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Estes CL, DiCarlo NB, Yeh JC. Building Back Better: Going Big with Emancipatory Sciences. J Aging Soc Policy 2024; 36:460-475. [PMID: 36848315 DOI: 10.1080/08959420.2023.2182998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
This commentary argues that precarity and inequity across the life course and aging has accelerated via the COVID-19 pandemic. President Biden's vaccination efforts, $1.9 trillion American Rescue Plan Act, and Build Back Better framework reflect a paradigm shift to restore faith and trust in government that boldly confronts entrenched austerity ideologues. We offer emancipatory sciences as a conceptual framework to analyze and promote social structural change and epic theory development. Emancipatory sciences aim to advance knowledge and the realization of dignity, access, equity, respect, healing, social justice, and social change through individual and collective agency and social institutions. Epic theory development moves beyond isolated incidents as single events and, instead, grasps and advances theory through attempts to change the world itself by demanding attention to inequality, power, and action. Gerontology with an emancipatory science lens offers a framework and vocabulary to understand the individual and collective consequences of the institutional and policy forces that shape aging and generations within and across the life course. It locates an ethical and moral philosophy engaged in the Biden Administration's approach, which proposes redistributing - from bottom-up - material and symbolic resources via family, public, community, and environmental benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carroll L Estes
- Institute for Health & Aging, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, United States of America
| | - Nicholas B DiCarlo
- Institute for Health & Aging, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, United States of America
| | - Jarmin C Yeh
- Institute for Health & Aging, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, United States of America
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Bates CM. There's Something about Uvalde: American Patriarchy and the Slaughter of Innocents. J Anal Psychol 2024; 69:227-245. [PMID: 38501575 DOI: 10.1111/1468-5922.12995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
After every school shooting in the United States both a wish and a fear arise: Will this be the one? Will this be the tipping point for change in a nation so deeply divided over the meaning of "the right to bear arms?" Sandy Hook, Connecticut? No. Parkland, Florida? No. So, why might the killing of 19 children and 2 teachers in Uvalde, Texas, prove different? The American epidemic of mass school shootings betrays a country's willingness to let its children disappear, to sacrifice them on the altar of an archetypally violent ethos. While the internal experiences of alienation, resentment and contempt are often at play in the individuals who carry out such violence, the author suggests that the uniquely American glorification of "the lone wolf", the "rugged individual" and the "misunderstood hero" fuels a supportive background for mass shooters in a nation that appears to be enamoured of ancient patriarchal attitudes as it doubles down on its valuing of weaponry. Such patriarchal attitudes, underscored by capitalism and the profits of the gun industry, are implicated in the territorial adhesion to American gun rights and in the high cost paid by the blood of innocents. Drawing on Vestergaard & Odde's (2021) concepts of socio-analysis and sociality, this paper explores the dynamic process of "mass-character" marked by "contagion, imitation, attraction and repulsion" that convolute cultural values of heritage and freedom into the perverse expression of mass violence.
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Onyango EO, Elliott SJ. Victims or perpetrators, agency, and politics of intimate partner violence in the social construction of health and wellbeing: a qualitative study from Kenya. Sex Reprod Health Matters 2023; 31:2272762. [PMID: 37955525 PMCID: PMC10653651 DOI: 10.1080/26410397.2023.2272762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Deeply rooted cultural beliefs and norms relating to the position and the responsibilities assigned to men and women play a significant role in propagating intimate partner violence (IPV). It is yet to be understood in what ways experiences of IPV contribute to how people socially construct their health and wellbeing as they navigate the tensions created by the prevailing sociocultural systems. To address this knowledge gap, we employed a social constructionist perspective and the eco-social model to explore how Kenyans aged 25-49 years socially construct their health and wellbeing in relation to their experiences of IPV. We conducted nine in-depth interviews and ten focus group discussions in four counties in Kenya between January and April of 2017. Textual analysis of the narratives reveals that although men are usually framed as perpetrators of violence, they may also be victims of reciprocal aggression by women, as recently witnessed in cases where women retaliate through gang attacks, chopping of male genitalia, and scalding with water. However, women are still disproportionately affected by gender-based violence because of the deeply rooted gender imbalances in patriarchal societies. Women experience social stigma associated with such violence and when separated or divorced in situations of unsafe relationships, they are viewed as social misfits. As such, most women opt to stay in unhealthy relationships to avoid social isolation. These experiences are not only unhealthy for their psychological wellbeing but also for their physical health and socioeconomic status and that of their offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth O. Onyango
- Assistant Professor, School of Public Health, University of Alberta, 11405 87 Ave NW, AB T6G 1C9, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Susan J. Elliott
- Professor, Faculty of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1Canada
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Arbieto Mamani O, POZO ENCISO BARO, Mendoza Vargas MG, Alvarez Chavez W, Pozo Enciso RS. Qualitative study on violence against women analyzed under the thought of Edmund Husserl in the context of the Society of Apurimac. F1000Res 2023; 12:40. [PMID: 38125557 PMCID: PMC10730984 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.125888.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the investigation was to analyze the experiences and perspectives on violence against women in the Apurímac region, Peru. The analysis was carried out through interviews with women in each of the provinces of Apurimac. The aim was to learn about the status of women's rights and the effectiveness of provisions and regulations for their protection. The article will also explore the vast cultural and social diversity present in the interviews themselves, in contrast to the current normative system. As a general conclusion, it became evident that women in Apurimac-Peru suffered different types of abuse and mistreatment just because they were women and that they did not feel any kind of support from the authorities, showing a lack of interest from the state in improving the current situation of women in Peruvian society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Arbieto Mamani
- Universidad Nacional Micaela Bastidas de Apurímac, Abancay, Apurímac, 03001, Peru
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Saunders DG, Jiwatram-Negrón T, Nanasi N, Cardenas I. Patriarchy's Link to Intimate Partner Violence: Applications to Survivors' Asylum Claims. Violence Against Women 2023; 29:1998-2021. [PMID: 36349372 PMCID: PMC10387730 DOI: 10.1177/10778012221132299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Eligibility for asylum for survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV) has recently been contested. We summarize social science evidence to show how such survivors generally meet asylum criteria. Studies consistently show a relationship between patriarchal factors and IPV, thereby establishing a key asylum criterion that women are being persecuted because of their status as women. Empirical support is also provided for other asylum criteria, specifically: patriarchal norms contribute to state actors' unwillingness to protect survivors, and survivors' political opinions are linked to an escalation of perpetrators' violence. The findings have implications for policy reform and supporting individual asylum-seekers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Natalie Nanasi
- Dedman School of Law, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Iris Cardenas
- School of Social Work, Rutgers University, New Brunswick-Piscataway, NJ, USA
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Valdez LA, Jaeger EC, Garcia DO, Griffith DM. Breaking Down Machismo: Shifting Definitions and Embodiments of Latino Manhood in Middle-Aged Latino Men. Am J Mens Health 2023; 17:15579883231195118. [PMID: 37694827 PMCID: PMC10496479 DOI: 10.1177/15579883231195118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a notable gap in empirical research regarding how Latino men define and demonstrate machismo, masculinity, and manhood as well as the behavioral consequences associated with these concepts. In our study, we employed a phenomenological thematic approach to analyze 20 semi-structured individual interviews conducted with Latino men residing in South Florida. Our primary objectives were twofold: to examine (1) how do Latino men ages 35 to 60 years describe what it means to be a man and (2) what are the attributes that these men seek to show others that demonstrate their character, cultural values, and gender identity. Findings suggest that Latino men understood expectations associated with machismo and explained that fulfillment of their role as provider, protector, and head of the family was important to their perception of self. While some participants reported a desire to embody characteristics associated with traditional machismo, others strived to demonstrate character, familism, and respect and to provide financial and other instrumental support to their families. Participants reported that their transition into middle age was accompanied by a shift in their perspectives on gender roles, moving away from rigid patriarchal views. Exposure to a more fluid and flexible approach to manhood offered relief from the pressures associated with inflexible manifestations of machismo, which can have negative social, behavioral, and physical health implications. The implications of our research extend to the conceptualization of gender ideals, highlighting the need to incorporate intersectionality, role strain, precarious manhood, and culturally specific notions of manhood as foundational elements in this discourse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A. Valdez
- Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Emily C. Jaeger
- Center for Men’s Health Equity, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - David O. Garcia
- Mel & Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Derek M. Griffith
- Center for Men’s Health Equity, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Health Management and Policy, School of Health, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
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Forner C. The Missing Ingredient: How Misogyny and the Patriarchy Sabotage our Clinical Practice and Research. Clin Neuropsychiatry 2023; 20:327-336. [PMID: 37791093 PMCID: PMC10544243 DOI: 10.36131/cnfioritieditore20230412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Discussing massive, unrelenting trauma, especially during a global pandemic, when the threat is not only personally affecting you, but also everyone else, is not an easy thing to do. We can see the consequences of two years of being locked inside. People's trauma responses literally came flooding out. It seems that the pandemic tipped us over an abyss that is hard to comprehend. In so many countries there are protests, laws rolling back basic human rights, the threat of fascism, and actual war. There seems to be widespread governmental corruption that cannot stop the favouritism of those who have wealth, and perpetually admonish those who do not. Our world seems very unstable. Change is deeply desired. Yet, this instability is predictable. It is predictable because the systems that created the structures that "run and rule" us are fundamentally destructive and violent. In never-ending ways, the only way that change happens is by utilizing violence as the only way to achieve change. This is the legacy of patriarchy. A system that not only is ruled by one group of people but also tends to be controlled by a very specific type of person. It is a system that cultivates human cruelty, selfishness, and violence. It is a system that is managed by those who do the "best" in violence. Most of us do not work this way but are forced to live this way because of the belief that humans are innately violent, selfish, and self-serving; a myth based on the traumatic reaction of fight. It is a dissociated, relational injury that is a direct result of not having our mothers and fathers able to be mothers and fathers. It is formed in misogyny. There are ways to heal, if one can comprehend what misogyny does to human beings, and what we would be like in its absence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Forner
- Lead Clinician Owner/Operator at Associated Counselling Calgary, Alberta, Canada Past President of the International Society for the Study of Trauma and Dissociation
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Gupta M, Madabushi JS, Gupta N. Critical Overview of Patriarchy, Its Interferences With Psychological Development, and Risks for Mental Health. Cureus 2023; 15:e40216. [PMID: 37435274 PMCID: PMC10332384 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.40216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The systemic oppression of women and gender-based discrimination has deep roots in human civilization. As evident in both written texts and widespread practices, conscious and unconscious biases associated with patriarchy have been and continue to be interlaced with power struggles, control, and conformity enforced by the male-dominant cultures of the time. Brought into bold relief in this pandemic, recent dramatic events (the tragic murder of George Floyd and the overturning of Roe v. Wade, for example) have heightened social outrage against bias, racism, and bigotry and have also brought us to an inflection point demanding our better understanding of the pernicious and long-term mental health effects of patriarchy. There are compelling grounds to further expand their construct, but efforts to do so in psychiatric phenomenology have, until now, failed to gain momentum and substantive attention. The resistance may in part lie in misconceptions that patriarchy is supported by archetypal endowments of the collective unconscious constitutive of shared societal beliefs. While many continue to live with the adverse experiences associated with patriarchy within the current times, critics have argued that our concepts about patriarchy are not empirical enough. Empirically supported deconstruction is necessary to debunk misinformed notions that undermine women's equality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayank Gupta
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Southwood Psychiatric Hospital, Pittsburgh, USA
| | | | - Nihit Gupta
- Psychiatry, Dayton Children's Hospital, Dayton, USA
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9
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Franco-Rocha OY, Wheldon CW, Osier N, Lett E, Kesler SR, Henneghan AM, Suárez-Baquero DFM. Cisheteronormativity and its influence on the psychosocial experience of LGBTQ+ people with cancer: A qualitative systematic review. Psychooncology 2023. [PMID: 37025048 DOI: 10.1002/pon.6133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cisheteronormativity refers to the relationship of heterosexual and cisgender privilege stemming from patriarchy. Although studies have shown that cisheteronormativity can impact health outcomes for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer and other sexual, gender diverse, and gender nonconforming (LGBTQ+) people, the specific impact on cancer care has not been described. We synthesized the qualitative evidence on how cisheteronormativity impacts the psychosocial experience of LGBTQ+ people with cancer. METHODS We conducted a historic search in the CINAHL, LGBT+ Health, PsycInfo, and PubMed databases. Qualitative studies that described the psychosocial experience of LGBTQ+ people with cancer were included. After appraising the quality of the publications, 11 articles were included. Then, we conducted inductive nominal coding, taxonomic analysis, and thematic synthesis. RESULTS Two main themes emerged, (1) Cisheteronormativity as a social determinant of health, and (2) Cancer, sexual orientation, and gender: Associations and introjections. The themes comprise four categories and 13 subcategories that describe the impact of cisheteronormativity on the cancer experience of LGBTQ+ people. CONCLUSION Cisheteronormativity within the healthcare system impacts the psychosocial experience of LGBTQ+ people with cancer. Understanding how these gender biases, norms, and social expectations impact the cancer experience is necessary to transform social norms and promote health equity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher W Wheldon
- Department of Social & Behavioral Sciences, College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nico Osier
- School of Nursing, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Elle Lett
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for Applied Transgender Studies, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Shelli R Kesler
- School of Nursing, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Ashley M Henneghan
- School of Nursing, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
- Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Daniel Felipe Martín Suárez-Baquero
- Department of Child, Family, and Population Health, School of Nursing, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Family Health Care Nursing, Postdoctoral Fellow ACTIONS Program, School of Nursing, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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10
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Yardley E, Richards L. The Elephant in the Room: Toward an Integrated, Feminist Analysis of Mass Murder. Violence Against Women 2023; 29:752-772. [PMID: 35938478 DOI: 10.1177/10778012221101917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This article argues for a new approach to making sense of mass murder, emphasizing the urgency of recognizing the proliferation and significance of misogyny and domestic violence among perpetrators of this type of homicide. It is vital that scholarship recognizes the political economy of neoliberal patriarchy and seeks to better understand how harmful subjectivity develops in this context. We propose a new multilevel framework for the analysis of mass murder and issue a call to action for a global program of independent qualitative research and activism to tackle its drivers, prevent further harm, and save lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Yardley
- Department of Sociology and Criminology, Business, Law and Social Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
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11
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Downey L, Iacobucci A, Pyles MA. Sexualized Violence and Neoliberal Discourse. Violence Against Women 2023; 29:527-547. [PMID: 35979634 DOI: 10.1177/10778012221094071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Researchers have paid relatively little attention to the role that sexual and gender violence play in reinforcing neoliberal discourse. We address this issue by demonstrating that the portrayal of women and girls in the mainstream media, female body practices based on this portrayal, gendered sexual-agency norms, sexual harassment, and rape are not only sexualized and violent, but they also display a common set of cultural scripts drawn from both patriarchal and neoliberal discourse. We thus conclude that these images, practices, and norms are forms of sexualized violence that reinforce patriarchal and neoliberal discourse and, thus, the gender and class orders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Downey
- 1877University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
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Abstract
This chapter analyses the concept of jealousy (as different from envy) in romantic and sexual relationships. It demonstrates that jealousy is both logically and empirically untenable, as it is: (1) a self-contradictory emotion; (2) a self-destructive activity. As to (1) feelings of jealousy are incompatible with true care for the well-being and satisfaction of the loved partner. Logically, the notion of jealousy is self-defeating: it professes to be an expression of love while at the same time forbidding the loved one the freedom to act autonomously, thus killing the very notion of love. As to (2) nearly all empirical data point to the destructive effects to relationships of the feeling of jealousy, Shakespeare's Othello being its archetypal expression and its scathing analysis. The astounding fact, however, is that in many (most?) cultures jealousy is seen as an expression of love, while in reality it is an emanation of possessive feeling void of affection for the person 'loved'. A thorough cultural analysis, coupled to recently available DNA analyses, however, reveal a wholly different picture of extra-pair offspring, fully undermining the foundations upon which the notion of jealousy if based. Recent developments like 'open relationships' and 'polyamory' may be signs of overthrowing the contradictory and destructive aspects of jealousy. They presuppose, however, to undo deeply ingrained social attitudes accompanying love relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willie van Peer
- Faculty of Languages and Literatures, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Song C, Xie H, Zhou Y, Chatterjee JS. Sex life and sexuality among tongqi: doing gender and heterosexuality. Cult Health Sex 2023; 25:256-269. [PMID: 35175903 DOI: 10.1080/13691058.2022.2037716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The term tongqi refers to cisgender, heterosexual women who unwittingly marry non-straight men. In mainland China, their adverse social position and health have been the subject of concern. This study aims to broaden and diversify perceptions of the lived experiences of tongqi by focusing on sex and sexualities in mixed-orientation marriages. Four themes (lack of sexuality-related exploration before marriage, the unsatisfactory nature of marital sex life, the exercise of sexual agency, and increased self-awakening) were developed from observations of a tongqi online support group and 12 semi-structured interviews with members. Using inductive thematic analysis, findings reveal how heteronormativity oppresses and punishes both tongqi and their non-straight husbands. In most cases, husbands not 'doing heterosexuality' as expected were still found to be 'doing gender' in patriarchal ways, with wives' subordinate status thereby being reinforced, making them more vulnerable. However, despite women's sexual autonomy and agency being constrained by normative forces, some were able to navigate their conjugal relationships by practising sexual autonomy and agency within and outside their marriage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhui Song
- Gender and Development Studies, Department of Development and Sustainability, School of Environment Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Hui Xie
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Yao Zhou
- Barken Beatrices Gata, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Joyee S Chatterjee
- Gender and Development Studies, Department of Development and Sustainability, School of Environment Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathum Thani, Thailand
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Kim R, Yoon J, Kim JH, Lee H, Park J, Kim SS. Association Between Intimate Partner Violence and Suicidal Ideation Among Female and Male Adults in South Korea: A Nationally Representative Longitudinal Study. J Interpers Violence 2022; 37:NP23222-NP23240. [PMID: 35331050 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221080137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study sought to assess the prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization and to examine the sex-stratified associations between IPV and suicidal ideation in South Korea. This study used nationally representative longitudinal survey data from 2011 to 2020 of the Korean Welfare Panel Study of 9732 married adults at baseline. Participants were annually asked about IPV experiences of verbal abuse, physical threat, or physical assault over the past year in 2011-2019. Suicidal ideation in the past year was assessed in the following year 2012-2020 of IPV experiences. Using multilevel logistic regression models, we examined the associations between IPV and suicidal ideation among married adults. The prevalence of verbal abuse, physical threat, and physical assault was respectively 19.8%, 3.0%, and 1.4% in females (n = 5056); and 18.8%, 2.7%, and 1.0% in males (n = 4676). After adjusting for potential confounders (e.g., lifetime suicidal ideation and random effects of individuals and households) in the same year when participants had IPV experiences, all types of IPV experiences were statistically associated with suicidal ideation in the following year among both females and males, except for physical threat among males. We found a statistically significant association between physical threat and suicidal ideation among females (adjusted odds ratio: 2.22, 95% confidence interval: 1.62, 3.04), whereas no association was observed among males. Our findings suggest that public health interventions related to suicidal behaviors that can be attributable to experiencing IPV are necessary among both females and males in South Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranyeong Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School of Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School of Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehong Yoon
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School of Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hwan Kim
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School of Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyemin Lee
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School of Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jooyoung Park
- Healthcare Policy Team, Jeju Institute of Public Health & Health Policy, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Sup Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea, Republic of Korea
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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Subramanee SD, Agho K, Lakshmi J, Huda MN, Joshi R, Akombi-Inyang B. Child Marriage in South Asia: A Systematic Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:15138. [PMID: 36429857 PMCID: PMC9691026 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192215138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Background: Child marriage is a serious public health issue with dire implications at the individual and societal level. Almost half of all child marriages globally originate from South Asia. The aim of this study is to identify consistent factors associated with and resulting from child marriage in South Asia through a review of available evidence. Methods: This systematic review adhered to the 2015 Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Six computerized bibliographic databases, namely PsycINFO, CINAHL, EMBASE, Ovid Medline, PUBMED, and Scopus were searched. Retrieved studies were exported to EndNote and screened for eligibility using pre-determined criteria. The quality of the included studies was rated using 14 quality appraisal criteria derived from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Tool. Results: A total of 520 articles were retrieved from six databases. Of these, 13 articles met the eligibility criteria and were included in this study. Factors consistently associated with child marriage in South Asia were rural residence, low level of education, poor economic background, low exposure to mass media and religion (Hindu and Muslim in particular countries). Maternal health care factors resulting from child marriage included: low utilization of antenatal care services, low institutional delivery, and low delivery assistance by a skilled birth attendant. Conclusions: Child marriage results from an interplay of economic and social forces. Therefore, to address the complex nature of child marriage, efforts targeting improvement in education, employment, exposure to health information via mass media, and gender egalitarianism are required. This systematic review was registered with PROSPERO [CRD42020190410].
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Affiliation(s)
- S Daarwin Subramanee
- School of Health Science, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Kingsley Agho
- School of Health Science, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Josyula Lakshmi
- The George Institute for Global Health, Hyderabad 500 082, India
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Md. Nazmul Huda
- ARCED Foundation, Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh
- Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Campbeltown, NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Rohina Joshi
- The George Institute for Global Health, Hyderabad 500 082, India
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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16
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Ong T, Mellor D, Chettri S. "Females are always dominated and disregarded by males, just because they are female": the continuation of patriarchal norms for young trafficked women in Nepal. Cult Health Sex 2022; 24:1350-1365. [PMID: 34323176 DOI: 10.1080/13691058.2021.1949495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This article provides insights into the cultural aspects of sexual violence against young women trafficked into the sex industry in Nepal. Participant observation, participatory clay body mapping workshops and group interviews using photography were used to explore the reproductive body of six formerly trafficked women aged 14-22 years. Intimate partner violence against women, domestic violence and violence against women were important issues raised during the research process. Societal and familial patriarchal norms are the root causes of violence against women in Nepal and can be traced back to the Hindu legal code, the Muluki Ain of 1854, which was enforced for over 100 hundred years. Our findings indicate that tackling violence against women is complex for Nepali trafficked women because of its multiple forms and sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tricia Ong
- Faculty of Health, School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David Mellor
- Faculty of Health, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
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17
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Abstract
Lesbian motherhood is an emerging practice among Chinese lesbian couples. Although this form of family-making might be appealing to Chinese lesbians who cannot legally marry their partners, lesbian mothers are subject to substantial risks and challenges arising from the lack of recognition by Chinese authorities and other family members. This study focuses on an anonymous lesbian's confession about her motherhood. It conducts a case analysis to investigate the incompatibility between transnational reproductive services and national household regulations and Marriage Law. This study analyses the persistence of patriarchy in a lesbian family, which suppresses women's agency both corporeally and in family roles. Through this analysis, this paper intends to explore lesbian mothers' vulnerabilities as they face a continuum of patriarchal exploitation in the absence of legal and social recognition. It also questions the radical challenge that lesbian motherhood is often assumed to make to male dominance and gendered norms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zheng
- School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts and Education, Alfred Deakin Institute for Citizenship and Globalisation, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
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18
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Idriss MM. Abused by the Patriarchy: Male Victims, Masculinity, "Honor"-Based Abuse and Forced Marriages. J Interpers Violence 2022; 37:NP11905-NP11932. [PMID: 33631999 PMCID: PMC9251746 DOI: 10.1177/0886260521997928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The causes and effects of what is often referred to as "honor"-based violence/abuse (HBV/A) and forced marriages on men and boys is an under-researched field of patriarchal violence. This lack of research has resulted in an imperfect understanding of how and why men become victims of HBV/A and an absence of an effective theoretical framework in which to analyze their experiences. Through an examination of 29 Case Files obtained through a gender-neutral domestic abuse refuge charity in the East Midlands, the United Kingdom, this original research will explore the ways that men, particularly younger males and those who do not conform to cultural norms of masculinity, are harmed by patriarchal structures. In doing so, this article brings to light new data and adds to the patriarchal framework for understanding HBV/A and why it is committed against men. The results of this study reveal that the ways in which HBV/A and forced marriages were presented in the Case Files present both analogies to and distinctions with the infliction of Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) in similar circumstances. This discovery is important for several reasons: (a) it demonstrates that men and boys are harmed by patriarchy and that patriarchal theories of violence must therefore evolve to better recognize groups of male victims; (b) it provides a typological framework to identify the different types of male victims, the types of abuse and the perpetrators involved, including the involvement of mothers as primary and secondary perpetrators; and (c) that male victims require appropriate intervention and must be taken seriously by state agencies if men are to come forward and disclose abuse.
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19
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Chroni SA, Kavoura A. From Silence to Speaking Up About Sexual Violence in Greece: Olympic Journeys in a Culture That Neglects Safety. Front Psychol 2022; 13:862450. [PMID: 35465498 PMCID: PMC9020591 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.862450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study scrutinizes the role of societal culture in cases of sexual violence in Greek sport, as presented in the media after a two times Olympic medalist of Greece fired up the “‘me too’ Movement” in the country. Specifically, data for this study consisted of 36 media articles (14 international in the English language and 22 national in the Greek language), reporting multiple cases of sexual abuse and harassment in Greek sport and were published between January 2021 and January 2022. We drew on the cultural praxis heuristic to explore how the cultural setting operates as an underlying factor in priming athletes for harassment and abuse and in oppressing them into not speaking up. Our thematic analysis of media data revealed two overarching themes, namely, keeping the home intact and failed negotiations with power. Based on these findings, we discuss how subtle manifestations of patriarchy and collectivism perpetuate sexualized violence in Greek sport as they promote a climate of silence, prevent safeguarding, maintain underreporting of sexual violence, and delayed the arrival of the #metoo. We conclude that under the current circumstances, change seems to be a threat to all involved in Greek sport, yet for different reasons. For the coaches, sport officials, stakeholders, state system, change would require them to relinquish male powers and authority, find new meaning of what it means to be and do as a man, and allow women to be seen as counterparts. For the female athletes-survivors, it would require them to prioritize the self and their self-care and let go of the in-group loyalty and subordination learned and exhibited from infancy. We also contend that mere translations of international and regional safeguarding guidelines and toolkits cannot foster awareness raising, nor the implementation of measures within cultural settings that divert from the Global North. If we care to combat the universal phenomenon of sexualized violence in sport, a glocal approach is needed, where local socio-cultural factors are acknowledged, their role is addressed, and violence is understood within its context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stiliani Ani Chroni
- Department of Sport and Physical Education, Faculty of Social and Health Sciences, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Elverum, Norway
| | - Anna Kavoura
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, United Kingdom
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20
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Abstract
In the Western world, gender has traditionally been viewed as binary and as following directly from biological sex. This view is slowly changing among both experts and the general public, a change that has been met with strong opposition. In this article, we explore the psychological processes underlying these dynamics. Drawing on previous work on gender performativity as well as gender as a performance, we develop a psychological framework of the perpetuation and disruption of the gender/sex binary on a stage that facilitates and foregrounds binary gender/sex performance. Whenever character, costume, and script are not aligned the gender/sex binary is disrupted and gender trouble ensues. We integrate various strands of the psychological literature into this framework and explain the processes underlying these reactions. We propose that gender trouble can elicit threat-personal threat, group-based and identity threat, and system threat-which in turn leads to efforts to alleviate this threat through the reinforcement of the gender/sex binary. Our framework challenges the way psychologists have traditionally treated gender/sex in theory and empirical work and proposes new avenues and implications for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michelle K. Ryan
- Department of Psychology,
University of Exeter
- Faculty of Economics and Business,
University of Groningen
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21
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Habib SS, Jamal WZ, Zaidi SMA, Siddiqui JU, Khan HM, Creswell J, Batra S, Versfeld A. Barriers to Access of Healthcare Services for Rural Women-Applying Gender Lens on TB in a Rural District of Sindh, Pakistan. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:10102. [PMID: 34639403 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph181910102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Women in the rural districts of Pakistan face numerous barriers to healthcare, rendering gender-responsive health programming important, including for the disease of tuberculosis (TB). This study was conducted to assess the general understanding of TB and for women’s access to healthcare, as a first step towards implementation of a gender responsive TB program in Tando Allahyar, a rural district of Pakistan. Methods: A total of 36 participants were interviewed for the study. The focus group discussion guide comprised of questions on: (1) family/household dynamics, (2) community norms, (3) healthcare systems, (4) women’s access to healthcare, (5) TB Awareness, and (6) women’s access to TB Care. Results: Limited autonomy in household financial decision-making, disapproval of unassisted travel, long travel time, lack of prioritization of spending on women’s health and inadequate presence of female health providers, were identified as barriers to access healthcare for women, which is even higher in younger women. Facilitators to access of TB care included a reported lack of TB-related stigma, moderate knowledge about TB disease, and broad understanding of tuberculosis as a curable disease. Other suggested facilitators include health facilities closer to the villages and the availability of higher quality services. Conclusion: Significant barriers are faced by women in accessing TB care in rural districts of Pakistan. Program implementers in high burden countries should shift towards improved gender-responsive TB programming.
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22
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Gould CC. Editorial: Patriarchy and Populism During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Sociol 2021; 6:722393. [PMID: 34422953 PMCID: PMC8377196 DOI: 10.3389/fsoc.2021.722393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
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Sattar T, Ahmad S, Zakar R, Maqsood F. Watering the Plant in Another's Courtyard: An Ethnographic Exploration of Daughters' Devaluation Through Sex-Selected Abortions Among the Rural Married Females in South Punjab, Pakistan. J Interpers Violence 2021; 36:4490-4519. [PMID: 30071766 DOI: 10.1177/0886260518791598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The current study sets forth the cultural underpinnings for daughters' devaluation over son preferences in South Punjab, Pakistan. The major purpose of the present study was to provide an accurate description of women's attitude on different aspects of sex-selected abortions (SSAs). Women, with a rural background, either forced to devalue their female fetus clinically or based on violence, were the targeted participants. Using ethnographic exploration with 161 obtrusive observations, 37 in-depth interviews, and 10 focus group discussions (FGD), comprising of 85 narrated case studies, the attitudes of rural married females toward daughters' devaluation through SSAs were recorded. The findings of study allied the autonomy paradigm with a feminist perspective through argumentation of the lack of women's individual identity in the domestic sphere. In addition, sociocultural legitimization toward patriarchal regimes snatches women's autonomy over their reproductive behavior. Resultantly, daughters' devaluation is analogous to sons' preference, which arose through women's subservience and exposure to violence in the intricate cultural web. Using ethnographic exploration through various anthropological research techniques, it explicates the nuanced feminist regimes for understanding women's reproductive choice and empowerment. In conclusion, women's subordination is the cause of differential power relations and inadequate gender inequality which results in SSAs. The current study exposed gender-biased power discrimination that consequently affects the women's autonomous decision making about their reproductive behavior. Similarly, it highlighted how husband and in-laws (especially mother-in-law) used illegal medicines, dietary practices, traditional methods, or new biotechnological methods to execute the illegal act of SSA. This study may serve as the basic legal framework to check the deep-rooted culture of violence against vulnerable segments of the population.
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24
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Lawson DW, Schaffnit SB, Kilgallen JA, Kumogola Y, Galura A, Urassa M. He for she? Variation and exaggeration in men's support for women's empowerment in northern Tanzania. Evol Hum Sci 2021; 3:e27. [PMID: 37588561 PMCID: PMC10427278 DOI: 10.1017/ehs.2021.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Achieving gender equality fundamentally requires a transfer of power from men to women. Yet data on men's support for women's empowerment (WE) remains scant and limited by reliance on self-report methodologies. Here, we examine men's support for WE as a sexual conflict trait, both via direct surveys (n = 590) and indirectly by asking men's wives (n = 317) to speculate on their husband's views. Data come from a semi-urban community in Mwanza, Tanzania. Consistent with reduced resource competition and increased exposure to relatively egalitarian gender norms, higher socioeconomic status predicted greater support for WE. However, potential demographic indicators of sexual conflict (high fertility, polygyny, large spousal age gap) were largely unrelated to men's support for WE. Contrasting self- and wife-reported measures suggests that men frequently exaggerate their support for women in self-reported attitudes. Discrepancies were especially pronounced among men claiming the highest support for WE, but smallest among men who held a professional occupation and whose wife participated in wage labour, indicating that these factors predict genuine support for WE. We discuss the implications of these results for our understanding of both individual variation and patriarchal gender norms, emphasising the benefits of greater exchange between the evolutionary human sciences and global health research on these themes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W. Lawson
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Susan B. Schaffnit
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Joseph A. Kilgallen
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | | | - Anthony Galura
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Mark Urassa
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania
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25
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El Abani S, Pourmehdi M. Gender and Educational Differences in Perception of Domestic Violence Against Women Among Libyan Migrants in Manchester. J Interpers Violence 2021; 36:2074-2096. [PMID: 29475425 DOI: 10.1177/0886260518760006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Domestic violence against women (DVAW) is a worldwide phenomenon and refers to any act committed against women that results in physical and psychological harm, and coercion, loss of liberty, and deprivation. There is a dearth of research and information about the extent and prevalence of domestic violence among Libyan communities. The aim of the study was to explore community knowledge of, and attitudes toward, DVAW and to improve our understanding of the factors that influence knowledge, attitudes, and responses, particularly educational and gender differences. Using snowball sampling, we analyzed 20 semistructured interviews with Libyans living in Manchester, United Kingdom. We found gender and education-influenced participants' perception of DVAW. Men in general did not recognize DVAW as a serious social problem; noticeably, they saw it as a personal and family issue. Knowing attitudes toward DVAW is necessary for government and communities' prevention policies as attitudes influence perpetration of DVAW.
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Abstract
This study in urban Kampala contributes to a growing evidence base about the complex contexts within which women make decisions about reporting domestic violence. Based on an intersecting theoretical lens of structural violence, power, and the body, findings suggested that women reported to formal structures primarily for severe physical or economic abuse. Women did not report less severe abuse, and often abandoned reporting even severe abuse, because of the overarching structural patriarchy and violence that exists, as well as women's habitus that includes the embodiment of social norms that sanction reporting. Yet, while overwhelmingly women are discouraged from reporting domestic abuse, there were important signs of change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tina Musuya
- Center for Domestic Violence Prevention, Kampala, Uganda
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27
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Baum F, Musolino C, Gesesew HA, Popay J. New Perspective on Why Women Live Longer Than Men: An Exploration of Power, Gender, Social Determinants, and Capitals. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:E661. [PMID: 33466763 PMCID: PMC7829786 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18020661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women live longer than men, even though many of the recognised social determinants of health are worse for women than men. No existing explanations account fully for these differences in life expectancy, although they do highlight the complexity and interaction of biological, social and health service factors. METHODS this paper is an exploratory explanation of gendered life expectancy difference (GLED) using a novel combination of epidemiological and sociological methods. We present the global picture of GLED. We then utilise a secondary data comparative case analysis offering explanations for GLED in Australia and Ethiopia. We combine a social determinant of health lens with Bourdieu's concepts of capitals (economic, cultural, symbolic and social). RESULTS we confirmed continuing GLED in all countries ranging from less than a year to over 11 years. The Australian and Ethiopian cases demonstrated the complex factors underpinning this difference, highlighting similarities and differences in socioeconomic and cultural factors and how they are gendered within and between the countries. Bourdieu's capitals enabled us to partially explain GLED and to develop a conceptual model of causal pathways. CONCLUSION we demonstrate the value of combing a SDH and Bourdieu's capital lens to investigate GLED. We proposed a theoretical framework to guide future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fran Baum
- Southgate Institute for Health, Society & Equity, Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, Australia;
| | - Connie Musolino
- Southgate Institute for Health, Society & Equity, Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, Australia;
| | - Hailay Abrha Gesesew
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide 5048, Australia;
- Epidemiology, School of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle 231, Ethiopia
| | - Jennie Popay
- Division of Health Research, Faculty of Health & Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YW, UK;
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28
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Abstract
This article argues that populism is always gendered and dangerous to women and democracy. The distinctive reliance on the polarization of "us" and "them" in populism draws on nationalist notions of exclusive belonging, the need for closure to protect the "us" from would be infiltrators, and observance of proscribed gendered roles to ensure the continued rule of the majority (race/ethno-nation). The reproduction of the "us" is too crucial to leave unregulated, and gendered bodies are too vulnerable to violation and occupation to go without vigilance, that is, without surveillance and demographic policing. Gendered narratives support the anti-immigration features of populism and its curbs on democratic institutions, both in the service of national recovery and in its identification of potentially disloyal, suspect voices within the demos.
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29
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Love NS. Shield Maidens, Fashy Femmes, and TradWives: Feminism, Patriarchy, and Right-Wing Populism. Front Sociol 2020; 5:619572. [PMID: 33869535 PMCID: PMC8022555 DOI: 10.3389/fsoc.2020.619572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although media images typically present the alt right as a "manosphere," white women continue to participate actively in white supremacist movements. Alt right women's presence as "shield maidens," "fashy femmes," and "trad wives" serves to soften and normalize white supremacy, often in ironic and insidious ways. In this essay, I examine the continued investment of white women in these traditional sex/gender roles espoused by the alt right. While feminism has done much to liberate women, I conclude that the images of women as Moms circulating in mainstream politics today suggest that white supremacy and white women's complicity in it has yet to be overcome.
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30
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Abstract
Physical and emotional pain from combat-related injuries and experiences are
serious problems among Latino veterans. This study fleshes out existing cultural
constructs and concepts (e.g., machismo and familism) from the participants’
point of view and may serve as an important step in unraveling the influence of
Latino culture on pain, providing a deeper and more critical theorization
between masculinity, race/ethnicity, and the military. Using 26 interviews from
U.S.-born Latino veterans, this study analyzes the meanings and experiences of
pain from combat, masculinity, and how culture affects expressions of pain. The
following themes emerged: (a) Latino culture and ethnicity, (b) machismo and
pain, (c) the transforming self, and (d) feeling disconnected and dealing with
pain. Overall, respondents were governed by strict gender standards influenced
by their ethnic identity and exacerbated by military masculinity. Findings
suggest that the study of race/ethnicity acts as a fundamental framework from
which to understand the experiences and behaviors of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Cancio
- Department of Sociology, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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31
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Bagadia A, Nanjundaswamy MH, Ganjekar S, Thippeswamy H, Desai G, Chandra PS. Factors influencing decision-making around pregnancy among women with severe mental illness (SMI): A qualitative study. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2020; 66:792-798. [PMID: 32579050 DOI: 10.1177/0020764020925104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Decision-making around pregnancy is challenging for women with severe mental illness (SMI), and several clinical and socio-cultural factors might influence this process. AIM The main objective of this study was to determine factors that influence decision-making regarding pregnancy for women with SMI. METHODS Using a qualitative design, 42 women with SMI who were pregnant or planning pregnancy were assessed using a semi-structured interview by an independent researcher not involved in their clinical care. Areas of inquiry included knowledge about their illness, treatment; family and societal beliefs on mental illness and motherhood; illness management; and attitude towards medical advice. RESULTS Among the 42 women, majority of the women (88%) reported reduced autonomy in decision-making related to pregnancy. Stigma was one of the major contributory factors in decision-making. Over 80% reported not using contraception despite medical advice due to lack of control over the decisions related to the use of contraception. Over 50% of the women in the study believed that taking psychotropic medications during pregnancy would definitely harm the baby. A similar number believed that their illness would not recur if medications were to be stopped during pregnancy. CONCLUSION Women with SMI who plan to become pregnant, especially from low-income settings in India, are disadvantaged by stigma and societal expectations, affecting their ability to make optimum decisions during this crucial period. Decision-making around pregnancy in women with SMI is complex and appears to be influenced by several socio-cultural factors and needs to be dealt with sensitively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Madhuri H Nanjundaswamy
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Sundarnag Ganjekar
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Harish Thippeswamy
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Geetha Desai
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Prabha S Chandra
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, India
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Rodríguez-Menés J, Safranoff A. Status Inconsistencies and Power in Intimate Relations: Domestic Exploitation and Violence Against Women in Homogenous and Mixed Couples Formed by Native and Migrant Partners. Violence Against Women 2020; 27:2231-2254. [PMID: 33115381 DOI: 10.1177/1077801220963877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We test two theories explaining domestic exploitation and violent abuse against women in couples. Exchange theory predicts both to increase when men outpower women; status inconsistency, when women do. As violence and exploitation can affect a couple's resources, making the model recursive, we focus on native status. Using data from a women's victimization survey (N = 8,000), we apply biprobit models to compare violent abuse and domestic exploitation in homogeneous and mixed couples in which one is a migrant. The results validate status inconsistency theory: native women with male migrant partners are less exploited but have the highest risks of being abused.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Safranoff
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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33
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Shell-Duncan B, Moreau A, Smith S, Shakya H. Women's business? A social network study of the influence of men on decision-making regarding female genital mutilation/cutting in Senegal. Glob Public Health 2020; 16:856-869. [PMID: 33105089 DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2020.1826996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
There exist two dominant but conflicting views on the role of men in the perpetuation female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C). One paints men as culprits, with FGM/C viewed as a manifestation of patriarchal oppression of women. An alternative portrays men as relatively uninvolved in a practice described as 'women's business'. These two perspectives lead to divergent predictions: if FGM/C underpins patriarchal structures, men should be expected to be ardent supporters of FGM/C as it bolsters their power and status; if FGM/C is a women's affair, men should have little involvement. We test these predictions using data from a mixed-method study of norms and social networks in two regions of Senegal. Data show that men comprise 50% of core network members, although they exert influence in different ways in each study site. In South Senegal excision is upheld by men, as well as older women, through a constellation of norms that define FGM/C as prerequisite to marriage and social inclusion. In Central Senegal these gender norms have eroded, opening possibilities for abandonment of FGM/C, and men, particularly fathers, at times successfully advocate this change. This suggests that men can play an important role in ending FGM/C, and should be involved in intervention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sarah Smith
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Holly Shakya
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
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Hunnicutt G. Commentary on the Special Issue: New Ways of Thinking Theoretically About Violence Against Women and Other Forms of Gender-Based Violence. Violence Against Women 2020; 27:708-716. [PMID: 32959722 DOI: 10.1177/1077801220958484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
I contextualize and provide commentary on this special issue that addresses new ways of thinking theoretically about violence against women and other forms of gender-based violence. After extracting key insights from each article, I explore how these contributions might inform our understanding of contemporary challenges related to violence against women. Next, I consider the #MeToo movement in light of the work presented in this volume. Finally, I consider what the #MeToo movement is signaling to scholars about new ways of thinking about violence against women and how this volume of work supports these key areas for focus and change.
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35
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Ragavan M, Iyengar K. Violence Perpetrated by Mothers-in-Law in Northern India: Perceived Frequency, Acceptability, and Options for Survivors. J Interpers Violence 2020; 35:3308-3330. [PMID: 29294754 DOI: 10.1177/0886260517708759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In India, physical and psychological abuse perpetrated by a mother-in-law against a daughter-in-law is well documented. However, there is a dearth of literature exploring the perceived frequency and acceptability of mother-in-law abuse or options available for survivors of this type of abuse. The goal of this qualitative study was to add to the in-law abuse literature by exploring men's and women's perspectives about physical and psychological abuse perpetrated by mothers-in-law against daughters-in-law in northern India. Forty-four women and 34 men residing in rural and urban areas of the Udaipur district in the northwest state of Rajasthan participated in semistructured interviews. Women, but not men, thought mother-in-law abuse was common in their communities. Psychological abuse was accepted in certain situations; however, few male or female participants agreed with physical mother-in-law abuse. Men were described as mediators in the context of mother-in-law abuse, and male participants thought that disrespecting a mother-in-law was a justifiable reason for a man to hit his wife. Both male and female participants described few options available for a woman experiencing mother-in-law abuse, apart from asking her husband to intervene or living as a separate, nuclear family. Grassroots initiatives and legislative policy should focus on addressing the immediate needs of women experiencing mother-in-law abuse and developing intergenerational interventions to educate men and women about the dynamics of law abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kirti Iyengar
- Action Research and Training for Health, Udaipur, India
- Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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Fayehun O, Sanuade OA, Ajayi AI, Isiugo-Abanihe U. Ethnicity, sex composition of living children, and unrealized fertility in Nigeria. Popul Stud (Camb) 2020; 74:351-361. [PMID: 32633630 DOI: 10.1080/00324728.2020.1779333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
While studies in high-income countries have shown that failure to achieve fertility desires is significantly associated with unfavourable personal circumstances, there is barely any empirical evidence on the factors that influence the pattern of unrealized fertility in sub-Saharan Africa. Using data from the 2018 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey, this paper investigates the roles of ethnicity and the sex composition of living children on unrealized fertility in Nigeria. The results show that the odds of having unrealized fertility were higher among Hausa-Fulani women compared with women of other ethnic groups in Nigeria. Also, having daughters only (no sons) was associated with higher odds of unrealized fertility, after controlling for other important covariates. The findings suggest that cultural norms and pronatalism significantly influence the fertility desires of women in Nigeria, even at the end of their reproductive lifespan.
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Abstract
This article empirically explores women’s lived experiences of domestic violence and conflict in Afghanistan. A thematic analysis of 20 semistructured interviews with women living in safe houses produced three main themes about the relationship between conflict and domestic violence: (a) violence from loss of patriarchal support, (b) violence from the drug trade as an economic driver, and (c) violence from conflict-related poverty. We discuss the bidirectional nature of this relationship: Not only does conflict contribute to domestic violence, but domestic violence contributes to conflict through justifying armed intervention, separating women from economic and public life, and perpetuating patriarchy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lida Ahmad
- Independent Consultant, Kabul, Afghanistan
| | - Ayesha Ahmad
- UCL Institute for Global Health, London, UK.,St George's, University of London, UK
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Idriss MM. "The Mosques Are the Biggest Problem We've Got Right Now": Key Agent and Survivor Accounts of Engaging Mosques With Domestic and Honor-Based Violence in the United Kingdom. J Interpers Violence 2020; 35:2464-2491. [PMID: 29294716 DOI: 10.1177/0886260517703376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This article considers the role of mosques in addressing domestic violence (DV) and honor-based violence (HBV) in the United Kingdom. Utilizing data extracted from interviews with 38 key agents and survivors, this article will highlight that some mosques can be difficult to engage with when attempting to raise awareness on violence against women (VAW). Participants explained that the patriarchal nature of mosques contributes to this difficulty together with their exclusion of women within organizational structures. Some mosques also deny that VAW is even a problem within their communities. This is a worrying trend as those on the pulpit often possess significant powers of influence across large congregations and are perfectly placed to help provoke dialogue on these issues. Furthermore, it adds yet another layer of inequality experienced by Muslim women that makes reporting abuse and seeking intervention that much more difficult. In the face of this resistance, this article will consider some ways in which mosques can raise awareness about VAW and where Muslim women can access support. It will also explore additional strategies and recommendations in relation to overcoming mosques unwilling to support VAW initiatives.
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Abstract
Background: Dominant occupational therapy theories assert that people choose their daily occupations, and participate in occupations as autonomous agents; yet scholars insist that choices are socially-structured and inequitably available.Aim: To critically review the concept of choice in occupational therapy theory through an exploration of patriarchy in India.Material and methods: Drawing from scholarly work that addresses patriarchy in India, we employ the commonly-used occupational categories of self-care, productivity and leisure as a framework to explore the real availability of occupational choices for women.Results: Patriarchal ideology perpetuates inequitable power dynamics within Indian society. As a consequence, women, children and non-dominant men have few opportunities to make or enact occupational choices that impact their wellbeing and their lives.Conclusions: The examples provided in this paper challenge those occupational therapy theories that portray occupational engagement as the product of individual volition and unconstrained choice.Significance: Dominant occupational therapy theories are informed by specific Western assumptions that may have little relevance to people in other contexts. Critical approaches to professional assumptions are essential to avoid the imperialistic imposition of irrelevant theories, and the development and delivery of services that may be oppressive for clients who have few opportunities to make occupational choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavitha Murthi
- Department of Occupational Therapy, New York University Steinhardt School of Culture, Education and Human Development, New York, NY, USA
| | - Karen Whalley Hammell
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Abstract
Today societies display, almost uniformly, an aggressive demeanor that can hardly be covered by diplomacy; they are always prepared for war. The prophecy is repeatedly fulfilled and today we are engaged in protracted wars while fearing universal destruction. This basic attitude irremediably corrupts our consciousness and blemishes our self. The biological underpinnings of how we got to this point, psychologically, and the historical sublimations involved are explored here. The result, today, is that we live using a minimum of our human capacity at the huge cost in crucial energetic waste, while nature has started to protest. The self-feeding destructive mechanism is inordinate objectification, at the expense of our unique subjective power. Evolutionarily designed for balanced self-regulation-the sublimation of a dual instinctual disposition backed up by a dimorphic body and brain-nature warns us we have detoured from the moral blueprint and, were we to continue it will be at our own risk. We need to review our moral theories and return to our critical pre-patriarchal subjectivity, which was resourceful, dually-fed, balanced, and discriminating. That subjectivity is now largely replaced by pre-emptive, ideological cognitive modules and stereotypes that block intelligent dialogue and appear to be already modeled on a false Utopia of artificial intelligences.
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Elliott GK, Millard C, Sabroe I. The Utilization of Cultural Movements to Overcome Stigma in Narrative of Postnatal Depression. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:532600. [PMID: 33192649 PMCID: PMC7661847 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.532600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Despite affecting 15% of new mothers, experience of postnatal depression has often been hidden by stigma, cultural beliefs, and lack of medical understanding. We examined the barriers to women sharing their experience and gaining help, using their own words to illuminate the experiences of stigma and injustice. This study examines the narratives of women across the twentieth century, explores cultural movements that framed and contextualized their experiences, and marks how women became more empowered to speak of maternal distress. Methods: Narrative literature was identified via searches of literature catalogs. Narrative accounts provided a lens through which to analyze cultural understandings of postnatal depression according to historical method. Contemporary medical and sociological literature discussing postnatal depression was used to contextualize the social climate within which these narratives were written. This work combines historical analysis with philosophical framework to develop insight into patient experiences of mental ill-health and associated stigma. Results: This research identified three core cultural movements providing women with a framework in which to discuss their experiences of postnatal depression: the labor movement in the early twentieth century, the second-wave feminism movement in the mid-twentieth century (ca. 1960-1980), and the so-called "Prozac revolution" emerging at the end of the twentieth century. These movements provided distinct culturally acceptable etiologies around which women were able to frame their experience of postnatal depression. This provided women with space in which to share and process their experiences and aided them in overcoming contemporary stigma against mental illness by challenging disparaging stereotypes of the depressed mother. Conclusions: Despite the stigmatizing nature of mental illness, women have demonstrated resilience and ingenuity by utilizing acceptable cultural movements to reframe their experiences of postnatal depression, challenging traditional perceptions of motherhood and effectively earned recognition of their sufferings. During this period, concordance between patient perceptions of postnatal depression and clinical understandings of the condition has been variable. Highlighting the detriment to therapeutic relationship when discordance is present, the narrators have demonstrated the need to destigmatize illness and facilitate cooperation between physician and patient and remind clinicians of the importance of placing patient experience at the center of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace K Elliott
- Sheffield Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Millard
- Lecturer in the History of Medicine and Medical Humanities, Department of History, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Sabroe
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Sheffield Teaching Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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Abstract
We undertook a reproductive health study on young formerly trafficked women in Nepal using a new research method – the Clay Embodiment Research Method – designed with their vulnerability and the cultural context in mind. Following a two-month period of participant observation, six formerly trafficked women participated in a series of seven themed (clay embodiment/three-dimensional body mapping) workshops and, afterward, a group interview using photoethnography. We discovered that these women are subject to cultural stigmas other than those related to sex trafficking, such as menstrual stigma, stigma related to pre-marital sex, stigma related to pregnancy before marriage and stigma for having a female child. These can have a deep impact across the entire reproductive lives of women. As a cultural force, the stigmatisation is generated by both men and women, and has roots that lie in Hinduism and the patriarchal value system in Nepal. Nepal is attempting to address some of these issues and we recommend a public health campaign to eliminate the practice of the menstruation and other stigmatising traditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tricia Ong
- Associate Lecturer, Theatre-based Education Programs, Faculty of Health, School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David Mellor
- Emeritus Professor, Faculty of Health, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sabrina Chettri
- Program Officer (Protection and Psychosocial Support), Caritas Nepal, Lalitpur, Nepal
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Mendes P, Pinskier M, McCurdy S. How Do Jewish Communities Respond to Manifestations of Institutional Child Sexual Abuse? A Case Study of Malka Leifer and Adass Israel in Melbourne, Australia. J Child Sex Abus 2019; 28:927-944. [PMID: 31621526 DOI: 10.1080/10538712.2019.1675842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The recent Australian Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse provided some insight into manifestations of child sexual abuse within an ultra-orthodox Jewish community. This paper extends the analysis by the Royal Commission (RC) to another Australian ultra-orthodox community that of Adass Israel, whereby a former school headmistress allegedly abused multiple students and then fled to the State of Israel in 2008. That case is unusual given that both the perpetrator and victims were female. Attention is drawn to a number of components similar to the RC findings pertaining to the particular vulnerability of children within ultra-orthodox communities given the absence of sex education and entrenched patriarchal authority, the reluctance of such communities to report child sexual abuse (CSA) allegations to secular authorities and associated cultural and religious factors, the failure of community leaders within or beyond Australia to support or compensate CSA survivors, and the absence of formal child protection protocols. Additionally, some conclusions are drawn about the key role played by advocacy groups such as Jewish Community Watch in exposing the global travel of child sex offenders, and the problematic legal protection provided to many such offenders by the State of Israel's Law of Return.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Mendes
- Department of Social Work, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Marcia Pinskier
- Department of Social Work, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Samone McCurdy
- Department of Social Work, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Abstract
Gender violence in India exists as a state of exception for the ways in which it occupies a nonlegal, liminal space of existence as "bare life" or "life itself." The rape and murder of Jyoti Singh Pandey unprecedentedly brought this to the surface. This article aims to highlight the ways in which the movement that emerged out of this case engaged with gender violence as a state of exception while the use of new digital technologies by "digital subjects"/"digital parasites" has constituted "sites of exception," leading to new forms of organizing and creating an emerging politics of gender justice in India.
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Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to uncover and describe the barriers to education as experienced by Syrian refugee girls in the Za'atri Syrian Refugee Camp in Jordan. DESIGN A qualitative nonexperimental design utilizing focus group discussions (FGDs), individual interviews, and participant and nonparticipant observation was used for this study. Four FGDs were facilitated in three dropout education centers (nonformal school) in the Za'atri Syrian Refugee Camp. Data were collected over a period of 5 months from December 2017 to April 2018. METHODS Using an FGD format, the United Nations Human Rights ABC module in the Arabic language was used to educate, to empower with knowledge and skills, and to elicit participants' responses to perceived barriers to exercising their universal human rights, especially their right to education. Data were collected using a demographic tool, digitally recorded FGDs, an observation notebook, a flip chart, and a detailed interview schedule. Fifteen in-depth, individual, 1½-hr interviews of self-selected participants were conducted. Narrative statement and content analysis were used to analyze the data for each FGD. A constant comparative method was used to compare and verify codes, categories, and themes within and between groups. FINDINGS The complex interplay of patriarchy, tradition, and religious practices, combined with the added vulnerabilities of protracted warfare displacement, prevent Syrian girls from being their own agents, prevent their access to education, and expose them to even greater health risks through coercion into early marriage. Several themes explained the process by which the interactive nature of patriarchy, traditional cultural, and religious practice influenced the girls' right to education and their right to make their own decisions about marriage. These are (a) gender role and the social position of girls in the family, (b) gender role and the cultural disvaluing of girls' education, (c) economic survival priorities and child labor, and (d) the intersection of environmental stressors with preservation of family honor as motivators for early marriage. Repeated exposure to threats and physical abuse seem to be the mechanisms that reinforce the girls' perceived gender-based vulnerabilities, submissiveness, and educational truancy. CONCLUSIONS Syrian refugee girls seem to consistently face conflicts and daily adverse experiences that pose serious physical and psychological risks to their health with potentially far-reaching negative health consequences. Gender-based physical and psychological threats and abuses, along with the coercive practice of early marriage, while viewed as a way of protecting them, put Syrian refugee girls at greater health risk, psychological threat, and social and economic challenge. Evidence on refugees who experienced violence shows that they are more likely to experience post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), dissociative disorders, depression, and anxiety, along with a host of life-threatening physical comorbidities. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Syrian refugee girls are at high risk for gender-based abuse and violence. Nurses can play an important role in reducing the health risks associated with gender-based abuse by assessing clients for symptoms of physical and psychological abuse, including symptoms of PTSD, depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation. Maternal and child health assessment and health-promoting interventions should be included in the healthcare plan. Understanding the sociopolitical conditions, as well as the cultural and religious backgrounds, that shape the lived experiences of displaced girls is also essential for offering a congruent, culturally sensitive plan of care and for creating targeted and relevant educational and treatment intervention strategies and referrals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Hattar-Pollara
- Department of Nursing, California State University Northridge, College of Health and Human Development, Department of Nursing, Northridge, CA,, USA
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St Vil NM, St Vil C, Fairfax CN. Posttraumatic Slave Syndrome, the Patriarchal Nuclear Family Structure, and African American Male-Female Relationships. Soc Work 2019; 64:139-146. [PMID: 30722067 DOI: 10.1093/sw/swz002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
African American marriages and relationships have strived to model the white patriarchal nuclear family model, but the experiences of slavery and contemporary structural racism have prevented the attainment of this model. Posttraumatic slave syndrome offers a framework that allows social workers to place African American experiences within a trauma-informed perspective and think about their implication for trauma-specific interventions. This article provides a brief overview of the traumatic experiences of African Americans as they relate to African American relationships, integrates the historical experiences of African Americans into a trauma-informed perspective to help social workers recognize the manifestations of trauma in African American relationships, and discusses implications for trauma-specific interventions to strengthen African American relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelle M St Vil
- Noelle M. St. Vil, PhD, and Christopher St. Vil, PhD, are assistant professors, School of Social Work, University at Buffalo. Colita Nichols Fairfax, PhD, is professor, Ethelyn R. Strong School of Social Work, Norfolk State University, Norfolk, VA
| | - Christopher St Vil
- Noelle M. St. Vil, PhD, and Christopher St. Vil, PhD, are assistant professors, School of Social Work, University at Buffalo. Colita Nichols Fairfax, PhD, is professor, Ethelyn R. Strong School of Social Work, Norfolk State University, Norfolk, VA
| | - Colita Nichols Fairfax
- Noelle M. St. Vil, PhD, and Christopher St. Vil, PhD, are assistant professors, School of Social Work, University at Buffalo. Colita Nichols Fairfax, PhD, is professor, Ethelyn R. Strong School of Social Work, Norfolk State University, Norfolk, VA
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Daibes MA, Safadi RR, Athamneh T, Anees IF, Constantino RE. 'Half a woman, half a man; that is how they make me feel': a qualitative study of rural Jordanian women's experience of infertility. Cult Health Sex 2018; 20:516-530. [PMID: 28812445 DOI: 10.1080/13691058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Infertility is a health problem encompassing physical, psychological and social consequences that may threaten women's quality of life. Few studies have been conducted in Jordan examining rural women's experiences of infertility. This study aimed to explore responses to infertility and its consequences in the Jordanian rural sociocultural context. Using a descriptive qualitative design, data were collected between April and September 2016 from a fertility clinic in a military hospital in Northern Jordan. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 14 purposively selected Jordanian women. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. Findings revealing women's responses to infertility included: submission and docility, self-isolation, internalisation and persistence in getting pregnant by seeking modern and traditional methods of treatment. The impact of infertility complicated women's everyday living through their experiences of violence, kinship and patriarchal interference, stigma, negative perceptions of the infertile woman, and other's surveillance of their sexuality. Women living in rural areas of Jordan have negative experiences of infertility that are ingrained in sociocultural beliefs about fertility and reproduction. Healthcare professionals are encouraged to raise public awareness about infertility's adverse consequences and to help families by enhancing positive responses to infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayada A Daibes
- a School of Nursing , Philadelphia University , Amman , Jordan
| | - Reema R Safadi
- b Maternity and Child Health Department, School of Nursing , University of Jordan , Amman , Jordan
| | - Tarek Athamneh
- c Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , Prince Rashid Ibn Al-Hasan Hospital, Jordanian Royal Medical Services , Amman , Jordan
| | - Iman F Anees
- d Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , King Hussein Medical Centre, Jordanian Royal Medical Services , Amman , Jordan
| | - Rose E Constantino
- e Department of Health and Community Systems, School of Nursing , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , USA
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Daibes MA, Safadi RR, Athamneh T, Anees IF, Constantino RE. 'Half a woman, half a man; that is how they make me feel': a qualitative study of rural Jordanian women's experience of infertility. Cult Health Sex 2018; 20:516-530. [PMID: 28812445 DOI: 10.1080/13691058.2017.1359672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Infertility is a health problem encompassing physical, psychological and social consequences that may threaten women's quality of life. Few studies have been conducted in Jordan examining rural women's experiences of infertility. This study aimed to explore responses to infertility and its consequences in the Jordanian rural sociocultural context. Using a descriptive qualitative design, data were collected between April and September 2016 from a fertility clinic in a military hospital in Northern Jordan. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 14 purposively selected Jordanian women. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. Findings revealing women's responses to infertility included: submission and docility, self-isolation, internalisation and persistence in getting pregnant by seeking modern and traditional methods of treatment. The impact of infertility complicated women's everyday living through their experiences of violence, kinship and patriarchal interference, stigma, negative perceptions of the infertile woman, and other's surveillance of their sexuality. Women living in rural areas of Jordan have negative experiences of infertility that are ingrained in sociocultural beliefs about fertility and reproduction. Healthcare professionals are encouraged to raise public awareness about infertility's adverse consequences and to help families by enhancing positive responses to infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayada A Daibes
- a School of Nursing , Philadelphia University , Amman , Jordan
| | - Reema R Safadi
- b Maternity and Child Health Department, School of Nursing , University of Jordan , Amman , Jordan
| | - Tarek Athamneh
- c Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , Prince Rashid Ibn Al-Hasan Hospital, Jordanian Royal Medical Services , Amman , Jordan
| | - Iman F Anees
- d Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , King Hussein Medical Centre, Jordanian Royal Medical Services , Amman , Jordan
| | - Rose E Constantino
- e Department of Health and Community Systems, School of Nursing , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , USA
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Abstract
This paper draws on fieldwork conducted in 2011 and 2016 to explore the differing experiences of Karamojong women following the Government of Uganda's most recent disarmament programme. Besides being deprived of their guns, Karamojong communities have lost most of the cattle on which their livelihoods and way of life were centred. The study assesses whether or not women's experience of patriarchy has changed in these new circumstances, and, if so, how this impacts on their security and control of resources, or the absence of them. It maps, using information primarily supplied by women, public authorities from below, and evaluates if and how they respond to women's protection and survival needs, as well as if current development/humanitarian interventions are of sustainable benefit to Karamojong women. The paper concludes that apparent shifts in gender relations are probably superficial, contingent on continuing food aid, and that economic development and positive social change for women remain elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Hopwood
- Researcher, London School of Economics and Political Science, Uganda
| | - Holly Porter
- Marie Skłodowska-Curie Fellow, Institute of Development Policy and Management (University of Antwerp) and Conflict Research Group (Ghent University), and Research Fellow, Firoz Lalji Centre for Africa, London School of Economics and Political Science, United Kingdom
| | - Nangiro Saum
- Researcher, London School of Economics and Political Science, Uganda
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