Kyungpook National University (KNU), Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jin Choi
- Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Engineering, Hybrid Materials Research Center (HMC), Sejong University (SJU), Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Heo
- Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Engineering, Hybrid Materials Research Center (HMC), Sejong University (SJU), Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Joohoon Kang
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- KIST-SKKU Carbon-Neutral Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Sang Park
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT) and Department of Nano Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Suk Jung
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- SKKU Institute of Energy Science and Technology (SIEST), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangwook Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Kyungpook National University (KNU), Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
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7
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Zhang Z, Geng Y, Cao S, Chen Z, Gao H, Zhu X, Zhang X, Wu Y. Ultraviolet Photodetectors Based on Polymer Microwire Arrays toward Wearable Medical Devices. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:41257-41263. [PMID: 36044649 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c04169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polymer micro/nanoarchitectures have attracted intense interest for wearable medical applications due to their excellent mechanical flexibility, solution processability, and tunable optoelectronic properties. Based on polymer micro/nanostructures, high-performance ultraviolet (UV) photodetectors can not only functionalize the accurate image sensing but also sustain the biocomfortable flexible devices for real-time health monitoring. The main challenges are focused on the integration of medical wearable devices, which requires large-scale assembly of polymer micro/nanostructures with controlled morphology and strict alignment. Herein, we utilized a confined assembly system through the cautious regulation for the growth of high-quality polymer 1D arrays. UV photodetectors based on these polymer microwire arrays perform a high on/off ratio of 137 and responsivity of 19.1 mA W-1. Polymer microarray photodetectors facilitate the scale-up fabrication of 14 × 18 multiplexed image sensors for highly accurate capturing the signals of Arabic numerals "1," "2," and "3." Flexible UV photodetectors based on these arrays present excellent flexibility and bending durability, maintaining 97% of their original on/off ratio after 4000 cycles with a 10 mm bending radius. UV photodetection signals were also collected from the attached flexible devices on the back skin of the mouse, demonstrating the great potential in wearable medical photodetection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
- Department of Orthopedics, the Fourth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yue Geng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Shiqi Cao
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
- Department of Orthopedics, the Fourth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Zheng Chen
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthetic Technology of High Performance Polymer, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Hanfei Gao
- Ji Hua Laboratory, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, P. R. China
| | - Xuanbo Zhu
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthetic Technology of High Performance Polymer, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Xuesong Zhang
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
- Department of Orthopedics, the Fourth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yuchen Wu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- Ji Hua Laboratory, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, P. R. China
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8
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Sen A, Park H, Pujar P, Bala A, Cho H, Liu N, Gandla S, Kim S. Probing the Efficacy of Large-Scale Nonporous IGZO for Visible-to-NIR Detection Capability: An Approach toward High-Performance Image Sensor Circuitry. ACS Nano 2022; 16:9267-9277. [PMID: 35696345 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c01773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The technological ability to detect a wide spectrum range of illuminated visible-to-NIR is substantially improved for an amorphous metal oxide semiconductor, indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO), without employing an additional photoabsorber. The fundamentally tuned morphology via structural engineering results in the creation of nanopores throughout the entire thickness of ∼30 nm. See-through nanopores have edge functionalization with vacancies, which leads to a large density of substates near the conduction band minima and valence band maxima. The presence of nanoring edges with a high concentration of vacancies is investigated using chemical composition analysis. The process of creating a nonporous morphology is sophisticated and is demonstrated using a wafer-scale phototransistor array. The performance of the phototransistors is assessed in terms of photosensitivity (S) and photoresponsivity (R); both are of high magnitudes (S = 8.6 × 104 at λex = 638 nm and Pinc = 512 mW cm2-; R = 120 A W1- at Pinc = 2 mW cm2- for the same λex). Additionally, the 7 × 5 array of 35 phototransistors is effective in sensing and reproducing the input image by responding to selectively illuminated pixels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Sen
- School of Advanced Materials Science & Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Heekyeong Park
- Harvard Institute of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Pavan Pujar
- School of Advanced Materials Science & Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Arindam Bala
- School of Advanced Materials Science & Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Haewon Cho
- School of Advanced Materials Science & Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Liu
- School of Advanced Materials Science & Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Srinivas Gandla
- School of Advanced Materials Science & Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunkook Kim
- School of Advanced Materials Science & Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
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9
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Chang Y, Zhou Y, Wang J, Zhai W. Constructing a High-Quality t-Se/Si Interface Via In Situ Light Annealing of a-Se for a Self-Powered Image Sensor. Small 2022; 18:e2201714. [PMID: 35599380 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202201714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The quality of the interface, e.g., the semiconductor-semiconductor or metal-semiconductor interface, is the main factor restricting the photodetection performance of a heterojunction. In this study, a high-quality Se/Si interface is constructed via in situ directional transformation of amorphous Se (a-Se) into crystalline Se (t-Se) on a Si substrate via light annealing. Benefitting from the high-quality interface and appropriate energy band between Si and Se, the t-Se/Si heterojunction exhibits an extremely high responsivity and detectivity of 583.33 mA W-1 and 8.52 × 1012 Jones at 760 nm, respectively. In addition, the device exhibits an ultrafast rise time of 183 µs and a decay time of 405 µs. Furthermore, an image sensor fabricated via local light annealing successfully recognizes patterns of "N," "P," and "U." This study provides valuable guidance for the construction of high-quality interfaces and the design of self-powered image sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Materials Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Yingcai Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Materials Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Jianyuan Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Materials Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhai
- MOE Key Laboratory of Materials Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
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10
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Kang M, Hassan SZ, Ko SM, Choi C, Kim J, Parumala SKR, Kim YH, Jang YH, Yoon J, Jee DW, Chung DS. A Molecular-Switch-Embedded Organic Photodiode for Capturing Images against Strong Backlight. Adv Mater 2022; 34:e2200526. [PMID: 35233855 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202200526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
When the intensity of the incident light increases, the photocurrents of organic photodiodes (OPDs) exhibit relatively early saturation, due to which OPDs cannot easily detect objects against strong backlights, such as sunlight. In this study, this problem is addressed by introducing a light-intensity-dependent transition of the operation mode, such that the operation mode of the OPD autonomously changes to overcome early photocurrent saturation as the incident light intensity passes the threshold intensity. The photoactive layer is doped with a strategically designed and synthesized molecular switch, 1,2-bis-(2-methyl-5-(4-cyanobiphenyl)-3-thienyl)tetrafluorobenzene (DAB). The proposed OPD exhibits a typical OPD performance with an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of <100% and a photomultiplication behavior with an EQE of >100% under low-intensity and high-intensity light illuminations, respectively, thereby resulting in an extension of the photoresponse linearity to a light intensity of 434 mW cm-2 . This unique and reversible transition of the operation mode can be explained by the unbalanced quantum yield of photocyclization/photocycloreversion of the molecular switch. The details of the operation mechanism are discussed in conjunction with various photophysical analyses. Furthermore, they establish a prototype image sensor with an array of molecular-switch-embedded OPD pixels to demonstrate their extremely high sensitivity against strong light illumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyun Kang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Syed Zahid Hassan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Min Ko
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Changwon Choi
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhee Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Santosh K R Parumala
- Graduate Department of Chemical Materials, and Institute for Plastic Information and Energy Materials, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Hi Kim
- Department of Chemistry and RIGET, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Hee Jang
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhwan Yoon
- Graduate Department of Chemical Materials, and Institute for Plastic Information and Energy Materials, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Woo Jee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Sung Chung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
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11
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Saradopoulos I, Potamitis I, Ntalampiras S, Konstantaras AI, Antonidakis EN. Edge Computing for Vision-Based, Urban-Insects Traps in the Context of Smart Cities. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:s22052006. [PMID: 35271153 PMCID: PMC8914644 DOI: 10.3390/s22052006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Our aim is to promote the widespread use of electronic insect traps that report captured pests to a human-controlled agency. This work reports on edge-computing as applied to camera-based insect traps. We present a low-cost device with high power autonomy and an adequate picture quality that reports an internal image of the trap to a server and counts the insects it contains based on quantized and embedded deep-learning models. The paper compares different aspects of performance of three different edge devices, namely ESP32, Raspberry Pi Model 4 (RPi), and Google Coral, running a deep learning framework (TensorFlow Lite). All edge devices were able to process images and report accuracy in counting exceeding 95%, but at different rates and power consumption. Our findings suggest that ESP32 appears to be the best choice in the context of this application according to our policy for low-cost devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Saradopoulos
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 73133 Chania, Greece; (I.S.); (A.I.K.); (E.N.A.)
| | - Ilyas Potamitis
- Department of Music Technology and Acoustics, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 74100 Rethymno, Greece
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Antonios I. Konstantaras
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 73133 Chania, Greece; (I.S.); (A.I.K.); (E.N.A.)
| | - Emmanuel N. Antonidakis
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 73133 Chania, Greece; (I.S.); (A.I.K.); (E.N.A.)
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12
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Abstract
In contrast to the rapid advances made in plant genotyping, plant phenotyping is considered a bottleneck in plant science. This has promoted high-throughput plant phenotyping (HTP) studies, resulting in an exponential increase in phenotyping-related publications. The development of HTP was originally intended for use as indoor HTP technologies for model plant species under controlled environments. However, this subsequently shifted to HTP for use in crops in fields. Although HTP in fields is much more difficult to conduct due to unstable environmental conditions compared to HTP in controlled environments, recent advances in HTP technology have allowed these difficulties to be overcome, allowing for rapid, efficient, non-destructive, non-invasive, quantitative, repeatable, and objective phenotyping. Recent HTP developments have been accelerated by the advances in data analysis, sensors, and robot technologies, including machine learning, image analysis, three dimensional (3D) reconstruction, image sensors, laser sensors, environmental sensors, and drones, along with high-speed computational resources. This article provides an overview of recent HTP technologies, focusing mainly on canopy-based phenotypes of major crops, such as canopy height, canopy coverage, canopy biomass, and canopy stressed appearance, in addition to crop organ detection and counting in the fields. Current topics in field HTP are also presented, followed by a discussion on the low rates of adoption of HTP in practical breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seishi Ninomiya
- Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Nishitokyo, Tokyo 188-0002, Japan
- Plant Phenomics Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Corresponding author (e-mail: )
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13
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Abstract
Recent advances in low-dimensional materials and nanofabrication technologies have stimulated many breakthroughs in the field of nanophotonics such as metamaterials and plasmonics that provide efficient ways of light manipulation at a subwavelength scale. The representative structure-induced spectral engineering techniques have demonstrated superior design of freedom compared with natural materials such as pigment/dye. In particular, the emerging spectral routing scheme enables extraordinary light manipulation in both frequency-domain and spatial-domain with high-efficiency utilization of the full spectrum, which is critically important for various applications and may open up entirely new operating paradigms. In this review, a comparative introduction on the operating mechanisms of spectral routing and spectral filtering schemes is given and recent progress on various color nanorouters based on metasurfaces, plasmonics, dielectric antennas is reviewed with a focus on the potential application in high-resolution imaging. With a thorough analysis and discussion on the advanced properties and drawbacks of various techniques, this report is expected to provide an overview and vision for the future development and application of nanophotonic color (spectral) routing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Chen
- Institute of Nanophotonics, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Xianghong Nan
- Institute of Nanophotonics, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Mingjie Chen
- Institute of Nanophotonics, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Dahui Pan
- Institute of Nanophotonics, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Xianguang Yang
- Institute of Nanophotonics, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Long Wen
- Institute of Nanophotonics, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
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14
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Olorocisimo JP, Briones J, Sasagawa K, Haruta M, Takehara H, Tashiro H, Ishida-Kitagawa N, Bessho Y, Ohta J. Ultrasmall compact CMOS imaging system for bioluminescence reporter-based live gene expression analysis. J Biomed Opt 2021; 26:JBO-210223R. [PMID: 34734515 PMCID: PMC8564164 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.26.11.116002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Gene expression analysis is an important fundamental area of biomedical research. However, live gene expression imaging has proven challenging due to constraints in conventional optical devices and fluorescent reporters. AIM Our aim is to develop smaller, more cost-effective, and versatile imaging capabilities compared with conventional devices. Bioluminescence reporter-based gene expression analysis was targeted due to its advantages over fluorescence-based imaging. APPROACH We created a small compact imaging system using micro-CMOS image sensors (μCIS). The μCIS model had an improved pixel design and a patterned absorption filter array to detect the low light intensity of bioluminescence. RESULTS The device demonstrated lower dark current, lower temporal noise, and higher sensitivity compared with previous designs. The filter array enabled us to subtract dark current drift and attain a clearer light signal. These improvements allowed us to measure bioluminescence reporter-based gene expression in living mammalian cells. CONCLUSION Using our μCIS system for bioluminescence imaging in the future, the device can be implanted in vivo for simultaneous gene expression imaging, behavioral analysis, and optogenetic modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Philippe Olorocisimo
- Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Photonics Device Science Laboratory, Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
- Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Gene Regulation Research Laboratory, Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
| | - Jeric Briones
- Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Mathematical Informatics Laboratory, Division of Information Science, Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
- Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International, Cognitive Mechanisms Laboratories, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Sasagawa
- Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Photonics Device Science Laboratory, Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
| | - Makito Haruta
- Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Photonics Device Science Laboratory, Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
| | - Hironari Takehara
- Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Photonics Device Science Laboratory, Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tashiro
- Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Photonics Device Science Laboratory, Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
- Kyushu University, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Higashi, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Norihiro Ishida-Kitagawa
- Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Gene Regulation Research Laboratory, Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Bessho
- Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Gene Regulation Research Laboratory, Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
| | - Jun Ohta
- Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Photonics Device Science Laboratory, Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
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15
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Qin Y, Li L, Yu Z, Wu F, Dong D, Guo W, Zhang Z, Yuan J, Xue K, Miao X, Long S. Ultra-High Performance Amorphous Ga 2 O 3 Photodetector Arrays for Solar-Blind Imaging. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2021; 8:e2101106. [PMID: 34390217 PMCID: PMC8529488 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202101106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The growing demand for scalable solar-blind image sensors with remarkable photosensitive properties has stimulated the research on more advanced solar-blind photodetector (SBPD) arrays. In this work, the authors demonstrate ultrahigh-performance metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) SBPDs based on amorphous (a-) Ga2 O3 via a post-annealing process. The post-annealed MSM a-Ga2 O3 SBPDs exhibit superhigh sensitivity of 733 A/W and high response speed of 18 ms, giving a high gain-bandwidth product over 104 at 5 V. The SBPDs also show ultrahigh photo-to-dark current ratio of 3.9 × 107 . Additionally, the PDs demonstrate super-high specific detectivity of 3.9 × 1016 Jones owing to the extremely low noise down to 3.5 fW Hz-1/2 , suggesting high signal-to-noise ratio. Underlying mechanism for such superior photoelectric properties is revealed by Kelvin probe force microscopy and first principles calculation. Furthermore, for the first time, a large-scale, high-uniformity 32 × 32 image sensor array based on the post-annealed a-Ga2 O3 SBPDs is fabricated. Clear image of target object with high contrast can be obtained thanks to the high sensitivity and uniformity of the array. These results demonstrate the feasibility and practicality of the Ga2 O3 PDs for applications in solar-blind imaging, environmental monitoring, artificial intelligence and machine vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Qin
- Key Laboratory of Microelectronics Devices & Integration TechnologyInstitute of Microelectronics of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100029China
- School of MicroelectronicsUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhui230026China
| | - Li‐Heng Li
- Wuhan National Laboratory for OptoelectronicsSchool of Optical and Electronic InformationHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
| | - Zhaoan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Microelectronics Devices & Integration TechnologyInstitute of Microelectronics of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100029China
| | - Feihong Wu
- School of MicroelectronicsUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhui230026China
| | - Danian Dong
- Key Laboratory of Microelectronics Devices & Integration TechnologyInstitute of Microelectronics of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100029China
| | - Wei Guo
- School of MicroelectronicsUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhui230026China
| | - Zhongfang Zhang
- School of MicroelectronicsUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhui230026China
| | - Jun‐Hui Yuan
- Wuhan National Laboratory for OptoelectronicsSchool of Optical and Electronic InformationHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
| | - Kan‐Hao Xue
- Wuhan National Laboratory for OptoelectronicsSchool of Optical and Electronic InformationHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
| | - Xiangshui Miao
- Wuhan National Laboratory for OptoelectronicsSchool of Optical and Electronic InformationHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
| | - Shibing Long
- School of MicroelectronicsUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhui230026China
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16
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Piekarczyk M, Bar O, Bibrzycki Ł, Niedźwiecki M, Rzecki K, Stuglik S, Andersen T, Budnev NM, Alvarez-Castillo DE, Cheminant KA, Góra D, Gupta AC, Hnatyk B, Homola P, Kamiński R, Kasztelan M, Knap M, Kovács P, Łozowski B, Miszczyk J, Mozgova A, Nazari V, Pawlik M, Rosas M, Sushchov O, Smelcerz K, Smolek K, Stasielak J, Wibig T, Woźniak KW, Zamora-Saa J. CNN-Based Classifier as an Offline Trigger for the CREDO Experiment. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:4804. [PMID: 34300544 DOI: 10.3390/s21144804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Gamification is known to enhance users' participation in education and research projects that follow the citizen science paradigm. The Cosmic Ray Extremely Distributed Observatory (CREDO) experiment is designed for the large-scale study of various radiation forms that continuously reach the Earth from space, collectively known as cosmic rays. The CREDO Detector app relies on a network of involved users and is now working worldwide across phones and other CMOS sensor-equipped devices. To broaden the user base and activate current users, CREDO extensively uses the gamification solutions like the periodical Particle Hunters Competition. However, the adverse effect of gamification is that the number of artefacts, i.e., signals unrelated to cosmic ray detection or openly related to cheating, substantially increases. To tag the artefacts appearing in the CREDO database we propose the method based on machine learning. The approach involves training the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to recognise the morphological difference between signals and artefacts. As a result we obtain the CNN-based trigger which is able to mimic the signal vs. artefact assignments of human annotators as closely as possible. To enhance the method, the input image signal is adaptively thresholded and then transformed using Daubechies wavelets. In this exploratory study, we use wavelet transforms to amplify distinctive image features. As a result, we obtain a very good recognition ratio of almost 99% for both signal and artefacts. The proposed solution allows eliminating the manual supervision of the competition process.
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17
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Yang W, Yang J, Zhao K, Gao Q, Liu L, Zhou Z, Hou S, Wang X, Shen G, Pang X, Xu Q, Wei Z. Low-Noise Dual-Band Polarimetric Image Sensor Based on 1D Bi 2 S 3 Nanowire. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2021; 8:e2100075. [PMID: 34021718 PMCID: PMC8292854 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202100075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing demand for detection accuracy and sensitivity, dual-band polarimetric image sensor has attracted considerable attention due to better object recognition by processing signals from diverse wavebands. However, the widespread use of polarimetric sensors is still limited by high noise, narrow photoresponse range, and low linearly dichroic ratio. Recently, the low-dimensional materials with intrinsic in-plane anisotropy structure exhibit the great potential to realize direct polarized photodetection. Here, strong anisotropy of 1D layered bismuth sulfide (Bi2 S3 ) is demonstrated experimentally and theoretically. The Bi2 S3 photodetector exhibits excellent device performance, which enables high photoresponsivity (32 A W-1 ), Ion /Ioff ratio (1.08 × 104 ), robust linearly dichroic ratio (1.9), and Hooge parameter (2.0 × 10-5 at 1 Hz) which refer to lower noise than most reported low-dimensional materials-based devices. Impressively, such Bi2 S3 nanowire exhibits a good broadband photoresponse, ranging from ultraviolet (360 nm) to short-wave infrared (1064 nm). Direct polarimetric imaging is implemented at the wavelengths of 532 and 808 nm. With these remarkable features, the 1D Bi2 S3 nanowires show great potential for direct dual-band polarimetric image sensors without using any external optical polarizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Yang
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou450052China
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and MicrostructuresInstitute of SemiconductorsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100083China
| | - Juehan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and MicrostructuresInstitute of SemiconductorsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100083China
| | - Kai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and MicrostructuresInstitute of SemiconductorsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100083China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics EngineeringUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Qiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and MicrostructuresInstitute of SemiconductorsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100083China
| | - Liyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and MicrostructuresInstitute of SemiconductorsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100083China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics EngineeringUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Ziqi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and MicrostructuresInstitute of SemiconductorsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100083China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics EngineeringUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Shijun Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and MicrostructuresInstitute of SemiconductorsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100083China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics EngineeringUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Xiaoting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and MicrostructuresInstitute of SemiconductorsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100083China
| | - Guozhen Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and MicrostructuresInstitute of SemiconductorsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100083China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics EngineeringUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Xinchang Pang
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou450052China
| | - Qun Xu
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou450052China
- Henan Institute of Advanced TechnologyZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou450052China
| | - Zhongming Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and MicrostructuresInstitute of SemiconductorsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100083China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics EngineeringUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
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18
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Lay-Ekuakille A, Djungha Okitadiowo JP, Di Luccio D, Palmisano M, Budillon G, Benassai G, Maggi S. Image Sensors for Wave Monitoring in Shore Protection: Characterization through a Machine Learning Algorithm. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:s21124203. [PMID: 34207454 PMCID: PMC8234781 DOI: 10.3390/s21124203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Waves propagating on the water surface can be considered as propagating in a dispersive medium, where gravity and surface tension at the air–water interface act as restoring forces. The velocity at which energy is transported in water waves is defined by the group velocity. The paper reports the use of video-camera observations to study the impact of water waves on an urban shore. The video-monitoring system consists of two separate cameras equipped with progressive RGB CMOS sensors that allow 1080p HDTV video recording. The sensing system delivers video signals that are processed by a machine learning technique. The scope of the research is to identify features of water waves that cannot be normally observed. First, a conventional modelling was performed using data delivered by image sensors together with additional data such as temperature, and wind speed, measured with dedicated sensors. Stealth waves are detected, as are the inverting phenomena encompassed in waves. This latter phenomenon can be detected only through machine learning. This double approach allows us to prevent extreme events that can take place in offshore and onshore areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimé Lay-Ekuakille
- Department of Innovation Engineering, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0832-297-822-821; Fax: +39-0832-297-827
| | | | - Diana Di Luccio
- Science and Technologies Department, University of Naples “Parthenope”, 80133 Naples, Italy; (D.D.L.); (G.B.)
| | - Maurizio Palmisano
- CNR, National Research Council, Experimental Research Center, 82100 Benevento, Italy;
| | - Giorgio Budillon
- Science and Technologies Department, University of Naples “Parthenope”, 80133 Naples, Italy; (D.D.L.); (G.B.)
| | - Guido Benassai
- Engineering Department, University of Naples “Parthenope”, 80133 Naples, Italy;
| | - Sabino Maggi
- CNR, National Research Council, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, 70126 Bari, Italy;
- Faculty of Engineering, International Telematic University UniNettuno, 00186 Rome, Italy
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19
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Tellaeche Iglesias A, Campos Anaya MÁ, Pajares Martinsanz G, Pastor-López I. On Combining Convolutional Autoencoders and Support Vector Machines for Fault Detection in Industrial Textures. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:s21103339. [PMID: 34064975 PMCID: PMC8150843 DOI: 10.3390/s21103339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Defects in textured materials present a great variability, usually requiring ad-hoc solutions for each specific case. This research work proposes a solution that combines two machine learning-based approaches, convolutional autoencoders, CA; one class support vector machines, SVM. Both methods are trained using only defect free textured images for each type of analyzed texture, labeling the samples for the SVMs in an automatic way. This work is based on two image processing streams using image sensors: (1) the CA first processes the incoming image from the input to the output, producing a reconstructed image, from which a measurement of correct or defective image is obtained; (2) the second process uses the latent layer information as input to the SVM to produce a measurement of classification. Both measurements are effectively combined, making an additional research contribution. The results obtained achieve a percentage of success of 92% on average, outperforming results of previous works.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Tellaeche Iglesias
- Computer Science, Electronics and Communication Technologies Department, University of Deusto, Avenida de las Universidades 24, 48007 Bilbao, Spain; (M.Á.C.A.); (I.P.-L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Miguel Ángel Campos Anaya
- Computer Science, Electronics and Communication Technologies Department, University of Deusto, Avenida de las Universidades 24, 48007 Bilbao, Spain; (M.Á.C.A.); (I.P.-L.)
| | - Gonzalo Pajares Martinsanz
- Software Engineering and Artificial Intelligence Department, Complutense University of Madrid, Calle del Prof, José García Santesmases, 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Iker Pastor-López
- Computer Science, Electronics and Communication Technologies Department, University of Deusto, Avenida de las Universidades 24, 48007 Bilbao, Spain; (M.Á.C.A.); (I.P.-L.)
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20
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Li L, Ye S, Qu J, Zhou F, Song J, Shen G. Recent Advances in Perovskite Photodetectors for Image Sensing. Small 2021; 17:e2005606. [PMID: 33728799 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202005606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, metal halide perovskites have been widely investigated to fabricate photodetectors for image sensing due to the excellent photoelectric performance, tunable bandgap, and low-cost solution preparation process. In this review, a comprehensive overview of the recent advances in perovskite photodetectors for image sensing is provided. First, the key performance parameters and the basic device types of photodetectors are briefly introduced. Then, the recent developments of image sensors on the basis of different dimensional perovskite materials, including 0D, 1D, 2D, and 3D perovskite materials, are highlighted. Besides the device structures and photoelectric properties of perovskite image sensors, the preparation methods of perovskite photodetector arrays are also analyzed. Subsequently, the single-pixel imaging of perovskite photodetectors and the strategies to fabricate narrowband perovskite photodetectors for color discrimination are discussed. Finally, the potential challenges and possible solutions for the future development of perovskite image sensors are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludong Li
- Center for Biomedical Optics and Photonics (CBOP) & College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Ye
- Center for Biomedical Optics and Photonics (CBOP) & College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Junle Qu
- Center for Biomedical Optics and Photonics (CBOP) & College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Feifan Zhou
- Center for Biomedical Optics and Photonics (CBOP) & College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Jun Song
- Center for Biomedical Optics and Photonics (CBOP) & College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Guozhen Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
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21
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Geum DM, Kim S, Khym J, Lim J, Kim S, Ahn SY, Kim TS, Kang K, Kim S. Arrayed MoS 2 -In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As van der Waals Heterostructure for High-Speed and Broadband Detection from Visible to Shortwave-Infrared Light. Small 2021; 17:e2007357. [PMID: 33733586 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202007357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A high-speed and broadband 5 × 5 photodetector array based on MoS2 /In0.53 Ga0.47 As heterojunction is successfully demonstrated to take full advantage of the type-II band-aligned multilayer MoS2 /In0.53 Ga0.47 As. The fabricated devices exhibit good uniformity in the Raman spectrum and clear rectifying characteristics. The fabricated MoS2 /In0.53 Ga0.47 As photodetectors show good optical performances at a broad wavelength range showing high responsivities corresponding to the detectivity of ≈1010 Jones at -3 V for the incident broadband light from 400 to 1550 nm. A very fast photoresponse is also obtained with a small rise/fall time in the order of microseconds both for visible (638 nm) and shortwave infrared (1310 nm). Finally, the image scanning properties of MoS2 /In0.53 Ga0.47 As devices are demonstrated for visible and infrared light, indicating that the suggested device is one of the promising options for future broadband imager, which can be integrated on the focal plane arrays (FPAs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Myeong Geum
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Suhyun Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - JiHoon Khym
- Quantum Functional Semiconductor Research Center, Dongguk University, Joong-gu, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinha Lim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - SeongKwang Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yeop Ahn
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Soo Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kibum Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - SangHyeon Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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22
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Aliparast P. A New Smart CMOS Image Sensor with On-Chip Neuro-Fuzzy Bleeding Detection System for Wireless Capsule Endoscopy. J Med Signals Sens 2021; 10:249-259. [PMID: 33575197 PMCID: PMC7866942 DOI: 10.4103/jmss.jmss_56_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Background: In this paper, we have presented a new custom smart CMOS image sensor (CIS) for low power wireless capsule endoscopy. Method: The proposed new smart CIS includes a 256 × 256 current mode pixels array with a new on-chip adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system that has been used to diagnosing bleeding images. We use a new pinned photodiode to realize the current mode of active pixels in the standard CMOS process. The proposed chip has been implemented in 0.18 μm CMOS 1P6M TSMC RF technology with a die area of 7 mm × 8 mm. Results and Conclusion: A built-in smart bleeding detection system on CIS leads to decrease in the RF transmitter power consumption near zero. The average power dissipation of the proposed smart CIS is 610 μW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiman Aliparast
- Department of Astronautics Research, Aerospace Research Institute, Ministry of Science Research and Technology, Tehran, Iran
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23
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Holešovský O, Škoviera R, Hlaváč V, Vítek R. Experimental Comparison between Event and Global Shutter Cameras. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:1137. [PMID: 33561981 PMCID: PMC7915618 DOI: 10.3390/s21041137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We compare event-cameras with fast (global shutter) frame-cameras experimentally, asking: "What is the application domain, in which an event-camera surpasses a fast frame-camera?" Surprisingly, finding the answer has been difficult. Our methodology was to test event- and frame-cameras on generic computer vision tasks where event-camera advantages should manifest. We used two methods: (1) a controlled, cheap, and easily reproducible experiment (observing a marker on a rotating disk at varying speeds); (2) selecting one challenging practical ballistic experiment (observing a flying bullet having a ground truth provided by an ultra-high-speed expensive frame-camera). The experimental results include sampling/detection rates and position estimation errors as functions of illuminance and motion speed; and the minimum pixel latency of two commercial state-of-the-art event-cameras (ATIS, DVS240). Event-cameras respond more slowly to positive than to negative large and sudden contrast changes. They outperformed a frame-camera in bandwidth efficiency in all our experiments. Both camera types provide comparable position estimation accuracy. The better event-camera was limited by pixel latency when tracking small objects, resulting in motion blur effects. Sensor bandwidth limited the event-camera in object recognition. However, future generations of event-cameras might alleviate bandwidth limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Holešovský
- Czech Institute of Informatics, Robotics and Cybernetics, Czech Technical University in Prague, Jugoslávských Partyzánů 1580/3, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (R.Š.); (V.H.)
| | - Radoslav Škoviera
- Czech Institute of Informatics, Robotics and Cybernetics, Czech Technical University in Prague, Jugoslávských Partyzánů 1580/3, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (R.Š.); (V.H.)
| | - Václav Hlaváč
- Czech Institute of Informatics, Robotics and Cybernetics, Czech Technical University in Prague, Jugoslávských Partyzánů 1580/3, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (R.Š.); (V.H.)
| | - Roman Vítek
- Department of Weapons and Ammunition, Faculty of Military Technology, University of Defence, Kounicova 65, 662 10 Brno, Czech Republic;
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24
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Kodukula V, Katrawala S, Jones B, Wu CJ, LiKamWa R. Dynamic Temperature Management of Near-Sensor Processing for Energy-Efficient High-Fidelity Imaging. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:926. [PMID: 33573185 DOI: 10.3390/s21030926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Vision processing on traditional architectures is inefficient due to energy-expensive off-chip data movement. Many researchers advocate pushing processing close to the sensor to substantially reduce data movement. However, continuous near-sensor processing raises sensor temperature, impairing imaging/vision fidelity. We characterize the thermal implications of using 3D stacked image sensors with near-sensor vision processing units. Our characterization reveals that near-sensor processing reduces system power but degrades image quality. For reasonable image fidelity, the sensor temperature needs to stay below a threshold, situationally determined by application needs. Fortunately, our characterization also identifies opportunities—unique to the needs of near-sensor processing—to regulate temperature based on dynamic visual task requirements and rapidly increase capture quality on demand. Based on our characterization, we propose and investigate two thermal management strategies—stop-capture-go and seasonal migration—for imaging-aware thermal management. For our evaluated tasks, our policies save up to 53% of system power with negligible performance impact and sustained image fidelity.
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25
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Ullah H, Zia O, Kim JH, Han K, Lee JW. Automatic 360° Mono-Stereo Panorama Generation Using a Cost-Effective Multi-Camera System. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:s20113097. [PMID: 32486231 PMCID: PMC7309002 DOI: 10.3390/s20113097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, 360° videos have gained the attention of researchers due to their versatility and applications in real-world problems. Also, easy access to different visual sensor kits and easily deployable image acquisition devices have played a vital role in the growth of interest in this area by the research community. Recently, several 360° panorama generation systems have demonstrated reasonable quality generated panoramas. However, these systems are equipped with expensive image sensor networks where multiple cameras are mounted in a circular rig with specific overlapping gaps. In this paper, we propose an economical 360° panorama generation system that generates both mono and stereo panoramas. For mono panorama generation, we present a drone-mounted image acquisition sensor kit that consists of six cameras placed in a circular fashion with optimal overlapping gap. The hardware of our proposed image acquisition system is configured in such way that no user input is required to stitch multiple images. For stereo panorama generation, we propose a lightweight, cost-effective visual sensor kit that uses only three cameras to cover 360° of the surroundings. We also developed stitching software that generates both mono and stereo panoramas using a single image stitching pipeline where the panorama generated by our proposed system is automatically straightened without visible seams. Furthermore, we compared our proposed system with existing mono and stereo contents generation systems in both qualitative and quantitative perspectives, and the comparative measurements obtained verified the effectiveness of our system compared to existing mono and stereo generation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayat Ullah
- Mixed Reality and Interaction Lab, Department of Software, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, Korea; (H.U.); (O.Z.); (K.H.)
| | - Osama Zia
- Mixed Reality and Interaction Lab, Department of Software, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, Korea; (H.U.); (O.Z.); (K.H.)
| | - Jun Ho Kim
- Department of Electrical Information Control, Dong Seoul University, Seongnam 461-140, Korea;
| | - Kyungjin Han
- Mixed Reality and Interaction Lab, Department of Software, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, Korea; (H.U.); (O.Z.); (K.H.)
| | - Jong Weon Lee
- Mixed Reality and Interaction Lab, Department of Software, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, Korea; (H.U.); (O.Z.); (K.H.)
- Correspondence:
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26
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Deng W, Jie J, Xu X, Xiao Y, Lu B, Zhang X, Zhang X. A Microchannel-Confined Crystallization Strategy Enables Blade Coating of Perovskite Single Crystal Arrays for Device Integration. Adv Mater 2020; 32:e1908340. [PMID: 32129550 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201908340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Perovskite single crystals (PSCs) possess superior optoelectronic properties compared to their corresponding polycrystalline films, but their applications of PSCs in high-performance, integrated devices are hindered by their heavy thickness and difficulty in scalable deposition. Here, a microchannel-confined crystallization (MCC) strategy to grow uniform and large-area PSC arrays for integrated device applications is reported. Benefiting from the confinement effect of the microchannels, solution flow dynamics is well controlled, and thus uniform deposition of PSC arrays with suitable thickness is achieved, meaning they are applicable for scale-up device applications. The resulting PSCs possess excellent optoelectronic properties in terms of a long carrier lifetime (175 ns) and an ultralow defect density (2 × 109 cm-3 ), which are comparable to the corresponding bulk crystals. The unique embedded structure of PSCs within the microchannels allows the construction of a high-integration image sensor. This work paves the way toward high-throughput growth of PSCs for integrated optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Deng
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jiansheng Jie
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xiuzhen Xu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yanling Xiao
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Bei Lu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xiujuan Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
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27
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Bernacki K, Moron T, Popowicz A. Modified Distance Transformation for ImageEnhancement in NIR Imaging of Finger Vein System. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:E1644. [PMID: 32188009 DOI: 10.3390/s20061644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Most of the current image processing methods used in the near-infrared imaging of fingervascular system concentrate on the extraction of internal structures (veins). In this paper, we proposea novel approach which allows to enhance both internal and external features of a finger. The methodis based on the Distance Transformation and allows for selective extraction of physiological structuresfrom an observed finger. We evaluate the impact of its parameters on the effectiveness of the alreadyestablished processing pipeline used for biometric identification. The new method was comparedwith five state-of-the-art approaches to features extraction (position-gray-profile-curve-PGPGC,maximum curvature points in image profiles-MC, Niblack image adaptive thresholding-NAT,repeated dark line tracking-RDLT, and wide line detector-WD) on the GustoDB database of imagesobtained in a wide range of NIR wavelengths (730-950 nm). The results indicate a clear superiorityof the proposed approach over the remaining alternatives. The method managed to reach over 90%identification accuracy for all analyzed datasets.
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28
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Khan PW, Byun Y. A Blockchain-Based Secure Image Encryption Scheme for the Industrial Internet of Things. Entropy (Basel) 2020; 22:E175. [PMID: 33285950 DOI: 10.3390/e22020175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Smart cameras and image sensors are widely used in industrial processes, from the designing to the quality checking of the final product. Images generated by these sensors are at continuous risk of disclosure and privacy breach in the industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). Traditional solutions to secure sensitive data fade in IIoT environments because of the involvement of third parties. Blockchain technology is the modern-day solution for trust issues and eliminating or minimizing the role of the third party. In the context of the IIoT, we propose a permissioned private blockchain-based solution to secure the image while encrypting it. In this scheme, the cryptographic pixel values of an image are stored on the blockchain, ensuring the privacy and security of the image data. Based on the number of pixels change rate (NPCR), the unified averaged changed intensity (UACI), and information entropy analysis, we evaluate the strength of proposed image encryption algorithm ciphers with respect to differential attacks. We obtained entropy values near to an ideal value of 8, which is considered to be safe from brute force attack. Encrypted results show that the proposed scheme is highly effective for data leakage prevention and security.
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29
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Zeng L, Chen Q, Zhang Z, Wu D, Yuan H, Li Y, Qarony W, Lau SP, Luo L, Tsang YH. Multilayered PdSe 2/Perovskite Schottky Junction for Fast, Self-Powered, Polarization-Sensitive, Broadband Photodetectors, and Image Sensor Application. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2019; 6:1901134. [PMID: 31592422 PMCID: PMC6774060 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201901134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Group-10 transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) with distinct optical and tunable electrical properties have exhibited great potential for various optoelectronic applications. Herein, a self-powered photodetector is developed with broadband response ranging from deep ultraviolet to near-infrared by combining FA1- x Cs x PbI3 perovskite with PdSe2 layer, a newly discovered TMDs material. Optoelectronic characterization reveals that the as-assembled PdSe2/perovskite Schottky junction is sensitive to light illumination ranging from 200 to 1550 nm, with the highest sensitivity centered at ≈800 nm. The device also shows a large on/off ratio of ≈104, a high responsivity (R) of 313 mA W-1, a decent specific detectivity (D*) of ≈1013 Jones, and a rapid response speed of 3.5/4 µs. These figures of merit are comparable with or much better than most of the previously reported perovskite detectors. In addition, the PdSe2/perovskite device exhibits obvious sensitivity to polarized light, with a polarization sensitivity of 6.04. Finally, the PdSe2/perovskite detector can readily record five "P," "O," "L," "Y," and "U" images sequentially produced by 808 nm. These results suggest that the present PdSe2/perovskite Schottky junction photodetectors may be useful for assembly of optoelectronic system applications in near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long‐Hui Zeng
- Department of Applied PhysicsThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung HomKowloonHong Kong999077China
| | - Qing‐Ming Chen
- Department of Applied PhysicsThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung HomKowloonHong Kong999077China
| | - Zhi‐Xiang Zhang
- School of Electronic Science and Applied PhysicsHefei University of TechnologyHefeiAnhui230009China
| | - Di Wu
- School of Physics and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Material Physics of Ministry of EducationZhengzhou University ZhengzhouHenan450052China
| | - Huiyu Yuan
- Department of Applied PhysicsThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung HomKowloonHong Kong999077China
| | - Yan‐Yong Li
- Department of Applied PhysicsThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung HomKowloonHong Kong999077China
| | - Wayesh Qarony
- Department of Applied PhysicsThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung HomKowloonHong Kong999077China
| | - Shu Ping Lau
- Department of Applied PhysicsThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung HomKowloonHong Kong999077China
| | - Lin‐Bao Luo
- School of Electronic Science and Applied PhysicsHefei University of TechnologyHefeiAnhui230009China
| | - Yuen Hong Tsang
- Department of Applied PhysicsThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung HomKowloonHong Kong999077China
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30
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Wu YL, Fukuda K, Yokota T, Someya T. A Highly Responsive Organic Image Sensor Based on a Two-Terminal Organic Photodetector with Photomultiplication. Adv Mater 2019; 31:e1903687. [PMID: 31495992 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201903687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Highly responsive organic image sensors are crucial for medical imaging applications. To enhance the pixelwise photoresponse in an organic image sensor, the integration of an organic photodetector with amplifiers, or the use of a highly responsive organic photodetector without an additional amplifying component, is required. The use of vertically stacked, two-terminal organic photodetectors with photomultiplication is a promising approach for highly responsive organic image sensors owing to their simple two-terminal structure and intrinsically large responsivity. However, there are no demonstrations of an imaging sensor array using organic photomultiplication photodetectors. The main obstacle to a sensor array is the weak-light sensitivity, which is limited by a relatively large dark current. Herein, a highly responsive organic image sensor based on monolithic, vertically stacked two-terminal pixels is presented. This is achieved using pixels of a vertically stacked diode-type organic photodetector with photomultiplication. Furthermore, applying an optimized injection electrode and additionally stacked rectifying layers, this two-terminal device simultaneously demonstrates a high responsivity (>40 A W-1 ), low dark current, and high rectification under illumination. An organic image sensor based on this device with an extremely simple architecture exhibits a high pixel photoresponse, demonstrating a weak-light imaging capability even at 1 µW cm-2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Lin Wu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
- Center for Emergent Matter Science, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Fukuda
- Center for Emergent Matter Science, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- Thin-Film Device Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Yokota
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takao Someya
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
- Center for Emergent Matter Science, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- Thin-Film Device Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
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31
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Hassan SZ, Cheon HJ, Choi C, Yoon S, Kang M, Cho J, Jang YH, Kwon SK, Chung DS, Kim YH. Molecular Engineering of a Donor-Acceptor Polymer To Realize Single Band Absorption toward a Red-Selective Thin-Film Organic Photodiode. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:28106-28114. [PMID: 31311263 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b08326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we explore the strategy of realizing a red-selective thin-film organic photodiode (OPD) by synthesizing a new copolymer with a highly selective red-absorption feature. PCZ-Th-DPP, with phenanthrocarbazole (PCZ) and diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) as donor and acceptor units, respectively, was strategically designed/synthesized based on a time-dependent density functional theory calculation, which predicted the significant suppression of the band II absorption of PCZ-Th-DPP due to the extremely efficient intramolecular charge transfer. We demonstrate that the synthesized PCZ-Th-DPP exhibits not only a high absorption coefficient within the red-selective band I region, as theoretically predicted, but also a preferential face-on intermolecular structure in the thin-film state, which is beneficial for vertical charge extraction as an outcome of a glancing incidence X-ray diffraction study. By employing PCZ-Th-DPP as a photoactive layer of Schottky OPD, to fully match its absorption characteristic to the spectral response of the red-selective OPD, we demonstrate a genuine red-selective specific detectivity in the order of 1012 Jones while maintaining a thin active layer thickness of ∼300 nm. This work demonstrates the possibility of realizing a full color image sensor with a synthetic approach to the constituting active layers without optical manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Zahid Hassan
- Department of Energy Science & Engineering , Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST) , Daegu 42988 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Jin Cheon
- Department of Chemistry and RIGET , Gyeongsang National University , Jinju 52828 , Republic of Korea
| | - Changwon Choi
- Department of Energy Science & Engineering , Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST) , Daegu 42988 , Republic of Korea
| | - Seongwon Yoon
- Department of Energy Science & Engineering , Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST) , Daegu 42988 , Republic of Korea
| | - Mingyun Kang
- Department of Energy Science & Engineering , Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST) , Daegu 42988 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jangwhan Cho
- Department of Energy Science & Engineering , Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST) , Daegu 42988 , Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Hee Jang
- Department of Energy Science & Engineering , Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST) , Daegu 42988 , Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Ki Kwon
- Department of Materials Engineering and Convergence Technology and ERI , Gyeongsang National University , Jinju 660-701 , Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Sung Chung
- Department of Energy Science & Engineering , Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST) , Daegu 42988 , Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Hi Kim
- Department of Chemistry and RIGET , Gyeongsang National University , Jinju 52828 , Republic of Korea
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Miyamichi A, Ono A, Kagawa K, Yasutomi K, Kawahito S. Plasmonic Color Filter Array with High Color Purity for CMOS Image Sensors. Sensors (Basel) 2019; 19:E1750. [PMID: 31013721 DOI: 10.3390/s19081750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate the multiband color filtering of a standard RGB color and a complementary CMY color by a plasmonic color filter, composed of concentric corrugated metallic thin film rings. The surface plasmon resonance is excited by the periodic corrugation, and the coupled light is transmitted through the central subwavelength aperture. Color selectivity is achieved not only in the visible but also in the near-infrared (NIR) region. Therefore, simultaneous imaging with visible and NIR can be realized by the integration of plasmonic color filters with sensors. We investigate the angle of incidence dependence of the transmission color selectivity and the color purity of the fabricated plasmonic color filter array.
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Wu L, San Segundo Bello D, Coppejans P, Craninckx J, Süss A, Rosmeulen M, Wambacq P, Borremans J. Analysis and Design of a CMOS Ultra-High-Speed Burst Mode Imager with In-Situ Storage Topology Featuring In-Pixel CDS Amplification. Sensors (Basel) 2018; 18:s18113683. [PMID: 30380709 PMCID: PMC6263390 DOI: 10.3390/s18113683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents an in-situ storage topology for ultra-high-speed burst mode imagers, enabling low noise operation while keeping a high frame depth. The proposed pixel architecture contains a 4T pinned photodiode, a correlated double sampling (CDS) amplification stage, and an in-situ memory bank. Focusing on the sampling noise, the system level trade-off of the proposed pixel architecture is discussed, showing its advantages on the noise, power, and scaling capability. Integrated with an AC coupling CDS stage, the amplification is obtained by exploiting the strong capacitance to the voltage relation of a single NMOS transistor. A comprehensive noise model is developed for optimizing the trade-off between the area and noise. As a proof-of-concept, a prototype imager with a 30 µm pixel pitch was fabricated in a CMOS 130 nm technology. A 108-cell memory bank is implemented allowing dense layout and parallel readout. Two types of CDS amplification stages were investigated. Despite the limited memory capacitance of 10 fF/cell, the photon transfer curves of both pixel types were measured over different operation speeds up to 20 Mfps showing a noise performance of 8.4 e−.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linkun Wu
- Imec, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
- Department of Electronics and informatics (ETRO), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Piet Wambacq
- Imec, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
- Department of Electronics and informatics (ETRO), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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Jang HS, Kim GG, Kang SH, Kim Y, Yoo JI, Yoo S, Kim KK, Jung C, Ko HC. A Bezel-Less Tetrahedral Image Sensor Formed by Solvent-Assisted Plasticization and Transformation of an Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Framework. Adv Mater 2018; 30:e1801256. [PMID: 29882220 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201801256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A method for transforming planar electronic devices into 3D structures under mechanically mild and stable conditions is demonstrated. This strategy involves diffusion control of acetone as a plasticizer into a spatially designed acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) framework to both laminate membrane-type electronic devices and transform them into a desired 3D shape. Optical, mechanical, and electrical analysis reveals that the plasticized region serves as a damper and even reflows to release the stress of fragile elements, for example, an Au interconnect electrode in this study, below the ultimate stress point. This method also gives considerable freedom in aligning electronic devices not only in the neutral mechanical plane of the ABS framework, which is the general approach in flexible electronics, but also to the top surface, without inducing electrical failure. Finally, to develop a prototype omnidirectional optical system with minimal aberrations, this method is used to produce a bezel-less tetrahedral image sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hun Soo Jang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro (Oryong-Dong), Buk-Gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Gwan Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro (Oryong-Dong), Buk-Gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Hyeon Kang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro (Oryong-Dong), Buk-Gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongmin Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro (Oryong-Dong), Buk-Gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Il Yoo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro (Oryong-Dong), Buk-Gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonggwang Yoo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro (Oryong-Dong), Buk-Gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Kun-Kook Kim
- Advanced Photonics Research Institute (APRI), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro (Oryong-Dong), Buk-Gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Changsoo Jung
- Advanced Photonics Research Institute (APRI), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro (Oryong-Dong), Buk-Gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung Cho Ko
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro (Oryong-Dong), Buk-Gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
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Habert S, Eck U, Fallavollita P, Parent S, Navab N, Cheriet F. Application of an RGBD augmented C-arm for minimally invasive scoliosis surgery assistance. Healthc Technol Lett 2017; 4:179-183. [PMID: 29184661 PMCID: PMC5683214 DOI: 10.1049/htl.2017.0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Minimally invasive surgeries (MISs) are gaining popularity as alternatives to conventional open surgeries. In thoracoscopic scoliosis MIS, fluoroscopy is used to guide pedicle screw placement and to visualise the effect of the intervention on the spine curvature. However, cosmetic external appearance is the most important concern for patients, while correction of the spine and achieving coronal and sagittal trunk balance are the top priorities for surgeons. The authors present the feasibility study of the first intra-operative assistive system for scoliosis surgery composed of a single RGBD camera affixed on a C-arm which allows visualising in real time the surgery effects on the patient trunk surface in the transverse plane. They perform three feasibility experiments from simulated data based on scoliotic patients to live acquisition from non-scoliotic mannequin and person, all showing that the proposed system accuracy is comparable with scoliotic surface reconstruction state of art.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Habert
- Chair for Computer Aided Medical Procedures, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrich Eck
- Chair for Computer Aided Medical Procedures, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Parent
- Depuy Spine Canada Inc. Academic Research Chair in Spinal Deformities, Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montréal, Canada
| | - Nassir Navab
- Chair for Computer Aided Medical Procedures, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Chair for Computer Aided Medical Procedures, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Farida Cheriet
- Laboratory of Imaging and Vision 4D, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
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Chen ECS, Morgan I, Jayarathne U, Ma B, Peters TM. Hand-eye calibration using a target registration error model. Healthc Technol Lett 2017; 4:157-162. [PMID: 29184657 PMCID: PMC5683221 DOI: 10.1049/htl.2017.0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Surgical cameras are prevalent in modern operating theatres and are often used as a surrogate for direct vision. Visualisation techniques (e.g. image fusion) made possible by tracking the camera require accurate hand-eye calibration between the camera and the tracking system. The authors introduce the concept of 'guided hand-eye calibration', where calibration measurements are facilitated by a target registration error (TRE) model. They formulate hand-eye calibration as a registration problem between homologous point-line pairs. For each measurement, the position of a monochromatic ball-tip stylus (a point) and its projection onto the image (a line) is recorded, and the TRE of the resulting calibration is predicted using a TRE model. The TRE model is then used to guide the placement of the calibration tool, so that the subsequent measurement minimises the predicted TRE. Assessing TRE after each measurement produces accurate calibration using a minimal number of measurements. As a proof of principle, they evaluated guided calibration using a webcam and an endoscopic camera. Their endoscopic camera results suggest that millimetre TRE is achievable when at least 15 measurements are acquired with the tracker sensor ∼80 cm away on the laparoscope handle for a target ∼20 cm away from the camera.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isabella Morgan
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Burton Ma
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Li L, Gu L, Lou Z, Fan Z, Shen G. ZnO Quantum Dot Decorated Zn 2SnO 4 Nanowire Heterojunction Photodetectors with Drastic Performance Enhancement and Flexible Ultraviolet Image Sensors. ACS Nano 2017; 11:4067-4076. [PMID: 28323410 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b00749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Here we report the fabrication of high-performance ultraviolet photodetectors based on a heterojunction device structure in which ZnO quantum dots were used to decorate Zn2SnO4 nanowires. Systematic investigations have shown their ultrahigh light-to-dark current ratio (up to 6.8 × 104), specific detectivity (up to 9.0 × 1017 Jones), photoconductive gain (up to 1.1 × 107), fast response, and excellent stability. Compared with a pristine Zn2SnO4 nanowire, a quantum dot decorated nanowire demonstrated about 10 times higher photocurrent and responsivity. Device physics modeling showed that their high performance originates from the rational energy band engineering, which allows efficient separation of electron-hole pairs at the interfaces between ZnO quantum dots and a Zn2SnO4 nanowire. As a result of band engineering, holes migrate to ZnO quantum dots, which increases electron concentration and lifetime in the nanowire conduction channel, leading to significantly improved photoresponse. The enhancement mechanism found in this work can also be used to guide the design of high-performance photodetectors based on other nanomaterials. Furthermore, flexible ultraviolet photodetectors were fabricated and integrated into a 10 × 10 device array, which constitutes a high-performance flexible ultraviolet image sensor. These intriguing results suggest that the band alignment engineering on nanowires can be rationally achieved using compound semiconductor quantum dots. This can lead to largely improved device performance. Particularly for ZnO quantum dot decorated Zn2SnO4 nanowires, these decorated nanowires may find broad applications in future flexible and wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludong Li
- State Key Laboratory for Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100083, China
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100029, China
| | - Leilei Gu
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zheng Lou
- State Key Laboratory for Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhiyong Fan
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Guozhen Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100083, China
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100029, China
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38
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Gu L, Tavakoli MM, Zhang D, Zhang Q, Waleed A, Xiao Y, Tsui KH, Lin Y, Liao L, Wang J, Fan Z. 3D Arrays of 1024-Pixel Image Sensors based on Lead Halide Perovskite Nanowires. Adv Mater 2016; 28:9713-9721. [PMID: 27647134 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201601603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale and highly ordered 3D perov-skite nanowire (NW) arrays are achieved in nanoengineering templates by a unique vapor-solid-solid reaction process. The excellent material properties, in conjunction with the high integration density of the NW arrays, make them promising for 3D integrated nanoelectronics/optoelectronics. Image sensors with 1024 pixels are assembled and characterized to demonstrate the technological potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Gu
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mohammad Mahdi Tavakoli
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Daquan Zhang
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Qianpeng Zhang
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Aashir Waleed
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yiqun Xiao
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kwong-Hoi Tsui
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yuanjing Lin
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lei Liao
- Department of Physics and Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Jiannong Wang
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhiyong Fan
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Abstract
The increasing miniaturization and resolution of image sensors bring challenges to conventional optical elements such as spectral filters and polarizers, the properties of which are determined mainly by the materials used, including dye polymers. Recent developments in spectral filtering and optical manipulating techniques based on nanophotonics have opened up the possibility of an alternative method to control light spectrally and spatially. By integrating these technologies into image sensors, it will become possible to achieve high compactness, improved process compatibility, robust stability and tunable functionality. In this Review, recent representative achievements on nanophotonic image sensors are presented and analyzed including image sensors with nanophotonic color filters and polarizers, metamaterial-based THz image sensors, filter-free nanowire image sensors and nanostructured-based multispectral image sensors. This novel combination of cutting edge photonics research and well-developed commercial products may not only lead to an important application of nanophotonics but also offer great potential for next generation image sensors beyond Moore's Law expectations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Chen
- Key Lab of Nanodevices and Applications-CAS & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China.
| | - Xin Hu
- Key Lab of Nanodevices and Applications-CAS & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Long Wen
- Key Lab of Nanodevices and Applications-CAS & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yan Yu
- Key Lab of Nanodevices and Applications-CAS & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
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40
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Jansen-van Vuuren RD, Armin A, Pandey AK, Burn PL, Meredith P. Organic Photodiodes: The Future of Full Color Detection and Image Sensing. Adv Mater 2016; 28:4766-4802. [PMID: 27111541 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201505405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Major growth in the image sensor market is largely as a result of the expansion of digital imaging into cameras, whether stand-alone or integrated within smart cellular phones or automotive vehicles. Applications in biomedicine, education, environmental monitoring, optical communications, pharmaceutics and machine vision are also driving the development of imaging technologies. Organic photodiodes (OPDs) are now being investigated for existing imaging technologies, as their properties make them interesting candidates for these applications. OPDs offer cheaper processing methods, devices that are light, flexible and compatible with large (or small) areas, and the ability to tune the photophysical and optoelectronic properties - both at a material and device level. Although the concept of OPDs has been around for some time, it is only relatively recently that significant progress has been made, with their performance now reaching the point that they are beginning to rival their inorganic counterparts in a number of performance criteria including the linear dynamic range, detectivity, and color selectivity. This review covers the progress made in the OPD field, describing their development as well as the challenges and opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross D Jansen-van Vuuren
- Center for Organic Photonics & Electronics, the University of Queensland, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Ardalan Armin
- Center for Organic Photonics & Electronics, the University of Queensland, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Ajay K Pandey
- Center for Organic Photonics & Electronics, the University of Queensland, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Paul L Burn
- Center for Organic Photonics & Electronics, the University of Queensland, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Paul Meredith
- Center for Organic Photonics & Electronics, the University of Queensland, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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41
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Abstract
This paper presents an overview of the read noise in CMOS image sensors (CISs) based on four-transistors (4T) pixels, column-level amplification and correlated multiple sampling. Starting from the input-referred noise analytical formula, process level optimizations, device choices and circuit techniques at the pixel and column level of the readout chain are derived and discussed. The noise reduction techniques that can be implemented at the column and pixel level are verified by transient noise simulations, measurement and results from recently-published low noise CIS. We show how recently-reported process refinement, leading to the reduction of the sense node capacitance, can be combined with an optimal in-pixel source follower design to reach a sub-0.3erms- read noise at room temperature. This paper also discusses the impact of technology scaling on the CIS read noise. It shows how designers can take advantage of scaling and how the Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (MOS) transistor gate leakage tunneling current appears as a challenging limitation. For this purpose, both simulation results of the gate leakage current and 1/f noise data reported from different foundries and technology nodes are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assim Boukhayma
- Integrated Circuits Lab (ICLAB), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Microcity, Rue de la Maladière 71, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +4-121-695-4397
| | - Arnaud Peizerat
- Laboratoire de l’ Électronique et Technologies de l’ Information (Leti), Commissariat a l’ Énergie Atomique (CEA), Rue des Marthyrs 17, Grenoble 38000, France;
| | - Christian Enz
- Integrated Circuits Lab (ICLAB), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Microcity, Rue de la Maladière 71, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland;
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42
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Deng W, Zhang X, Huang L, Xu X, Wang L, Wang J, Shang Q, Lee ST, Jie J. Aligned Single-Crystalline Perovskite Microwire Arrays for High-Performance Flexible Image Sensors with Long-Term Stability. Adv Mater 2016; 28:2201-8. [PMID: 26780594 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201505126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A simple, low-cost blade-coating method is developed for the large-area fabrication of single-crystalline aligned CH3NH3PbI3 microwire (MW) arrays. The solution-coating method is applicable to flexible substrates, enabling the fabrication of MW-array-based photodetectors with excellent long-term stability, flexibility, and bending durability. Integrated devices from such photodetectors demonstrate high performance for high-resolution, flexible image sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Deng
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology (NANO-CIC), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xiujuan Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology (NANO-CIC), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Liming Huang
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology (NANO-CIC), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xiuzhen Xu
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology (NANO-CIC), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Liang Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology (NANO-CIC), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jincheng Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology (NANO-CIC), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Qixun Shang
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology (NANO-CIC), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Shuit-Tong Lee
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology (NANO-CIC), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jiansheng Jie
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology (NANO-CIC), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
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43
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Xu W, Yin S, Liu L, Liu Z, Wei S. High-Performance Motion Estimation for Image Sensors with Video Compression. Sensors (Basel) 2015; 15:20752-20778. [PMID: 26307996 PMCID: PMC4570446 DOI: 10.3390/s150820752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
It is important to reduce the time cost of video compression for image sensors in video sensor network. Motion estimation (ME) is the most time-consuming part in video compression. Previous work on ME exploited intra-frame data reuse in a reference frame to improve the time efficiency but neglected inter-frame data reuse. We propose a novel inter-frame data reuse scheme which can exploit both intra-frame and inter-frame data reuse for ME in video compression (VC-ME). Pixels of reconstructed frames are kept on-chip until they are used by the next current frame to avoid off-chip memory access. On-chip buffers with smart schedules of data access are designed to perform the new data reuse scheme. Three levels of the proposed inter-frame data reuse scheme are presented and analyzed. They give different choices with tradeoff between off-chip bandwidth requirement and on-chip memory size. All three levels have better data reuse efficiency than their intra-frame counterparts, so off-chip memory traffic is reduced effectively. Comparing the new inter-frame data reuse scheme with the traditional intra-frame data reuse scheme, the memory traffic can be reduced by 50% for VC-ME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhi Xu
- Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China.
| | - Shouyi Yin
- Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Leibo Liu
- Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Zhiyong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Computer Architecture, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Shaojun Wei
- Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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44
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Beiderman Y, Belkin M, Rotenstreich Y, Zalevsky Z. Experimental quantification of the tactile spatial responsivity of human cornea. J Med Imaging (Bellingham) 2015; 2:016002. [PMID: 26158088 DOI: 10.1117/1.jmi.2.1.016002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the first experimental quantification of the tactile spatial responsivity of the cornea and we teach a subject to recognize spatial tactile shapes that are stimulated on their cornea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yevgeny Beiderman
- Agricultural Research Organization (ARO)-The Volcani Center , Agricultural Engineering Department, Beit-Degan 50250, Israel
| | - Michael Belkin
- Tel-Aviv University , Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer 52621, Israel
| | - Ygal Rotenstreich
- Tel-Aviv University , Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer 52621, Israel
| | - Zeev Zalevsky
- Bar-Ilan University , Faculty of Engineering, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
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45
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Velikova M, Smeets RL, van Scheltinga JT, Lucas PJF, Spaanderman M. Smartphone-based analysis of biochemical tests for health monitoring support at home. Healthc Technol Lett 2014; 1:92-7. [PMID: 26609385 DOI: 10.1049/htl.2014.0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the context of home-based healthcare monitoring systems, it is desirable that the results obtained from biochemical tests - tests of various body fluids such as blood and urine - are objective and automatically generated to reduce the number of man-made errors. The authors present the StripTest reader - an innovative smartphone-based interpreter of biochemical tests based on paper-based strip colour using image processing techniques. The working principles of the reader include image acquisition of the colour strip pads using the camera phone, analysing the images within the phone and comparing them with reference colours provided by the manufacturer to obtain the test result. The detection of kidney damage was used as a scenario to illustrate the application of, and test, the StripTest reader. An extensive evaluation using laboratory and human urine samples demonstrates the reader's accuracy and precision of detection, indicating the successful development of a cheap, mobile and smart reader for home-monitoring of kidney functioning, which can facilitate the early detection of health problems and a timely treatment intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Velikova
- Institute for Computing and Information Sciences , Radboud University Nijmegen , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Ruben L Smeets
- Department of Clinical Chemistry , Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | | | - Peter J F Lucas
- Institute for Computing and Information Sciences , Radboud University Nijmegen , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Marc Spaanderman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , Maastricht University Medical Center , Maastricht , The Netherlands
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46
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Martínez-Sánchez A, Fernández C, Navarro PJ, Iborra A. A novel method to increase LinLog CMOS sensors' performance in high dynamic range scenarios. Sensors (Basel) 2011; 11:8412-29. [PMID: 22164083 DOI: 10.3390/s110908412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Images from high dynamic range (HDR) scenes must be obtained with minimum loss of information. For this purpose it is necessary to take full advantage of the quantification levels provided by the CCD/CMOS image sensor. LinLog CMOS sensors satisfy the above demand by offering an adjustable response curve that combines linear and logarithmic responses. This paper presents a novel method to quickly adjust the parameters that control the response curve of a LinLog CMOS image sensor. We propose to use an Adaptive Proportional-Integral-Derivative controller to adjust the exposure time of the sensor, together with control algorithms based on the saturation level and the entropy of the images. With this method the sensor’s maximum dynamic range (120 dB) can be used to acquire good quality images from HDR scenes with fast, automatic adaptation to scene conditions. Adaptation to a new scene is rapid, with a sensor response adjustment of less than eight frames when working in real time video mode. At least 67% of the scene entropy can be retained with this method.
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Torres-Sospedra J, Nebot P. A new approach to visual-based sensory system for navigation into orange groves. Sensors (Basel) 2011; 11:4086-103. [PMID: 22163838 PMCID: PMC3231345 DOI: 10.3390/s110404086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2011] [Revised: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
One of the most important parts of an autonomous robot is to establish the path by which it should navigate in order to successfully achieve its goals. In the case of agricultural robotics, a procedure that determines this desired path can be useful. In this paper, a new virtual sensor is introduced in order to classify the elements of an orange grove. This proposed sensor will be based on a color CCD camera with auto iris lens which is in charge of doing the captures of the real environment and an ensemble of neural networks which processes the capture and differentiates each element of the image. Then, the Hough’s transform and other operations will be applied in order to extract the desired path from the classification performed by the virtual sensory system. With this approach, the robotic system can correct its deviation with respect to the desired path. The results show that the sensory system properly classifies the elements of the grove and can set trajectory of the robot.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patricio Nebot
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +34-964-72-82-73; Fax: +34-964-72-84-86
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Ohta J, Tokuda T, Sasagawa K, Noda T. Implantable CMOS Biomedical Devices. Sensors (Basel) 2009; 9:9073-93. [PMID: 22291554 DOI: 10.3390/s91109073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Revised: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 11/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The results of recent research on our implantable CMOS biomedical devices are reviewed. Topics include retinal prosthesis devices and deep-brain implantation devices for small animals. Fundamental device structures and characteristics as well as in vivo experiments are presented.
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