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Nguyen TD, Bordeau BM, Balthasar JP. Use of Payload Binding Selectivity Enhancers to Improve Therapeutic Index of Maytansinoid-Antibody-Drug Conjugates. Mol Cancer Ther 2023; 22:1332-1342. [PMID: 37493255 PMCID: PMC10811745 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-22-0804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Systemic exposure to released cytotoxic payload contributes to the dose-limiting off-target toxicities of anticancer antibody-drug conjugates (ADC). In this work, we present an "inverse targeting" strategy to optimize the therapeutic selectivity of maytansinoid-conjugated ADCs. Several anti-maytansinoid sdAbs were generated via phage-display technology with binding IC50 values between 10 and 60 nmol/L. Co-incubation of DM4 with the anti-maytansinoid sdAbs shifted the IC50 value of DM4 up to 250-fold. Tolerability and efficacy of 7E7-DM4 ADC, an anti-CD123 DM4-conjugated ADC, were assessed in healthy and in tumor-bearing mice, with and without co-administration of an anti-DM4 sdAb. Co-administration with anti-DM4 sdAb reduced 7E7-DM4-induced weight loss, where the mean values of percentage weight loss at nadir for mice receiving ADC+saline and ADC+sdAb were 7.9% ± 3% and 3.8% ± 1.3% (P < 0.05). In tumor-bearing mice, co-administration of the anti-maytansinoid sdAb did not negatively affect the efficacy of 7E7-DM4 on tumor growth or survival following dosing of the ADC at 1 mg/kg (P = 0.49) or at 10 mg/kg (P = 0.9). Administration of 7E7-DM4 at 100 mg/kg led to dramatic weight loss, with 80% of treated mice succumbing to toxicity before the appearance of mortality relating to tumor growth in control mice. However, all mice receiving co-dosing of 100 mg/kg 7E7-DM4 with anti-DM4 sdAb were able to tolerate the treatment, which enabled reduction in tumor volume to undetectable levels and to dramatic improvements in survival. In summary, we have demonstrated the utility and feasibility of the application of anti-payload antibody fragments for inverse targeting to improve the selectivity and efficacy of anticancer ADC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toan D. Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214
| | - Brandon M. Bordeau
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214
| | - Joseph P. Balthasar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214
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2
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Seki T, Yamada K, Ooba Y, Fujii T, Narita T, Nakayama A, Kitahara Y, Mendelsohn BA, Matsuda Y, Okuzumi T. Biological Evaluation of Maytansinoid-Based Site-Specific Antibody-Drug Conjugate Produced by Fully Chemical Conjugation Approach: AJICAP®. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2022; 27:234. [PMID: 36042175 DOI: 10.31083/j.fbl2708234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trastuzumab-emtansine (T-DM1, commercial name: Kadcyla) is well-known antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) and was first approved for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive metastatic breast cancer. This molecular format consisting of trastuzumab and maytansinoid payload (emtansine) is very simple, however, T-DM1 has wide heterogeneity due to non-specific conjugation, lowering its therapeutic index (TI). METHODS To overcome this issue during the chemical modification of the random conjugation approach to generate T-DM1, we developed a novel chemical conjugation technology termed "AJICAP®" for modification of antibodies in site-specific manner by IgG Fc-affinity peptide based reagents. RESULTS In this study, we compared site-specific maytansinoid-based ADCs synthesized by AJICAP and T-DM1 in rat safety studies. The results indicated an increase in the maximum tolerated dose, demonstrating an expansion of the AJICAP-ADC therapeutic index compared with that of commercially available T-DM1. Gram scale preparation of this AJICAP-ADC and the initial stability study are also described. CONCLUSIONS Trastuzumab-AJICAP-maytansinoid produced by this unique chemical conjugation methodology showed higher stability and tolerability than commercially available T-DM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Seki
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1, Suzuki-Cho, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, 210-8681 Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kei Yamada
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1, Suzuki-Cho, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, 210-8681 Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuri Ooba
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1, Suzuki-Cho, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, 210-8681 Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Fujii
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1, Suzuki-Cho, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, 210-8681 Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takahiro Narita
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1, Suzuki-Cho, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, 210-8681 Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akira Nakayama
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1, Suzuki-Cho, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, 210-8681 Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Kitahara
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1, Suzuki-Cho, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, 210-8681 Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Yutaka Matsuda
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1, Suzuki-Cho, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, 210-8681 Kanagawa, Japan.,Ajinomoto Bio-Pharma Services, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Tatsuya Okuzumi
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1, Suzuki-Cho, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, 210-8681 Kanagawa, Japan
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3
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Mauricio D, Harold J, Tymon-Rosario JR, Zeybek B, Santin AD. Novel mesothelin antibody-drug conjugates: current evidence and future role in the treatment of ovarian cancer. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2021; 21:1087-1096. [PMID: 33356644 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2021.1869210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Ovarian cancer is the deadliest gynecologic malignancy in the United States, and effective therapies for recurrent, advanced, and progressive disease are limited. Mesothelin is known to be expressed in ovarian cancers, and antibody-drug conjugates targeting mesothelin are a promising novel therapeutic agent.Areas Covered: This article reviews the currently available literature of anti-mesothelin antibody-drug conjugates as a novel treatment for ovarian cancer. Preclinical in vitro and in vivo data as well as clinical results are reviewed for each available agent. Additionally, adverse effects are covered.Expert Opinion: Anti-mesothelin antibody-drug conjugates and their combination with chemotherapeutic agents have undergone phase II trials with encouraging results and demonstrated favorable adverse effect profiles. Phase III data will be necessary to establish its role in ovarian cancer, particularly in recurrent, advanced, or progressive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Mauricio
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, And Reproductive Sciences Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Justin Harold
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, And Reproductive Sciences Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Joan R Tymon-Rosario
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, And Reproductive Sciences Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Burak Zeybek
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, And Reproductive Sciences Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Alessandro D Santin
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, And Reproductive Sciences Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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4
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Gao S, Zhang W, Wang R, Hopkins SP, Spagnoli JC, Racin M, Bai L, Li L, Jiang W, Yang X, Lee C, Nagata K, Howerth EW, Handa H, Xie J, Ma Q, Kumar A. Nanoparticles Encapsulating Nitrosylated Maytansine To Enhance Radiation Therapy. ACS Nano 2020; 14:1468-1481. [PMID: 31939662 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b05976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Radiotherapy remains a major treatment modality for cancer types such as non-small cell lung carcinoma (or NSCLC). To enhance treatment efficacy at a given radiation dose, radiosensitizers are often used during radiotherapy. Herein, we report a nanoparticle agent that can selectively sensitize cancer cells to radiotherapy. Specifically, we nitrosylated maytansinoid DM1 and then loaded the resulting prodrug, DM1-NO, onto poly(lactide-co-glycolic)-block-poly(ethylene glycol) (PLGA-b-PEG) nanoparticles. The toxicity of DM1 is suppressed by nanoparticle encapsulation and nitrosylation, allowing the drug to be delivered to tumors through the enhanced permeability and retention effect. Under irradiation to tumors, the oxidative stress is elevated, leading to the cleavage of the S-N bond and the release of DM1 and nitric oxide (NO). DM1 inhibits microtubule polymerization and enriches cells at the G2/M phase, which is more radiosensitive. NO under irradiation forms highly toxic radicals such as peroxynitrites, which also contribute to tumor suppression. The two components work synergistically to enhance radiotherapy outcomes, which was confirmed in vitro by clonogenic assays and in vivo with H1299 tumor-bearing mice. Our studies suggest the great promise of DM1-NO PLGA nanoparticles in enhancing radiotherapy against NSCLC and potentially other tumor types.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/chemistry
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology
- Capsules/chemistry
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/therapy
- Cell Cycle Checkpoints/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor
- Female
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Lung Neoplasms/therapy
- Maytansine/chemistry
- Maytansine/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Nanoparticles/chemistry
- Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- Oxidative Stress/drug effects
- Particle Size
- Surface Properties
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Gao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine , China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun , Jilin 130033 , China
| | - Weizhong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia 30602 , United States
| | - Renjie Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine , China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun , Jilin 130033 , China
| | - Sean P Hopkins
- College of Engineering , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia 30602 , United States
| | - Jonathan C Spagnoli
- Department of Chemistry , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia 30602 , United States
| | - Mohammed Racin
- Department of Chemistry , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia 30602 , United States
| | - Lin Bai
- Department of Nuclear Medicine , China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun , Jilin 130033 , China
| | - Lu Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine , China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun , Jilin 130033 , China
| | - Wen Jiang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia 30602 , United States
| | - Xueyuan Yang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia 30602 , United States
| | - Chaebin Lee
- Department of Chemistry , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia 30602 , United States
| | - Koichi Nagata
- Veterinary Biosciences & Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia 30602 , United States
| | - Elizabeth W Howerth
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia 30602 , United States
| | - Hitesh Handa
- College of Engineering , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia 30602 , United States
| | - Jin Xie
- Department of Chemistry , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia 30602 , United States
| | - Qingjie Ma
- Department of Nuclear Medicine , China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun , Jilin 130033 , China
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Chemistry , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia 30602 , United States
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5
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Harel ET, Drake PM, Barfield RM, Lui I, Farr-Jones S, Van’t Veer L, Gartner ZJ, Green EM, Lourenço AL, Cheng Y, Hann BC, Rabuka D, Craik CS. Antibody-Drug Conjugates Targeting the Urokinase Receptor (uPAR) as a Possible Treatment of Aggressive Breast Cancer. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:antib8040054. [PMID: 31694242 PMCID: PMC6963874 DOI: 10.3390/antib8040054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A promising molecular target for aggressive cancers is the urokinase receptor (uPAR). A fully human, recombinant antibody that binds uPAR to form a stable complex that blocks uPA-uPAR interactions (2G10) and is internalized primarily through endocytosis showed efficacy in a mouse xenograft model of highly aggressive, triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) of 2G10 were designed and produced bearing tubulin inhibitor payloads ligated through seven different linkers. Aldehyde tag technology was employed for linking, and either one or two tags were inserted into the antibody heavy chain, to produce site-specifically conjugated ADCs with drug-to-antibody ratios of either two or four. Both cleavable and non-cleavable linkers were combined with two different antimitotic toxins—MMAE (monomethylauristatin E) and maytansine. Nine different 2G10 ADCs were produced and tested for their ability to target uPAR in cell-based assays and a mouse model. The anti-uPAR ADC that resulted in tumor regression comprised an MMAE payload with a cathepsin B cleavable linker, 2G10-RED-244-MMAE. This work demonstrates in vitro activity of the 2G10-RED-244-MMAE in TNBC cell lines and validates uPAR as a therapeutic target for TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efrat T. Harel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; (E.T.H.); (I.L.); (Z.J.G.); (A.L.L.)
| | - Penelope M. Drake
- Catalent Biologics, West, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA; (P.M.D.); (R.M.B.); (D.R.)
| | - Robyn M. Barfield
- Catalent Biologics, West, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA; (P.M.D.); (R.M.B.); (D.R.)
| | - Irene Lui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; (E.T.H.); (I.L.); (Z.J.G.); (A.L.L.)
| | - Shauna Farr-Jones
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA;
| | - Laura Van’t Veer
- Laboratory Medicine, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA;
| | - Zev J. Gartner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; (E.T.H.); (I.L.); (Z.J.G.); (A.L.L.)
| | - Evan M. Green
- Biophysics Graduate Program and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA;
| | - André Luiz Lourenço
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; (E.T.H.); (I.L.); (Z.J.G.); (A.L.L.)
| | - Yifan Cheng
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA;
| | - Byron C. Hann
- Preclinical Therapeutics Core, UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA;
| | - David Rabuka
- Catalent Biologics, West, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA; (P.M.D.); (R.M.B.); (D.R.)
| | - Charles S. Craik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; (E.T.H.); (I.L.); (Z.J.G.); (A.L.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-415-476-8146
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6
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Yoder NC, Bai C, Tavares D, Widdison WC, Whiteman KR, Wilhelm A, Wilhelm SD, McShea MA, Maloney EK, Ab O, Wang L, Jin S, Erickson HK, Keating TA, Lambert JM. A Case Study Comparing Heterogeneous Lysine- and Site-Specific Cysteine-Conjugated Maytansinoid Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADCs) Illustrates the Benefits of Lysine Conjugation. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:3926-3937. [PMID: 31287952 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates are an emerging class of cancer therapeutics constructed from monoclonal antibodies conjugated with small molecule effectors. First-generation molecules of this class often employed heterogeneous conjugation chemistry, but many site-specifically conjugated ADCs have been described recently. Here, we undertake a systematic comparison of ADCs made with the same antibody and the same macrocyclic maytansinoid effector but conjugated either heterogeneously at lysine residues or site-specifically at cysteine residues. Characterization of these ADCs in vitro reveals generally similar properties, including a similar catabolite profile, a key element in making a meaningful comparison of conjugation chemistries. In a mouse model of cervical cancer, the lysine-conjugated ADC affords greater efficacy on a molar payload basis. Rather than making general conclusions about ADCs conjugated by a particular chemistry, we interpret these results as highlighting the complexity of ADCs and the interplay between payload class, linker chemistry, target antigen, and other variables that determine efficacy in a given setting.
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7
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Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are an emerging class of anticancer therapeutics, delivering highly cytotoxic molecules directly to cancer cells. ADCs are composed of an antibody, a small molecule drug, and a linker attaching one to another. Antibodies are directed to a large variety of antigens overexpressed on tumor cells, tumor vasculature, or tumor-supporting stroma. After internalization, the ADC is transferred to lysosomes where the cytotoxic component is released, finally killing the target cell. All ADCs are administered via intravenous injection. Once in the circulation, linker stability in plasma is of high importance. In vivo studies in animals address the release of payload over time and typically measure total antibody, conjugated ADC, and free drug. ADC development is driven by ICH (International Council for Harmonisation) guidelines S6(R1) and S9. Dose-limiting toxicities of current ADCs are mainly associated with the payload and correlate well between clinical trials and nonclinical studies in rodents and nonrodents. This mini review is intended to provide general information about ADCs in oncology and shall assist the toxicologic pathologist in correctly interpreting morphological findings acquired in toxicity studies with this entity.
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8
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Catcott KC, McShea MA, Bialucha CU, Miller KL, Hicks SW, Saxena P, Gesner TG, Woldegiorgis M, Lewis ME, Bai C, Fleming MS, Ettenberg SA, Erickson HK, Yoder NC. Microscale screening of antibody libraries as maytansinoid antibody-drug conjugates. MAbs 2016; 8:513-23. [PMID: 26752675 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1134408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are of great interest as targeted cancer therapeutics. Preparation of ADCs for early stage screening is constrained by purification and biochemical analysis techniques that necessitate burdensome quantities of antibody. Here we describe a method, developed for the maytansinoid class of ADCs, enabling parallel conjugation of antibodies in 96-well format. The method utilizes ∼ 100 µg of antibody per well and requires <5 µg of ADC for characterization. We demonstrate the capabilities of this system using model antibodies. We also provide multiple examples applying this method to early-stage screening of maytansinoid ADCs. The method can greatly increase the throughput with which candidate ADCs can be screened in cell-based assays, and may be more generally applicable to high-throughput preparation and screening of different types of protein conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kathy L Miller
- c Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research , Emeryville , CA
| | | | - Parmita Saxena
- b Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research , Cambridge , MA
| | - Thomas G Gesner
- b Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research , Cambridge , MA
| | | | | | - Chen Bai
- a ImmunoGen, Inc. , Waltham , MA
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9
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Widdison W, Wilhelm S, Veale K, Costoplus J, Jones G, Audette C, Leece B, Bartle L, Kovtun Y, Chari R. Metabolites of antibody- maytansinoid conjugates: characteristics and in vitro potencies. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:1762-73. [PMID: 25826705 DOI: 10.1021/mp5007757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Several antibody-maytansinoid conjugates (AMCs) are in clinical trials for the treatment of various cancers. Each of these conjugates can be metabolized by tumor cells to give cytotoxic maytansinoid metabolites that can kill targeted cells. In preclinical studies in mice, the cytotoxic metabolites initially formed in vivo are further processed in the mouse liver to give several oxidized metabolic species. In this work, the primary AMC metabolites were synthesized and incubated with human liver microsomes (HLMs) to determine if human liver would likely give the same metabolites as those formed in mouse liver. The results of these HLM metabolism studies as well as the subsequent syntheses of the resulting HLM oxidation products are presented. Syntheses of the minor impurities formed during the conjugation of AMCs were also conducted to determine their cytotoxicities and to establish how these impurities would be metabolized by HLM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne Widdison
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Sharon Wilhelm
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Karen Veale
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Juliet Costoplus
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Gregory Jones
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Charlene Audette
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Barbara Leece
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Laura Bartle
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Yelena Kovtun
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Ravi Chari
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
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10
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Goldmacher VS, Amphlett G, Wang L, Lazar AC. Statistics of the distribution of the abundance of molecules with various drug loads in maytansinoid antibody-drug conjugates. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:1738-44. [PMID: 25635630 DOI: 10.1021/mp5007536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The maytansinoid antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) in clinical development for cancer therapy each contain a derivative of the microtubule-targeting agent, maytansine, covalently attached to the antibody via an engineered linker. A sample of any of these conjugates contains molecules with different numbers of maytansinoid molecules, or "drug" loads, the relative abundance of which can be determined by mass spectrometry. We examined the accuracy of the Poisson distribution and the binomial distribution in predicting the relative abundance of species with different drug loads for three antibody-maytansinoid conjugates with different antibodies and linker-maytansinoid pairings. We used variance, calculated from the experimental mass distribution data, as the parameter to determine the optimal value n of the binomial distribution number of trials. The accuracy of the Poisson distribution in predicting distribution of the species abundance in these conjugates varied among the conjugates. In contrast, the accuracy of the binomial distribution was similar for all three conjugates and comparable to the best accuracy of the Poisson distribution, as supported by a paired t-test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor S Goldmacher
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Godfrey Amphlett
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Lintao Wang
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Alexandru C Lazar
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
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11
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Whiteman KR, Johnson HA, Mayo MF, Audette CA, Carrigan CN, LaBelle A, Zukerberg L, Lambert JM, Lutz RJ. Lorvotuzumab mertansine, a CD56-targeting antibody-drug conjugate with potent antitumor activity against small cell lung cancer in human xenograft models. MAbs 2014; 6:556-66. [PMID: 24492307 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.27756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lorvotuzumab mertansine (LM) is an antibody-drug conjugate composed of a humanized anti-CD56 antibody, lorvotuzumab, linked via a cleavable disulfide linker to the tubulin-binding maytansinoid DM1. CD56 is expressed on most small cell lung cancers (SCLC), providing a promising therapeutic target for treatment of this aggressive cancer, which has a poor five-year survival rate of only 5-10%. We performed immunohistochemical staining on SCLC tumor microarrays, which confirmed that CD56 is expressed at high levels on most (~74%) SCLC tumors. Conjugation of lorvotuzumab with DM1 did not alter its specific binding to cells and LM demonstrated potent target-dependent cytotoxicity against CD56-positive SCLC cells in vitro. The anti-tumor activity of LM was evaluated against SCLC xenograft models in mice, both as monotherapy and in combination with platinum/etoposide and paclitaxel/carboplatin. Dose-dependent and antigen-specific anti-tumor activity of LM monotherapy was demonstrated at doses as low as 3 mg/kg. LM was highly active in combination with standard-of-care platinum/etoposide therapies, even in relatively resistant xenograft models. LM demonstrated outstanding anti-tumor activity in combination with carboplatin/etoposide, with superior activity over chemotherapy alone when LM was used in combinations at significantly reduced doses (6-fold below the minimally efficacious dose for LM monotherapy). The combination of LM with carboplatin/paclitaxel was also highly active. This study provides the rationale for clinical evaluation of LM as a promising novel targeted therapy for SCLC, both as monotherapy and in combination with chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Lawrence Zukerberg
- Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston, MA USA
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12
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Abstract
The concept of treating cancer with antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) has gained momentum with the favorable activity and safety of trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1), SAR3419, and lorvotuzumab mertansine (IMGN901). All three ADCs utilize maytansinoid cell-killing agents which target tubulin and suppress microtubule dynamics. Each ADC utilizes a different optimized chemical linker to attach the maytansinoid to the antibody. Characterizing the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of these ADCs in preclinical animal models is important to understanding their efficacy and safety profiles. The ADME properties of these ADCs in rodents were inferred from studies with radio-labeled ADCs prepared with nonbinding antibodies since T-DM1, SAR3419, IMGN901 all lack cross-reactivity with rodent antigens. For studies exploring tumor localization and activation in tumor-bearing mice, tritium-labeled T-DM1, SAR3419, and IMGN901 were utilized. The chemical nature of the linker was found to have a significant impact on the ADME properties of these ADCs-particularly on the plasma pharmacokinetics and observed catabolites in tumor and liver tissues. Despite these differences, T-DM1, SAR3419, and IMGN901 were all found to facilitate efficient deliveries of active maytansinoid catabolites to the tumor tissue in mouse xenograft models. In addition, all three ADCs were effectively detoxified during hepatobiliary elimination in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans K Erickson
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, USA.
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