Influence of ammonium nitrate on the crystallisation of ammonium sulfate

This study aims to explore the influence mechanism of ammonium nitrate produced by ozone denitrification on the crystallisation of ammonium sulfate, a by-product of ammonia desulfurisation. The laser method was used to study the influence of ammonium nitrate on the solubility and metastable zone width of ammonium sulfate. An experiment on the influence of ammonium nitrate on the particle size of ammonium sulfate was designed, and the influence mechanism was explored through scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The findings showed that the addition of ammonium nitrate increased the size and aspect ratio of ammonium sulfate crystals. The addition of ammonium nitrate inhibited the dissolution of ammonium sulfate and widened its metastable zone. The addition of ammonium nitrate covered the active sites of crystal nucleus growth, which inhibited the formation of crystal nuclei to a certain extent, and crystal growth dominated the crystallisation process. Moreover, the addition of ammonium nitrate induced the preferred orientation of the specific crystal plane of ammonium sulfate, and the addition of a small concentration of ammonium nitrate decreased the crystallinity of ammonium sulfate. The research results can provide a reference for crystallisation optimisation and quality improvement of ammonium sulfate in the ammonia desulfurisation process.

Relationship between negative air ion and PM2.5 in Quercus variabilis under natural conditions

In recent years, PM2.5 pollution has become a most important source of air pollution. Prolonged exposure to high PM2.5 concentrations can give rise to severe health issues. Negative air ion (NAI) is an important indicator for measuring air quality, which is collectively known as the 'air vitamin'. However, the intricate and fluctuating meteorological conditions and vegetation types result in numerous uncertainties in the correlation between PM2.5 and NAI. In this study, we collected data on NAI, PM2.5, and meteorological elements through positioning observation during the period of June to September in 2019 and 2020 under the condition of relatively constant leaf area in Quercus variabilis forest, a typical forest in warm temperate zones. We investigated the spatiotemporal variation of PM2.5 and NAI under consistent meteorological conditions, established the correlation between PM2.5 and NAI, and explicated the impact mechanism of PM2.5 on NAI in natural conditions. The results showed that NAI decreased exponentially with the increases in natural PM2.5, with a significant negative correlation (y=1148.79x-0.123). The decrease rates of NAI in PM2.5 concentrations of 0-20, 20-40, 40-80, 80-100 and 100-120 μg·m-3 were 40.1%, 36.2%, 9.4%, 2.4%, 5.1% and 6.8%, respectively. Results of the sensitivity analysis showed that the PM2.5 concentration range of 0-40 μg·m-3 was the sensitive range that affected NAI. Our findings could provide a scientific basis for better understanding the response mechanisms of NAI to environmental factors.

Influence Mechanism of Water Content and Compaction Degree on Shear Strength of Red Clay with High Liquid Limit

To investigate the influencing factors and mechanisms of shear strength of red clay with a high liquid limit, which was selected at different milepost locations based on the Nanning Bobai Nabu Section Project of the Nanning Zhanjiang Expressway, the basic physical properties of red clay were determined using a liquid plastic limit test, compaction test, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES), and X-ray fully automatic diffractometer (XRD). Red clay with a high liquid limit was selected. Furthermore, the direct shear test was used to study the effect of different water contents and compaction degrees on the shear strength. The experimental results demonstrate that under the same compaction degree, the shear stress of the soil sample increases significantly with an increase in normal stress, and the greater the water content, the smaller the shear stress of the soil sample. At 200 kPa, the shear strength of soil samples with 24% water content is 57%, 46%, and 35% of the shear strength of soil samples with 15% water content under different compaction degrees(K) of 86%, 90%, and 93%, respectively. Under the same moisture content, the shear stress of the soil sample shows an increasing trend with an increase in the degree of compaction, and the greater the compaction degrees, the greater the shear stress of the soil sample. The cohesion c and internal friction angle φ of soil samples increase with an increase in the compaction degree, but the increase in cohesion c is also affected by the water content. Under the condition of low water content, the cohesion c of soil samples can be increased by 1.06 times when the water content is 15% and by 0.47 times when the water content is 18%. Under the condition of high water content, the cohesion c of soil samples with 21% water content only increases by 0.3 times, and that with 24% water content only increases by 0.35 times.

The Contribution of the Internet to Promoting Mental Health for Older Adults: Cross-Sectional Survey in China

BACKGROUND

Health is an important topic for everyone and essential to high-quality economic and social development. Recently, some researchers have suggested that older adults' internet use may have a health effect.

OBJECTIVE

This study specifically aims to clarify the relationship between internet use and the mental health of older adults, for which other surveys present contradictory results.

METHODS

Data were obtained from the China Longitudinal Aging Social Survey conducted in 2018. A total of 6648 participants were included. Mental health was assessed by the 12-item Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. Ordinary least squares regression was adopted to explore the relationship between internet use (independent variable) and the mental health of older adults. Robustness analysis, sensitivity analysis, and heterogeneity analysis were conducted in detail to verify the empirical result. A mediating effect analysis was further conducted to discover the effect mechanism between the dependent and independent variables.

RESULTS

It was found that internet use and smartphone use can significantly improve the mental health of older adults (ordinary least squares, β=.075; P<.001). After endogenous and robustness tests were conducted, the aforementioned conclusion remained robust. In particular, participation in voluntary activities played a mediating role in the relationship between internet use and the mental health of older adults. In addition, younger subjective age enhanced the positive effect of internet use on the mental health of older adults.

CONCLUSIONS

Internet users showed higher levels of mental health among Chinese older adults. To improve the mental health of older adults, the government should not only cultivate the ability to use the internet but also encourage greater participation in voluntary activities among older adults.

[Review on building energy saving and outdoor cooling effect of vertical greenery systems]

Vertical greenery system (VGS) is a sustainable solution to promote building energy saving and emission reduction, mitigate the urban heat island effect, as well as a crucial component of urban ecological construction. We summarized four main mechanisms of the thermal effects of VGSs, including shading effect, evapotranspiration effect, thermal insulation effect, and wind control effect. We elucidated the effects of VGSs on building cooling and energy saving, and analyzed the cooling effects of VGSs on plant canopy and outdoor ambient air, as well as their influence on mitigating the urban heat island effect. Based on available research on the thermal effects of VGSs, we identified key directions for future research, aiming to expedite the development of green cities and achieve carbon neutrality.

Research on the spatiotemporal characteristics and influence mechanism of the integration of the health industry and tourism industry in the Chengdu-Chongqing economic circle of China

Introduction

Given the background of the "Healthy China" strategy and the aging population, the high-quality integration of the health industry and tourism industry is of great significance to meet the national health tourism needs and promote regional coordinated development.

Methods

Taking the Chengdu-Chongqing economic circle as an example, this paper uses the coupling coordination degree method and geographic detectors to explore the spatiotemporal characteristics and influence mechanism of the integration of the health industry and tourism industry in the Chengdu-Chongqing region.

Results

(1) The integration level of the Chengdu-Chongqing economic circle as a whole, four major regional sectors, and 36 cities is relatively low, and the regional differences in the degree of coupling coordination are relatively large, showing a three-level change. Overall, the spatial differentiation characteristics are high in the west and low in the east, radiating from the two nuclei to the periphery. (2) There are obvious regional differences in the spatial connection strength of the integration of the two major industries, which form a radial non-equilibrium structure with the Chengdu and Chongqing main cities as the connection centers. The overall spatial connection network structure is relatively loose, the point-degree centrality has the spatial distribution characteristics of dominated by two poles, led by multiple cores, and weak at the edges, and the division of cohesive subgroups is greatly affected by geographical factors and administrative divisions. (3) The temporal and spatial characteristics of the integration of the two industries are the result of the mutual coupling of market demand, industrial development, policy support, and economic development.

Discussion

The high-quality integrated development of the health industry and the tourism industry is a complex systematic project, which requires the assistance of government departments at all levels and health tourism enterprises in the Chengdu-Chongqing economic circle to strengthen coordination and cooperation.

Study on the Mechanism of Influencing Adolescents' Willingness to Participate in Ice Sports

BACKGROUND

Ice sports are an effective means to promote the physical health of adolescents, and the willingness to participate in ice sports is the basis of adolescents' awareness of their participation in ice sports and an important prerequisite for their participation. The aim of this study is to investigate the mechanisms influencing adolescents' willingness to participate in ice sports.

METHODS

Using the stimulus-organism-response theoretical framework, the motivation-opportunity-ability model, and the technology acceptance model, a theoretical model of the influencing mechanisms of adolescents' participation in ice sports was constructed. A total of 3419 secondary school students were surveyed, and the data were analyzed using structural equation modeling, the mechanisms influencing adolescents' willingness to participate in ice sports and the moderating role of perceived riskiness and perceived ease of use are proposed and tested.

RESULTS

The study found that participation motivation, participation ability, perceived usefulness, and perceived risk all have significant effects on adolescents' willingness to participate in ice sports. The degree of influence in descending order is as follows: ability to participate, perceived usefulness, motivation to participate, and perceived risk. Perceived risk plays a mediating role in the process of motivation to participate and ability to participate influencing willingness to participate. Perceived ease of use plays a mediating role in the process of motivation to participate influencing perceived usefulness.

CONCLUSIONS

This study provides a systematic understanding of the mechanisms that influence adolescents' willingness to participate in ice sports. The findings provide valuable insights into the subject of adolescents' ice sport participation and can inform the development of strategies to increase participation in these activities. Future research should deepen the investigation of the patterns of willingness to participate in ice sports behavior among adolescents, which is important for promoting the sustainable development of ice sports, improving the health of adolescents, and advancing the construction of a healthy China, a healthy world, and global health.

Identifying the Environmental Determinants of Lung Cancer: A Case Study of Henan, China

Lung cancer has become one of the most prevalent cancers in the last several decades. Studies have documented that most cases of lung cancer are caused by inhaling environmental carcinogens while how external environmental factors lead to individual lung cancer is still an open issue as the pathogenesis may come from the combined action of multiple environmental factors, and such pathogenic mechanism may vary from region to region. Based on the data of lung cancer cases from hospitals at the county level in Henan from 2016 to 2020, we analyzed the response relationship between lung cancer incidence and physical ambient factors (air quality, meteorological conditions, soil vegetation) and socioeconomic factors (occupational environment, medical level, heating mode, smoking behavior). We used a Bayesian spatio-temporal interaction model to evaluate the relative risk of disease in different regions. The results showed that smoking was still the primary determinant of lung cancer, but the influence of air quality was increasing year by year, with meteorological conditions and occupational environment playing a synergistic role in this process. The high-risk areas were concentrated in the plains of East and Central Henan and the basin of South Henan, while the low-risk areas were concentrated in the hilly areas of North and West Henan, which were related to the topography of Henan. Our study provides a better understanding of the environmental determinants of lung cancer which will help refine existing prevention strategies and recognize the areas where actions are required to prevent environment and occupation related lung cancer.

Factors and Mechanism Influencing Client Experience of Residential Integrated Health and Social Care for Older People: A Qualitative Model in Chinese Institutional Settings

BACKGROUND

An emerging service delivery model of integrating health and social care for older people has been actively promoted by the Chinese government since 2016, but the client experience and influencing mechanism still remain unclear.

METHODS

this study adopts a qualitative methodology to delve deeper into the factors and mechanism shaping the client experience of residential integrated health and social care for older people in the Chinese context, so as to understand the experiences of older residents during the whole process of receiving integrated care services, and on this basis, put forward suggestions for the improvement of a high-quality aged care service system. We coded and analyzed the in-depth interview data of twenty older adults and six staff members from June 2019 to February 2020, recruited from six institutions in Changsha, one of the ninety pilot cities for integrated health and social care in China.

RESULTS

the findings showed that the client experience of older adults is mainly affected by factors in three dimensions (scene construction, individual minds, and interaction and communication), which are comprised of six sub-categories (social foundation, institutional functions, perception and emotion, cognition and understanding, intimacy and trust, and participation). Based on the factors and mechanism (consisting of six influencing paths), we constructed a model of the client experience of integrated health and social care for older people in the Chinese population.

CONCLUSIONS

the factors and mechanism influencing the client experience of integrated health and social care for older people are complex and multifaceted. Attention should be paid to the direct effects of perception and emotion, institutional functions, intimacy and trust in the client experience, and the indirect effects of social foundation and participation on the client experience.

Spatial Heterogeneity and Influencing Factors of High-Grade Tourist Attractions in the Tibetan Plateau

The construction of the world tourism destination on the Tibetan Plateau is inseparable from the traditional tourist attractions, which are significant landscape ecological units. Based on the data of high-grade tourist attractions on the Tibetan Plateau, the spatial heterogeneity and influence factors are studied employing the Standard Deviation Ellipse (SDE), Kernel Density Estimation (KDE), spatial autocorrelation (SA), and modified tourism gravity model methods. The results show that: (1) the overall spatial distribution characteristic of high-grade tourist attractions is in the direction of northeast-southwest, with solid centripetal force, and the center of gravity of the ellipse is in Yushu City. (2) The spatial heterogeneity of the kernel density distribution is remarkable, clustered in the southeastern half of the plateau, showing a double nucleus-driven and strip-connected pattern. The distribution among cities has a hierarchical heterogeneity, and the two capital cities of Xining and Lhasa play a crucial role. (3) The high-grade tourist attractions are spatially dependent, with evident characteristics of large dispersion and small clustering, and the spatial association type is mainly negative. (4) This paper verifies the significant single-factor mechanism affecting the spatial distribution from supportive and intrinsic dimensions with natural environmental base, tourism resource endowment, socio-economic development, transportation location constraints, and spatial tourism linkages. Finally, the article provides suggestions for the high-quality development of high-grade tourist attractions on the Tibetan Plateau.

Threshold effects of green technology application on sustainable grain production: Evidence from China

Sustainable production is considered as an important approach to solve the dilemma of food insecurity. Green technologies have made contributions to improving food production and reducing environmental pollution. Studying the effects of green technologies on sustainable food production has great significance. The paper started with the influence mechanism of green technology application on the green total factor productivity of grain (GTFPG). With the GTFPG, green technology efficiency change of grain (GECG) and green technical progress change of grain (GTCG) measured, threshold models were constructed to explore the nonlinear impacts of various green technologies on GTFPG and the influence paths. Results indicated that the differences of GTFPG among provinces in China were decreased mainly due to the changes of GTCG, while the regional differences of GECG remained small. The impacts of green technologies had threshold effects that depended on the ecological effects of green technologies in different application stages, and were significantly different in the major and non-major grain producing areas. Meanwhile, significant differences existed in the influence paths of green technologies. In the major grain producing areas, green technologies were more likely to improve GTFPG through the GTCG path; while in the non-major grain producing areas, the GECG path and the GTCG path were both important to improve GTFPG. The differences of green technologies' threshold effects and influence paths in the major and non-major grain producing areas were caused by regional technology preference, resource endowment and technology compatibility. This study emphasizes that the development of green technologies should fully consider the resource endowment and economic development of different regions, as well as the applicability and adoption rate of green technologies.

An empirical study on cultural identity measurement and its influence mechanism among heritage tourists

In the effort to integrate culture and tourism, an important strategy for the prosperity and sustainability of tourism, it is necessary to factor in tourists' cultural identity and emotional interaction with cultural heritage to keep pace with the trends of cultural heritage tourism. Drawing on in-depth interviews and software such as Nvivo and Smart-PLS, this study aims to develop and verify cultural identity measures for cultural heritage tourists, construct a theoretical model of cultural identity, travel experience, place attachment, satisfaction, and revisit intention, and verify the theoretical relationship between these dimensions in the Archaeological Ruins of Liangzhu City. The results show that cultural identity is positively associated with travel experience and place attachment but not significantly associated with satisfaction; travel experience is positively associated with place attachment and revisit intention; place attachment is positively associated with satisfaction; place attachment is positively associated with revisit intention; satisfaction is positively associated with revisit intention. This qualitative and quantitative research enriches the theoretical achievements concerning cultural identity among cultural heritage tourists and proposes recommendations for management practice accordingly.

The influence mechanism of the relationship between entrepreneurial learning and entrepreneurial intention

Based on relevant literature, this study adopted entrepreneurial learning theory to construct a relationship model between entrepreneurial learning and entrepreneurial intention. In this framework, entrepreneurial learning was divided into three dimensions: entrepreneurial education learning, experiential learning, and social network learning. A questionnaire survey was conducted among 1,399 undergraduate students in Zhejiang Province to investigate how entrepreneurial learning influenced entrepreneurial intention, while considering the mediating effect of entrepreneurial self-efficacy. This empirical research found that: (1) experiential learning and social network learning had significant positive impacts on entrepreneurial intention, but there was no significant relationship between entrepreneurial education learning and entrepreneurial intention; (2) entrepreneurship education learning and social network learning had significant positive relationships with entrepreneurial self-efficacy, but experiential learning had a significant negative relationship with entrepreneurial self-efficacy; and (3) entrepreneurial self-efficacy partially mediated the relationship between experiential learning, social network learning, and entrepreneurial intention, and fully mediated the relationship between entrepreneurial education learning and entrepreneurial intention. These findings suggest that colleges and universities in China could broaden entrepreneurial learning and strengthen social network learning.

The contribution of the smartphone use to reducing depressive symptoms of Chinese older adults: The mediating effect of social participation

Background

Depression is a prevalent mental health disorder. Although Internet use has been associated with depression, there is limited data on the association between smartphone use and depressive symptoms. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between smartphone use and depressive symptoms among older individuals in China.

Methods

5,244 Chinese older individuals over the age of 60 were selected as the sample from the China Longitudinal Aging Social Survey (CLASS) 2018 dataset. The dependent variable "depression symptoms" was measured using the 9-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression (CES-D) scale. The study employed multiple linear regression to investigate the relationship between smartphone use (independent variable) and depressive symptoms in older people. Thorough analyses of robustness, sensitivity, and heterogeneity were conducted to ensure the robustness and sensitivity of the findings. Additionally, mediating effect analysis was performed to elucidate the mechanism through which the dependent and independent variables were related.

Results

Empirical study indicated that smartphone use had a negative impact on depressive symptoms among older adults, specifically leading to a reduction in such symptoms. The above-mentioned result was verified through endogenous and robustness tests. The heterogeneity analysis revealed that older individuals aged 70 years and above, male, and residing in urban areas exhibited a stronger association between smartphone use and depressive symptoms. Furthermore, the mediating effect model indicated that political participation, voluntary participation, and active leisure participation mediated the relationship between smartphone use and lower levels of depression symptoms among the older adults. However, passive leisure participation had a suppressing effect on the relationship between smartphone use and reduced depressive symptoms among the older adults.

Limitations

The causal relationship between variables required further investigation with a longitudinal design.

Conclusion

These findings suggested that smartphone use may be considered an intervention to reduce depression symptoms among older people by increasing levels of political participation, voluntary participation, and active leisure participation.

Study on the influence mechanism of students' behavior of participation in industrial colleges-Analysis framework based on theory of planned behavior

As a new organizational form for the coordinated development of education and industry, industrial college is an important carrier for application-oriented colleges and universities to implement application-oriented talent training. Based on Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) as a theoretical framework, this research constructs a model of the influencing factors of college students' participating in industrial colleges from five criteria: behavioral attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, behavioral intentions and situational factors. In this study, participants (N = 541) have completed a questionnaire to assess their behavior of participation in the industrial colleges by using the structural equation model (SEM). It turns out that perceived needs, mandatory norms, exemplary norms, and self-efficacy significantly positively affect college students' intention to participate in industrial colleges. Behavior intention and self-efficacy significantly positively affect college students' participation in industrial colleges. Behavior intentions act as a complete mediator between perceived needs and behavior, as well as between exemplary norms and behavior. Behavioral intentions partially mediate between mandatory norms and behavior, as well as between self-efficacy and behavior. In addition, school support plays a significant positive moderating role in college students' intention and behavior of participating in industrial colleges. These findings not only expand the relevant literature on college students' learning behavior, but also provide useful enlightenment for college education managers on how to stimulate college students' endogenous motivation to participate in industrial colleges.

[Spatial and Temporal Distribution and Influencing Factors of Dissolved Trace Metals in Jiulong River Estuary and Xiamen Bay]

Trace metals play an important role in some biogeochemical processes in the marine system. The physical and hydrological conditions in estuaries and coastal seawater are complicated and significantly affected by human activities. Therefore, the biogeochemical behavior and influencing mechanism of trace metals in nearshore water have become a research hotspot. Jiulong River estuary and Xiamen Bay are located in the coastal areas of Fujian Province, which are significantly influenced by Longyan, Xiamen, and Zhangzhou City. In July 2021, November 2021, and January 2022, the trace metals chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), and cadmium (Cd) and environmental factors (water temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), suspended particulate matter (SPM), etc.) in Jiulong River estuary and Xiamen Bay were investigated. The results showed that the order of trace metal concentration average values measured in Jiulong River estuary and Xiamen Bay was Mn>Ni>Cu>Cr>Co>Cd. In July 2021, the average values of ρ(Cr), ρ(Mn), ρ(Co), ρ(Ni), ρ(Cu), and ρ(Cd) were 0.159, 47.96, 0.068, 1.56, 1.07, and 0.016 μg·L^-1, respectively. In November 2021, the average values were 0.216, 8.48, 0.030, 1.70, 1.92, and 0.019 μg·L^-1, respectively. The average concentrations in January 2022 were 0.281, 32.39, 0.062, 2.21, 1.54, and 0.034 μg·L^-1, respectively. The concentration of dissolved metals in the estuary was higher than that in the bay area. Principal component analysis showed that the main factors affecting the concentrations of dissolved trace metals were river runoff and anthropogenic activities.

Study on the Performance of Steel Slag and Its Asphalt Mixture with Oxalic Acid and Water Erosion

The reuse of steel slag, a large-scale solid waste from steel production, has good social and environmental benefits. The application of a steel slag asphalt mixture is mainly hindered by its volume expansion in water. The expansion of steel slag can be inhibited by oxalic acid. The expansion rate and adhesion of steel slag were investigated, and the immersion stability of steel slag and its asphalt mixture was evaluated by water erosion. By means of XRD, XRF, TG, SEM, etc., the influence mechanism of oxalic acid and water erosion on the properties of steel slag and its asphalt mixture was discussed. The results show that oxalic acid can not only inhibit the expansion of steel slag but also improve its crush resistance, with a reduction in the expansion rate of steel slag by 53%. Oxalic acid is able to leach alkaline metal elements, reducing its adhesion with asphalt. After 10 days of water erosion, the rutting stability and bending crack resistance of the treated steel slag mixture decreased by 37% and 43.2%, respectively. Calcium oxalate is generated on the surface of treated steel slag, which improves the surface compactness, effectively inhibits the expansion of steel slag caused by water erosion, and improves the performance of steel slag and its asphalt mixture. Water erosion can accelerate the hydration and shedding of calcium-containing substances on the surface of steel slag, reduce the adhesion of steel slag, and lead to degradation in the performance of steel slag and its asphalt mixture. Oxalic acid is able to effectively inhibit the expansion of steel slag, and the treated steel slag can be used as recycled aggregate in asphalt mixture, effectively solving the problems of road aggregate deficiency and environmental pollution caused by steel slag.

What Affects the Economic Resilience of China's Yellow River Basin Amid Economic Crisis-From the Perspective of Spatial Heterogeneity

This paper contributes to the study of regional economic resilience by analyzing the dynamic characteristics and influence mechanisms of resilience from the perspective of spatial heterogeneity. This paper focuses on the resistance and recoverability dimensions of resilience and analyzed the dynamic changes in economic resilience in China’s Yellow River Basin in response to the 2008 economic crisis. The multi-scale geographical weighted regression model was utilized to examine the effect of key factors on regional economic resilience. Our findings show the following: (1) The resistance of the Yellow River Basin to the financial crisis was high; however, the recoverability decreased significantly over time. (2) The spatial heterogeneity of driving factors was significant, and they had different effect scales on economic resilience. Related variety, government agency, environment, and opening to the global economy had a significant effect on economic resilience only in a specific small range. Specialization, unrelated variety, and location had opposite effects in different regions of the Yellow River Basin. (3) Specialization limited the area’s resistance to shock but enhanced the recoverability. Related variety improved regional economic resilience. Unrelated variety was not conducive to regional resistance to shock and had opposite effects on the recoverability in different regions. (4) Government agency and financial market promoted regional economic resilience. Environment pollution and resource-based economic structure limited regional economic resilience. Opening to the global economy and urban hierarchy limited regional resistance to shock, but strong economic development had the opposite effect of improved regional resistance. The location in the east of the Yellow River Basin enhanced the recoverability; however, the location in the west limited the recoverability.

Realizing the Improvement of Green Total Factor Productivity of the Marine Economy-New Evidence from China's Coastal Areas

Paying attention to the mechanisms of the GTFP of the marine economy and designing a scientific and reasonable optimization path are the keys to achieving a "win-win" balance between environmental protection and high-quality marine development. Therefore, this paper considers the rigid constraints of resources and negative environmental effects to construct a multi-factor evaluation model of the GTFP of the marine economy including capital, labor, and resources to expand the evaluation method system for the sustainable development of the marine economy. On this basis, this paper determines the influencing factors of the GTFP of China's marine economy, qualitatively analyzes the mechanism of each influencing factor on the GTFP of the marine economy, uses multi-dimensional data of coastal areas, quantitatively analyzes the direct and indirect effects of the factors that influence the GTFP, and proposes practical optimization paths and safeguarding measures, which provide a decision-making reference for the implementation of China's marine development strategy. The results showed that the GTFP of China's marine economy was in a state of improvement and increased from 0.9878 in 2006 to 1.2789 in 2018. The direct effects of environmental regulations have a negative and significant impact on GTFP, whereas economic development, human capital, and technological innovations have a positive and significant impact on GTFP. In addition, environmental regulations have an "inclined N" double-threshold effect on GTFP. The impact of environmental regulations on the GTFP of the marine economy depends on the intensity of the environmental regulations, as different intensities of environmental regulations have different dominant levels of the "innovation compensation effect" and "offset effect" that affect the GTFP of the marine economy.

Influence Mechanism of Employee Playfulness Personality on Employee Creative Deviance

Based on the antecedent variable (playfulness personality) and the outcome variable (creative deviance) on the individual level, we introduce mediating variables (positive impression management motivation and harmonious innovation passion), integrate moderating variables (employee growth need strength and professional mission sense) to construct the conceptual model and theoretical framework of the influence mechanism of playfulness personality on creative deviance of employees. Based on the questionnaire survey data of employees in high-tech enterprises, this study adopts the nonparametric percentile Bootstrap method based on deviation correction to empirically discuss the influence mechanism of employee playfulness personality on employee creative deviance. The empirical analysis results show that employee playfulness personality has a significant positive influence on employee creative deviance. Positive impression management motivation and harmonious innovation passion partially mediate the relationships between employee playfulness personality and creative deviance. Employee growth need strength negatively moderates the relationships between positive impression management motivation and employee creative deviance. The stronger the employee growth need strength, the weaker the mediating effect of employees' playfulness personality on employee creative deviance through positive impression management motivation, and there is a moderated mediating effect.

Does Mobile Internet Use Affect the Loneliness of Older Chinese Adults? An Instrumental Variable Quantile Analysis

Based on the 2018 China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) data, we empirically analyze the effect, heterogeneity, quantile differences and influencing mechanisms of mobile Internet use on loneliness in the elderly. The study found that the loneliness of the elderly who used mobile Internet was 33.1% lower than that of the elderly who did not use the mobile Internet The study also passed the robustness test. There is heterogeneity in the effect of mobile Internet use on loneliness among the elderly of different ages, educational levels and marital status. Among them, the use of mobile Internet has a significant alleviating effect on the loneliness of the 60-70-year-old elderly, those of junior high school education level and below, and the elderly with a partner. The quantile regression analysis showed that the elderly group with a high level of loneliness benefited more from the use of mobile Internet. Mediation analysis further showed that mobile Internet use can improve parent-child relationship, increase offline interactions with children, and reduce children's tangible support, which we interpret as a potential mechanism for mobile Internet use to alleviate loneliness in the elderly.

Research on the Influence Mechanism of Enterprises' Participation in School Enterprise Cooperation Based on the Analysis Framework of Theory of Planned Behavior

School enterprise cooperation, as the basic school running form of applied undergraduate education, is an important way to cultivate applied talents. However, at present, the lack of motivation for enterprises to participate in school enterprise cooperation and the resulting problem of “school hot and enterprise cold” seriously limit the talent training quality in China’s application-oriented universities. There is an urgent need to explore the influencing factors and mechanisms of enterprises’ participation in school enterprise cooperation to improve the training quality of applied talents. Taking Ajzen (2002) Theory of Planned Behavior as the theoretical framework, this study constructs the influencing factor model of enterprise participation in school enterprise cooperation from four aspects, namely, behavior attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavior control, and behavior intention. In this study, participants (N = 250) completed a questionnaire assessing their participation in school enterprise cooperation, which was analyzed by a structural equation model. The results show that the behavior attitude and perceived behavior control of enterprises have a significant positive impact on their intention to participate in school enterprise cooperation and then have a significant positive impact on the school enterprise cooperation behavior of enterprises. The behavior intention and perceived behavior control of enterprises have a significant positive impact on their participation in school enterprise cooperation. The policy environment has a significant regulatory effect on the relationship between the intention and behavior of enterprises’ participation in school enterprise cooperation. Therefore, from the perspective of enhancing the intention of enterprises to cooperate, colleges and universities should establish the awareness of win-win cooperation and meet the interest demands of enterprises in school enterprise cooperation in order to improve the behavior attitude and intention of enterprises. From the perspective of the formation conditions of school enterprise cooperation, with the help of industry associations, an information service platform for school enterprise cooperation should be built in order to eliminate the information islands between enterprises and universities. From the perspective of the needs of school enterprise cooperation environment, government departments should strengthen the policy support for school enterprise cooperation in order to eliminate the worries of enterprises’ participation in school enterprise cooperation.

The Current Situation and Learning Strategies of Foreign Students in Chinese Learning Following Entrepreneurial Psychology

Based on entrepreneurial psychology, the current situation of foreign students' use of learning strategies in Chinese learning is explored, the overall situation of learning strategies in this process is analyzed, and the relationship between foreign students' use of learning strategies and various factors are obtained through the designed questionnaire survey. First, a questionnaire suitable for the research respondents is designed to investigate the current situation of foreign students' use of learning strategies in Chinese learning; second, 200 questionnaires are distributed, and 195 questionnaires are recovered, with a recovery rate of 97.5%. After the invalid questionnaire is excluded, the effective rate is 95%; furthermore, the reliability of the questionnaire data is analyzed by SPSS25 software, and Cronbach's α coefficient is 0.869, which proves that the questionnaire has high reliability; finally, the overall situation of foreign students' use of learning strategies in Chinese learning is analyzed from the aspects of their majors, their levels of Chinese proficiency, Chinese learning time, age and personality. The results show that the frequency of using cognitive strategies in learning Chinese is the highest, with a score of 3.689; There is a positive correlation between the use of learning strategies and the degree of proficiency of Chinese; Among them, the foreign students who have studied for 2-3 years use learning strategies the most frequently, and the students aged 28-32 use learning strategies the most frequently in the Chinese level test 4. This study provides new ideas for foreign students' Chinese teaching and has a certain reference for foreign students' Chinese teaching strategies.

[Comparison Between Tributary and Main Stream and Preliminary Influence Mechanism of CO2 Flux Across Water-air Interface in Wanzhou in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area]

The main stream of the Three Gorges Reservoir area in Wanzhou and its tributary (the Pengxi River) were selected as a survey area to monitor the CO₂ concentration. Twelve related indicators were selected during the blooming period from April to September 2019, which were divided into Climate factors, Water environment factors, Carbon source factors, Nutrient factors, and Sediment factors. These factors were considered for further discussion of the impact pathways and contribution to CO₂ flux. The average CO₂ fluxes of Gaoyang (the Pengxi River), Huangshi (the Pengxi River), and Wanzhou (the main stream) were (1.445±1.739), (3.118±2.963), and (2.899±1.144) mmol·(m²·h)^-1, respectively, showing that Gaoyang < Wanzhou < Huangshi. The CO₂ flux of tributary showed a large variation, while the main stream had a relatively small variation, which is a stable "source" of CO₂. The main stream of the Yangtze River, as a hub for the transportation of biomass from land to sea, has higher carbon concentration and higher flow rate than its tributaries, which makes the CO₂ flux of the main stream usually larger than that of the tributary. However, the difference in hydrological conditions result in spatial differences in CO₂ flux at different points of the same tributary. Gaoyang is located in the reservoir bay, which is conducive to the growth of phytoplankton and the CO₂ flux is lower; Huangshi is located in a river with a faster flow rate. The backwater support and backflow of the main stream make the CO₂ flux significantly greater than that at Wanzhou. The effects of various indicators on the CO₂ flux are also markedly different in the tributary and main stream. Temperature (T), DO, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) have significant effects on CO₂ fluxes in the tributary, while NH₄⁺-N has a significant impact on CO₂ fluxes in the main stream. Nutrient factors and carbon source factors contribute 32.37% and 27.25%, respectively, to CO₂ flux, accounting for more than half of the total, followed by climate factors, water environment factors, and sediment factors, which contribute 18.81%, 13.49%, and 8.08%, respectively. Reservoir CO₂ emission control can focus on controlling the eutrophication and carbon sources; phenomena such as global warming and sedimentation will also have a certain impact on the CO₂ emission of reservoirs.

Influence Mechanism of Energy Efficiency Label on Consumers' Purchasing Behavior of Energy-Saving Household Appliances

Mandatory energy efficiency label is an effective way to change consumers’ consumption habits and guide them to buy energy-saving appliances. However, few studies concerned about the impact of energy efficiency label on consumers’ purchasing behavior. Based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB), social cognitive theory and signaling theory, this paper constructs a theoretical model of the effect of the energy label on consumers’ purchasing behavior of energy-saving household appliances. The survey data of 396 household appliance consumers in Mianyang City, China, are collected by the interception method, and the theoretical model is tested by structural equation modeling (SEM). Empirical results of this study indicate that consumers’ cognition and perceived value of energy efficiency label significantly affect label trust. Perceived value has a significant impact on consumers’ purchasing behavior of energy-saving appliances, while label cognition and label trust indirectly influence consumers’ purchasing behavior through the intermediary variable of purchase intention. External environmental factors such as publicity and education as well as subjective norms affect consumers’ actual purchasing behavior through the intermediary effect of purchase intention. This study provides important insights into the policy intervention measures to promote consumers’ purchasing behavior of energy-saving appliances.

The Influence Mechanism of Abnormal Immunophilin FKBP52 on the Expression Levels of PR-A and PR-B in Endometriosis Based on Endometrial Stromal Cell Model in Vitro

As a chaperone protein of progesterone receptor (PR), FK-506 Binding Protein 52 (FKBP52) can enhance the activity of PR, but the mechanism of FKBP52 affecting PR expression levels is difficult to clarify. Here, we report a novel in vitro model of ectopic endometrial stromal cells (ESCM) established through the primary culture method of endometrial stromal cells, which is used to study the details of relationship between FKBP52 abnormality and PR expression level in endometriosis (Ems). At the same time, the clinical study of the relationship between FKBP52 and PR expression levels in endometriosis patients was used to verify our conclusions. The results showed that the expression levels of PR-A mRNA and protein in endometriosis are positively correlated with FKBP52 and the abnormality of FKBP52 leads to the decrease of PR-B mRNA and protein expression. When FKBP52 was deleted or reduced, the expression levels of m RNA and protein of PR-A and PR-B have decreased leading to the proliferation of ectopic endometrium cells (ESC) and the occurrence of endometriosis, which is consistent with the expression levels of clinical endometriosis patients and fully confirms our conclusions and reliability of the model, and has great guiding significance for the research of Ems disease occurrence mechanism and clinical treatment.

The Evolution Characteristics and Influence Mechanism of Chinese Venture Capital Spatial Agglomeration

As an emerging financial entity, venture capital has a significant impact on regional development. However, the research on venture capital mainly focuses on the fields of finance, management, and economics, and fewer researchers study venture capital from the perspective of geography and space. This research explored the evolution characteristics and influence mechanism of Chinese venture capital spatial agglomeration. The innovation of this paper lies in including the spatial effect and conducting a spatial econometric analysis of the spatial agglomeration of venture capital in China after the exploratory analysis of the factors affecting the spatial agglomeration of venture capital. Firstly, based on the data of study area, this paper found that the spatial distribution of venture capital in China had an obvious agglomeration characteristic by using multiple measurement methods. Secondly, by constructing the spatial econometric model based on three different spatial weight matrices, we found that the science and technology environment, financial environment, social environment, and entrepreneurial environment levels were the main factors to affect the agglomeration of venture capital. Thirdly, due to the degree of spatial agglomeration of venture capital being divided into three stages in terms of time dimension, after the regression analysis of different periods, we found that the factors which affected spatial agglomeration of venture capital changed significantly with the passage of time. In addition, from the regression results of eastern, central, and western region samples, we can see that the degree of spillover effect was the lowest in the central region, the highest in the western region, and the middle in the eastern region. At last, this paper provided useful policy enlightenment for enterprise innovation, industrial upgrading, and regional economic management.

Research on Employee Sense of Gain: The Development of Scale and Influence Mechanism

Employee satisfaction is a main source of firms’ competitive advantages. Employee sense of gain (ESG) is defined as the subjective feeling of getting various objective benefits due to employees’ efforts at work. It appropriately reflects employee satisfaction with the objective needs and their subjective perception of the firms, which affects their attitude, behavior, and work performance. Although ESG is gaining increasing interest in human resource research and managerial practice, literature on its conception, measurement, and contribution to human resource theory is still limited. Study 1 developed an integrative framework of concept of ESG and reported the development and validation of a scale measuring ESG. Based on the exploratory factor analysis of 201 valid questionnaires responded by enterprise staffs, the initial scale was formed. Through confirmatory factor analysis of 172 questionnaires, the formal scale was obtained. The multiphase scale development process resulted in a 14-item ESG scale measuring two dimensions: employee’s material sense of gain and employee’s spiritual sense of gain. Study 2 investigated the influence mechanism of ESG based on statistical analysis of 254 valid questionnaires. The results showed that ESG was influenced by all three dimensions of supportive human recourse practices (SHRP), whereby the influences were mediated by perceived insider status (PIS). Results also suggested that leader political skill (LPS) moderated the effect between SHRP (fairness of rewards and punishments, growth opportunity) and PIS positively. Overall, this research provided a reliable and valid measurement scale of ESG in the Chinese setting and explored the influence mechanism, as well as boundary conditions. Managerial implications were provided from the perspectives of organizations, leaders, and employees.

Research on the Impact Mechanism of Organizational-Based Psychological Ownership on the Intelligent Transformation of Manufacturing Enterprises: Based on the Perspective of Technological Change

The integration and development of next-generation information technology and manufacturing technology have made intelligent transformation an important driving force for the upgrading of manufacturing enterprises. Based on the perspective of technological change, this article sorts out the evolution process of technological change and the intelligent development of manufacturing enterprises from the business level and the management level, respectively. On this basis, it analyzes the formation path of organizational-based psychological ownership in the context of change in detail. Furthermore, the influence and mechanism of the psychological ownership dimension of different organizations on the individual level and the organizational level of the intelligent transformation of manufacturing enterprises are analyzed.

Effect of nanoscale zero-valent iron on the change of sludge anaerobic digestion process

Nanoscale zero-valent iron (NZVI), which is increasingly used for environmental remediation, has potential positive impact on Anaerobic Digestion (AD). In this study, the changes of three phases in the AD of sludge have been analysed. The addition of NZVI (1000 mg/L) in the experimental reactors resulted in an enhanced operational performance, i.e. TCOD, SCOD removal and biogas production increased by 23.13%, 12.60% and 29.55% respectively. The addition of NZVI also kept pH at an appropriate level, enhanced the use of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and the activity of the characteristic enzyme relative to the blank group. The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS) were employed to investigate the changes in surface morphology and elements of the sludge. The infrared spectra analysis showed that NZVI promoted AD of sludge. The results from the three-phase change reflected that the addition of NZVI not only promoted AD of sludge but also improved the resource utilization of sludge.

Influence of Resources on Cue Preferences in Mate Selection

According to the research on the influence of resources on mate selection, the amount of financial resources affects an individual’s choice of “luxuries” and “necessities” among mate selection cues, while the amount of time resources affects cue diversity. However, for a long time, researchers only paid attention to the impact of financial resources and ignored the role of time resources. Therefore, this paper draws lessons from the relevant research on the influence of time on decision-making and proposes to study mate selection from the perspective of decision-making. Additionally, current research concerning the influence of resources on the choice of a spouse focuses more on results and neglects to examine the process. Therefore, based on the relevant theories, this paper makes several theoretical assumptions regarding the influence mechanism of resource availability on mate choice decisions, gender differences, and the actor-partner effect.

Can Water Rights Trading Scheme Promote Regional Water Conservation in China? Evidence from a Time-Varying DID Analysis

Using the panel data of 30 provinces in China from 1998 to 2017, we adopt a time-varying difference-in-differences (time-varying DID) model to estimate the impact of water rights trading scheme on regional water consumption. The results show that water rights trading can significantly promote water conservation in the pilot regions by 3.1% compared to that in the non-pilot regions, and a series of robustness tests show consistent results. Policy effects are mainly driven by improving water-use efficiency and adjusting water structure; that is, by transferring water resources from the agricultural sector to the other sectors, agricultural water efficiency is improved and water conflict among sectors is alleviated; thus, water saving is achieved. In addition, by constructing two indexes of regional water pressure and tradable water resources, our heterogeneity analysis shows that water rights trading performs better in areas with high water pressure and large tradable water resources. Under the high pressure of large water use and low water endowment, water rights trading will evidently reduce water consumption more so than in the low-pressure regions, and with water rights trading, it is hard to achieve a policy effect in regions without sufficient tradable water resources. This paper provides important policy implications for China for further promoting the water rights trading scheme in the field of resource conservation.

[Research progress on the effects of biochar application on soil fauna community]

Soil fauna is an indispensable component of soil biotic communities and an important biological driver controlling soil ecological processes. Exploring the effect of biochar on soil fauna community and their relationship, is of great significance to understand the ecological process and services of soil ecosystem. We reviewed the changes and possible mechanisms of soil fauna community to biochar application. The effect of biochar application on soil fauna was caused directly by the difference of raw material, carbonization temperature, and application amount, and indirectly by the changes of biotic factor, including changes of plant physiological characters and microbe biomass, and changes of abiotic parameters (e.g. soil physiochemical characters). The growth, reproduction and behavior of soil fauna could be promoted under low amount of biochar application (mass ratio <5%). In contrast, toxicity effect occurred with a heavy application (>10%). Meanwhile, activities of soil fauna would affect the stability of biochar, and its ecological and environmental role. A road map for future researches about biochar and soil fauna interaction must focus on long-term field studies, spatial and temporal variation, merge of multi-discipline, and comprehensive analysis and prediction.

Assessing Influence Mechanism of Green Utilization of Agricultural Wastes in Five Provinces of China through Farmers' Motivation-Cognition-Behavior

Using the theory of motivation, and the theory of planned behavior, this study establishes the “motivation-cognition-behavior” model of green utilization of agricultural waste from the perspective of farmers. In the motivational dimension, eight motivational factors were determined in three sub-dimensions of extrinsic motivation. In the cognitive dimension, three sub-dimensions of subjective norms, behavioral attitude, and perceived behavioral control are also determined. In the behavioral dimension, two sub-dimensions of utilization intention and utilization behavior are specified. Methodologically, a questionnaire on the green utilization of agricultural waste of 704 peasant households in five provinces of Jiangsu, Anhui, Shaanxi, Gansu, and Sichuan was administered. With the help of the structural equation model, the influence path and the internal mechanism was then analyzed. It is shown that: (1) in relation to the “motivational dimension → cognitive dimension,” extrinsic motivation significantly promotes the cultivation of farmers’ subjective norms, in which positive broken windows theory has a positive effect. In contrast, negative broken windows theory has a negative one. In intrinsic motivation, the behavior attitude of farmers is negative. In the response analysis, farmers can realize that their ability, self-efficacy, response efficacy, and response cost all have a positive impact on farmers’ perceived behavioral control. (2) In relation of the “cognitive dimension → behavioral dimension,” behavioral attitude slightly hinders utilization intention, while subjective norms and perceived behavioral control all contribute to a stronger utilization intention; the utilization intention maintains a positive correlation with the utilization behavior.

Mechanochemical effect of ultrasound on sweet potato starch and its influence mechanism on the quality of octenyl succinic anhydride modified starch

The purpose of this study is to reveal the mechanism of preparing high quality modified starch by ultrasonic technology. In this paper, ultrasonic modified starch and octenyl succinic anhydride modified starch with low degree of substitution were prepared under ultrasonic conditions, using sweet potato starch as raw material. The effects of ultrasound on the structure and properties of native sweet potato starch were studied to see whether ultrasound could produce mechanochemical effect on starch. Then the mechanism of ultrasonic effect on quality of octenyl succinic anhydride modified starch was studied by mechanochemical effect. The results showed that after ultrasonic treatment for 1 min, the crystallinity decreased from 37.6 to 33.8% and reaction efficiency increased from 49.43 to 54.39%, while after ultrasonic treatments for 8 and 32-60 min had different changes. These changes showed that ultrasonic treatment produced significant mechanochemical effect on native sweet potato starch. Ultrasound significantly improved the quality of octenyl succinic anhydride modified starch, and its influence mechanism was revealed using the theory of mechanochemistry. This study provides a feasible method for the research of high quality modified starch and lays a theoretical foundation for expanding the application of ultrasound in various fields.

Effect of Uneven Electrostatic Forces on the Dynamic Characteristics of Capacitive Hemispherical Resonator Gyroscopes

The hemispherical resonator gyroscope (HRG) is a typical capacitive Coriolis vibratory gyroscope whose performance is inevitably influenced by the uneven electrostatic forces caused by the uneven excitation capacitance gap between the resonator and outer base. First, the mechanism of uneven electrostatic forces due to the significantly uneven capacitance gap in that the non-uniformity of the electrostatic forces can cause irregular deformation of the resonator and further affect the performance and precision of the HRG, was analyzed. According to the analyzed influence mechanism, the dynamic output error model of the HRG was established. In this work, the effect of the first four harmonics of the uneven capacitance gap on the HRG was investigated. It turns out that the zero bias and output error, caused by the first harmonic that dominates mainly the amplitude of the uneven capacitance gap, increase approximately linearly with the increase of the amplitude, and periodically vary with the increase of the phase. The effect of the other three harmonics follows the same law, but their amplitudes are one order of magnitude smaller than that of the first one, thus their effects on the HRG can be neglected. The effect of uneven electrostatic forces caused by the first harmonic on the scale factor is that its nonlinearity increases approximately linearly with the increase of the harmonic amplitude, which was analyzed in depth. Considering comprehensively the zero bias, the modification rate of output error, and scale factor nonlinearity, the tolerance towards the uneven excitation capacitance gap was obtained.

Controlled in vitro degradation behavior of highly oriented long-chain-branched poly(lactic acid) produced by solid-phase die drawing

Highly oriented long-chain-branched poly(lactic acid) (LCB-PLA) was fabricated through solid-phase die drawing technology, and the in vitro degradation behavior of the oriented samples in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was studied. During degradation, the weight retention and molecular weight for both PLA and LCB-PLA increased with the increase of draw ratio. Moreover, the degradation autocatalytic effect was delayed, and the deterioration of mechanical strength was reduced by orientation, which was beneficial for controlling the degradation degree and decay rate of strength for PLA as bone fixation materials. The influence mechanism of orientation on the in vitro degradation of PLA was explored. The degradation of PLA in PBS was ascribed to the hydrolytic degradation of ester bonds on the molecular chain. By orientation, a dense microfibrillar crystalline structure formed both on the surface and inside of PLA samples, limiting the diffusion and absorption of PBS molecules into the PLA matrix effectively, inhibiting the hydrolytic degradation of ester bonds, and thus delaying the deterioration of mechanical properties of PLA. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2019.

A study on the effects of fatigue driving and drunk driving on drivers' physical characteristics

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of fatigue driving and drunk driving on drivers' physical characteristics; to analyze the differences in drivers' physical characteristics affected by different kinds of fatigue; and to compare the differences in the effects of the 2 driving states, fatigue driving and drunk driving.

METHODS

Twenty-five participants' physical characteristics were collected under 5 controlled situations: normal, tired driving, drowsy driving, drowsiness + tired driving, and drunk driving. In this article, fatigue driving refers to tiredness and drowsiness and includes 3 situations: tired driving, drowsy driving, and drowsiness + tired driving. The drivers' physical characteristics were measured in terms of 9 parameters: systolic blood pressure (SBP), heart rate (HR), eyesight, dynamic visual acuity (DVA), time for dark adaption (TDA), reaction time to sound (RTS), reaction time to light (RTL), deviation of depth perception (DDP), and time deviation of speed anticipation (TDSA). They were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures. Binary logistical regression analysis was used to explain the relationship between drivers' physical characteristics and the two driving states.

RESULTS

Most of the drivers' physical characteristic parameters were found to be significantly different under the influence of different situations. Four indicators are significantly affected by fatigue driving during deep fatigue (in decreasing order of influence): HR, RTL, SBP and RTS. HR and RTL are significant in the logistical regression model of the drowsiness + tired driving situation and normal situations. Six indicators of the drivers' physical characteristics are significantly affected by drunk driving (in decreasing order of influence): SBP, RTL, DDP, eyesight, RTS, and TDSA. SBP and DDP have a significant effect in the logistical regression model of the drunk driving situation and the normal situation.

CONCLUSIONS

Both fatigue driving and drunk driving are found to impair drivers' physical characteristics. However, their impacts on the parameters SBP, HR, eyesight, and TDSA are different. A driver's physical characteristics will be impaired more seriously when he continues driving while drowsy, compared to driving under normal situation. These findings contribute to the current research on identifying drivers' driving state and quantifying the effects of fatigue driving and drunk driving on driving ability and driving behavior.