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Miao Q, Chen X, Lan F, Zhao X, Zhang W, Zhang M, Liu D, Song Z, Liu D, Zhao W, Li D. Two cases of driver death caused by airbag rupture. Traffic Inj Prev 2024; 25:612-615. [PMID: 38517312 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2023.2234533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This article reports two accidents caused by defective Takata airbags ruptured, which led to the deaths of the drivers. This is the first public report on the deaths caused by Takata airbags in China. METHODS Determine the relationship between the driver death and airbag rupture through autopsy indings and vehicle inspection. RESULTS Due to defects in the design of Takata's inflator, moist air was permitted to slowly enter the inflator, resulting the PSAN slowly degraded physically. The damaged propellant burned more rapidly than intended and overpressurized the inflator's steel housing, causing fragmentation and flying debris at high speed, killing or injuring vehicle occupants. CONCLUSIONS To date, there are still tens of millions of defective Takata airbags that have not been recalled for repair, posing safety risks. This article suggests taking preventive measures to avoid the occurrence of similar accidents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifeng Miao
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Centre of Forensic Science, Southern Medical University, Guang-zhou, Guang-dong, China
- GuangDong Engineering Technology Research Center of Traffic Accident Identification, Guang-zhou, Guang-dong, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guang-zhou, Guang-dong, China
| | - Xinzhe Chen
- School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, South China Unversity of Technology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Automotive Engineering, Guang-zhou, Guang-dong, China
| | - Fengchong Lan
- School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, South China Unversity of Technology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Automotive Engineering, Guang-zhou, Guang-dong, China
| | - Xuan Zhao
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Centre of Forensic Science, Southern Medical University, Guang-zhou, Guang-dong, China
- GuangDong Engineering Technology Research Center of Traffic Accident Identification, Guang-zhou, Guang-dong, China
| | - Weicheng Zhang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Centre of Forensic Science, Southern Medical University, Guang-zhou, Guang-dong, China
- GuangDong Engineering Technology Research Center of Traffic Accident Identification, Guang-zhou, Guang-dong, China
| | - Meichao Zhang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Centre of Forensic Science, Southern Medical University, Guang-zhou, Guang-dong, China
- GuangDong Engineering Technology Research Center of Traffic Accident Identification, Guang-zhou, Guang-dong, China
| | - Dawei Liu
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Centre of Forensic Science, Southern Medical University, Guang-zhou, Guang-dong, China
- GuangDong Engineering Technology Research Center of Traffic Accident Identification, Guang-zhou, Guang-dong, China
| | - Zhenzhu Song
- Traffic police detachment of Guangzhou Public Security Bureau, Guang-zhou, Guang-dong, China
| | - Dongliang Liu
- Traffic police detachment of Guangzhou Public Security Bureau, Guang-zhou, Guang-dong, China
| | - Weidong Zhao
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Centre of Forensic Science, Southern Medical University, Guang-zhou, Guang-dong, China
- GuangDong Engineering Technology Research Center of Traffic Accident Identification, Guang-zhou, Guang-dong, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guang-zhou, Guang-dong, China
| | - Dongri Li
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Centre of Forensic Science, Southern Medical University, Guang-zhou, Guang-dong, China
- GuangDong Engineering Technology Research Center of Traffic Accident Identification, Guang-zhou, Guang-dong, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guang-zhou, Guang-dong, China
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2
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Wang H, Ji Y, Jiang X, Li Z. Study on Rheological Properties and Pouring Process of Hydroxyl-Terminated Polybutadiene (HTPB) Propellants. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4707. [PMID: 38139959 PMCID: PMC10748002 DOI: 10.3390/polym15244707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The process of solid propellant production, which is the most widely used high-energy material, has garnered significant attention from researchers. However, there have been relatively few studies on its processing, due to the unique nature of the casting process. This paper aims to further analyze the pouring process of the propellant slurry. Initially, we obtained a sample of the propellant slurry and measured its rheological parameters using a rotary rheometer. From the analysis of the experimental results, we derived the viscosity parameters and the yield values of the propellant slurry. Subsequently, we simulated the pouring process, setting the slurry parameters based on the data obtained from the rheological measurement experiment. The simulation results demonstrated that the flower plate significantly impacts upon the cutting and separating effect on the slurry during pouring. Upon leaving the flower plate, the slurry descends onto the core mold platform under the influence of gravity, gradually flowing along the edge of the core mold. Although there may be some small voids in the pouring process, the voids will disappear completely at the end of pouring. A comparison with the actual pouring situation revealed a higher consistency between the simulation results and reality, thus establishing the reliability of the simulation method as a reference for analyzing the pouring process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Wang
- College of Science, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot 010000, China; (H.W.); (Y.J.)
| | - Yongchao Ji
- College of Science, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot 010000, China; (H.W.); (Y.J.)
| | - Xiaorui Jiang
- School of Civil Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056000, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- College of Science, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot 010000, China; (H.W.); (Y.J.)
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3
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Zhao Y, Sun H, Lin F, Yang H. Acute, repeated inhalation toxicity, respiratory system irritation, and mutagenicity studies of 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134) as the impurity in the pharmaceutical propellant 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFA-134a). Drug Chem Toxicol 2023; 46:841-850. [PMID: 35920286 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2022.2104866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
HFC-134 is the main impurity of HFA-134a. In order to verify the rationality of HFC-134 limits in HFA-134a and ensure the safety of HFA-134a as propellant in pharmaceutical metered-dose inhalers, acute inhalation toxicity, seven-day repeat dose inhalation irritation study, 21-day repeat dose inhalation toxicity study and reverse mutation assay of HFC-134 were tested to evaluate its inhalation safety. In acute inhalation studies, Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed nose-only to HFC-134 at levels of 100 000, 200 000, 400 000, 600 000, and 800 000 ppm for 4 h. Based on the mortality incidence, the calculated four-hour LC50 value for HFC-134 is 532 069 ppm for males and 502 058 ppm for females and acute inhalation toxicity is manifested as the lung lobes turn dark red. Exposures to 836 ± 67 ppm for 4 hours/day 7 days/week continuously did not induce local irritation of the respiratory system in Sprague-Dawley rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed nose-only to HFC-134 at levels of 0 (control), 203 929 ppm and 394 871 ppm 2 h/day for 21 consecutive days, no significant treatment-related adverse effects was noted. Results from Ames studies demonstrated that HFC-134 was not mutagenic. Although HFC-134 has a very low acute inhalation toxicity, considering that its acute inhalation toxicity is higher than that of HFA-134a, and due to the high frequency of use of MDI by asthma patients, acceptance criteria of HFC-134 as the impurity in aerosol propellant HFA-134a should be lower than 8-h TWA WEEL value of 1000 ppm to ensure the safety of the MDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Zhao
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Excipients, Beijing, China
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Huimin Sun
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Excipients, Beijing, China
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Lin
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Excipients, Beijing, China
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Huiying Yang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Excipients, Beijing, China
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
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4
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Gan J, Zhang X, Zhang W, Hang R, Xie W, Liu Y, Luo W, Chen Y. Research Progress of Bonding Agents and Their Performance Evaluation Methods. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27020340. [PMID: 35056654 PMCID: PMC8777820 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bonding agents are an important type of additive that are used to increase the interfacial interaction in propellants. A suitable bonding agent can prevent the dewetting between the oxidant and binder, and thus effectively improve the mechanical properties of the propellant. In the current paper, the bonding mechanisms and research progress of different types of bonding agents such as alcohol amine bonding agents, borate ester bonding agents, aziridine bonding agents, hydantoin bonding agents, neutral polymer bonding agents, and so on, are reviewed and discussed. The evaluation methods of their bonding performances including molecular dynamic simulation, contact angle method, in situ loading SEM, characterization analysis, and mechanical analysis are summarized to provide design ideas and reference for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyan Gan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (J.G.); (X.Z.); (R.H.); (Y.L.)
| | - Xue Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (J.G.); (X.Z.); (R.H.); (Y.L.)
| | - Wei Zhang
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China;
- Correspondence: (W.Z.); (Y.C.)
| | - Rui Hang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (J.G.); (X.Z.); (R.H.); (Y.L.)
| | - Wuxi Xie
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China;
| | - Yunfei Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (J.G.); (X.Z.); (R.H.); (Y.L.)
| | - Wen Luo
- Research Institute, Liaoning Qingyang Special Chemical Engineering Co., Ltd., Liaoyang 111002, China;
| | - Yu Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (J.G.); (X.Z.); (R.H.); (Y.L.)
- Correspondence: (W.Z.); (Y.C.)
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5
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Lysien K, Stolarczyk A, Jarosz T. Solid Propellant Formulations: A Review of Recent Progress and Utilized Components. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:6657. [PMID: 34772180 DOI: 10.3390/ma14216657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The latest developments in solid propellants and their components are summarized. Particular attention is given to emerging energetic binders and novel, 'green' oxidizing agents and their use in propellant formulations. A brief overview of the latest reports on fuel additives is included. Finally, a summary of the state of the art and challenges in its development are speculated on.
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6
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Huet R, Johanson G. 1,1-Difluoroethane Detection Time in Blood after Inhalation Abuse Estimated by Monte Carlo PBPK Modeling. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E997. [PMID: 33092229 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12100997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Inhalant abuse and misuse are still widespread problems. 1,1-Difluoroethane abuse is reported to be potentially fatal and to cause acute and chronic adverse health effects. Lab testing for difluoroethane is seldom done, partly because the maximum detection time (MDT) is unknown. We sought to reliably estimate the MDT of difluoroethane in blood after inhalation abuse; (2) Methods: MDT were estimated for the adult male American population using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model and abuse patterns detailed by two individuals. Based on sensitivity analyses, variability in huffing pattern and body mass index was introduced in the model by Monte Carlo simulation; (3) Results: With a detection limit of 0.14 mg/L, the median MDT was estimated to be 10.5 h (5th-95th percentile 7.8-12.8 h) after the 2-h abuse scenario and 13.5 h (10.5-15.8 h) after the 6-h scenario. The ranges reflect variability in body mass index and hence amount of body fat; (4) Conclusions: Our simulations suggest that the MDT of difluoroethane in blood after abuse ranges from 7.8 to 15.8 h. Although shorter compared to many other drugs, these MDT are sufficient to allow for testing several hours after suspected intoxication in a patient.
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7
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Jarosz T, Stolarczyk A, Wawrzkiewicz-Jalowiecka A, Pawlus K, Miszczyszyn K. Glycidyl Azide Polymer and its Derivatives-Versatile Binders for Explosives and Pyrotechnics: Tutorial Review of Recent Progress. Molecules 2019; 24:E4475. [PMID: 31817642 PMCID: PMC6943510 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24244475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycidyl azide polymer (GAP), an energetic binder, is the focus of this review. We briefly introduce the key properties of this well-known polymer, the difference between energetic and non-energetic binders in propellant and explosive formulations, the fundamentals for producing GAP and its copolymers, as well as for curing GAP using different types of curing agents. We use recent works as examples to illustrate the general approaches to curing GAP and its derivatives, while indicating a number of recently investigated curing agents. Next, we demonstrate that the properties of GAP can be modified either through internal (structural) alterations or through the introduction of external (plasticizers) additives and provide a summary of recent progress in this area, tying it in with studies on the properties of such modifications of GAP. Further on, we discuss relevant works dedicated to the applications of GAP as a binder for propellants and plastic-bonded explosives. Lastly, we indicate other, emerging applications of GAP and provide a summary of its mechanical and energetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Jarosz
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, 9 Strzody Street, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Stolarczyk
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, 9 Strzody Street, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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8
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Hwang K, Mun H, Jung JY, Cho HL, Kim SJ, Min BS, Jeon HB, Kim W. Nitramine-Group-Containing Energetic Prepolymer: Synthesis, and Its Properties as a Binder for Propellant. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1966. [PMID: 31795493 DOI: 10.3390/polym11121966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A composite solid propellant which generates high propulsive force in a short time is typically composed of an oxidizer, a metal fuel powder and a binder. Among these, the binder is an important component. The binder maintains the mechanical properties of propellant grains and endures several thermal and mechanical stresses in the engine. Several studies have been reported for the development of energetic propellant binders for increasing the propellant's propulsive force. While several materials have been studied for the synthesis of energetic prepolymers, a nitramine-group-containing prepolymer is a suitable candidate because these types of prepolymers are less toxic and more cost-effective when compared to the traditional glycidyl azide polymers (GAP) and triazole-based prepolymers. Considering the lack of studies for the binder using a nitramine-group-containing prepolymers, we synthesized a nitramine-group-containing monomer and polymerized a nitramine-group-containing prepolymer. The prepolymer was then used for the preparation of the binder and its thermal and mechanical properties, as well as the effect of the plasticizer, were studied. The binder that was prepared using the prepolymer containing a nitramine-group showed very high elongation, tensile strength. Nitrate-ester (NE)-type plasticizer could reduce the glassy transition temperature (Tg)of the binder successfully. Also, high-energy is released due to the decomposition of the nitramine-group at around 245 °C, thus exhibiting the efficiency of the nitramine-group-containing prepolymer as an excellent energetic binder material.
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Xia M, Yao Q, Yang H, Guo T, Du X, Zhang Y, Li G, Luo Y. Preparation of Bi 2O 3/Al Core-Shell Energetic Composite by Two-Step Ball Milling Method and Its Application in Solid Propellant. Materials (Basel) 2019; 12:ma12111879. [PMID: 31212659 PMCID: PMC6600939 DOI: 10.3390/ma12111879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this article, Bi2O3/Al high-density energetic composites with a core-shell structure were prepared by a two-step ball milling method using a common planetary ball milling instrument, and their morphology, structure, and properties were characterized in detail. Through a reasonable ratio design and optimization of the ball milling conditions, the density of the Bi2O3/Al core-shell energetic composite is increased by about 11.3% compared to that of the physical mixed sample under the same conditions. The DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry) test also showed that the exothermic quantity of the thermite reaction of the energetic composite reached 2112.21 J/g, which is very close to the theoretical exothermic quantity. The effect of Bi2O3/Al core-shell energetic composite on the energy performance of insensitive HTPE propellant was further studied. The theoretical calculation results showed that replacing the partial Al with Bi2O3/Al core-shell energetic composite can make the density of propellant reach 2.056 g/cm3, and the density specific impulse reach 502.3 s·g/cm3, which is significantly higher than the density and density specific impulse of the conventional composite solid propellant. The thermal test showed that the explosive heat of the HTPE (Hydroxyl terminated polyether) propellant also increased with the increase of the content of Bi2O3/Al core-shell energetic composite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Xia
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Qifa Yao
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Huilian Yang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Tao Guo
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Xiuxin Du
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Yanjie Zhang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Guoping Li
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Yunjun Luo
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
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10
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Cheng T. Review of novel energetic polymers and binders - high energy propellant ingredients for the new space race. Des Monomers Polym 2019; 22:54-65. [PMID: 30863243 PMCID: PMC6407582 DOI: 10.1080/15685551.2019.1575652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Current solid rocket propellant formulations still employ traditional ingredients utilized since the 1960s, such as hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene (HTPB). Recent advances in energetic polymer see many binders capable of providing higher specific impulse and burn rates over HTPB. As shown by calculations, even slight increases in specific impulse can drastically increase the maximum payload of a launch system. Therefore, replacing HTPB with energetic binders could provide heavy space missions the needed extra boost. Energetic binders could also be paired with chlorine-free energetic oxidizers to synergistically provide a specific impulse exceedingly higher than the current formulation while reducing pollution. A comprehensive evaluation of the synthesis, mechanical properties, and performance of various trending and overlooked energetic polymers is described. Several outstanding candidates show promising properties to replace HTPB.
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Abstract
Aerosol sprays are commonly used products in daily living. Aerosols in kitchen products have prompted for use of 'food grade' or chemically inert propellants; however, they commonly contain gases or gaseous mixtures such as butane, propane and dimethyl ether that are flammable. When such sprays are used near heat sources, such as kitchen appliances, combustibles in these products can result in ignition and burn injury. Given the ubiquity of such sprays, surprisingly burns sustained from household aerosols are not characterised in the literature. We conducted a retrospective search of all burn patients treated at our hospital which contains a burn unit. Three patients were identified with burn wounds due to household aerosol sprays. All three occurred in the kitchen. and were characterized as first-degree and second-degree burns over the head and neck or upper extremities with one requiring inpatient admission. Where it may be perceived a cause of minor injury, household aerosol burns may result in significant burn injury and hospital admission. Household aerosols and burn injury are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anant Dinesh
- Department of Surgery, Harlem Hospital,
Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thais Polanco
- Department of Surgery, Harlem Hospital,
Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ryan Engdahl
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive
Surgery, Harlem Hospital, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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12
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Shin HW, Barletta B, Yoonessi L, Meinardi S, Leu SY, Radom-Aizik S, Randhawa I, Nussbaum E, Blake DR, Cooper DM. Quantification of Aerosol Hydrofluoroalkane HFA-134a Elimination in the Exhaled Human Breath Following Inhaled Corticosteroids Administration. Clin Transl Sci 2015; 8:445-50. [PMID: 26155923 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) and β2-agonists are the primary pharmacotherapies of asthma management. However, suboptimal medication compliance is common in asthmatics and is associated with increased morbidity. We hypothesized that exhaled breath measurements of the aerosol used in the inhaled medications might prove useful as surrogate marker for asthma medication compliance. To explore this, 10 healthy controls were recruited and randomly assigned to ICS (Flovent HFA) or short acting bronchodilators (Proventil HFA). Both inhalers contain HFA-134a as aerosol propellant. Exhaled breath sampling and pulmonary function tests were performed prior to the inhaler medication dispersion, immediately after inhalation, then at 2, 4, 6, 8, 24, and 48 hours postadministration. At baseline, mean (SD) levels of HFA-134a in the breath were 252 (156) pptv. Immediately after inhalation, HFA-134a breath levels increased to 300 × 10(6) pptv and were still well above ambient levels 24 hours postadministration. The calculated ratio of forced expiratory volume in 1 second over forced vital capacity did not change over time following inhaler administration. This study demonstrates, for the first time, that breath HFA-134a levels can be used to assess inhaler medication compliance. It may also be used to evaluate how effectively the medicine is delivered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Won Shin
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatrics Exercise Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Barbara Barletta
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | | | - Simone Meinardi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Szu-Yun Leu
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatrics Exercise Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Shlomit Radom-Aizik
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatrics Exercise Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | | | | | - Donald R Blake
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Dan M Cooper
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatrics Exercise Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
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13
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Li X, Guerieri P, Zhou W, Huang C, Zachariah MR. Direct deposit laminate nanocomposites with enhanced propellent properties. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2015; 7:9103-9. [PMID: 25815706 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b00891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
One of the challenges in the use of energetic nanoparticles within a polymer matrix for propellant applications is obtaining high particle loading (high energy density) while maintaining mechanical integrity and reactivity. In this study, we explore a new strategy that utilizes laminate structures. Here, a laminate of alternating layers of aluminum nanoparticle (Al-NPs)/copper oxide nanoparticle (CuO-NPs) thermites in a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) reactive binder, with a spacer layer of PVDF was fabricated by a electrospray layer-by-layer deposition method. The deposited layers containing up to 60 wt % Al-NPs/CuO-NPs thermite are found to be uniform and mechanically flexible. Both the reactive and mechanical properties of laminate significantly outperformed the single-layer structure with the same material composition. These results suggest that deploying a multilayer laminate structure enables the incorporation of high loadings of energetic materials and, in some cases, enhances the reactive properties over the corresponding homogeneous structure. These results imply that an additive manufacturing approach may yield significant advantages in developing a tailored architecture for advanced propulsion systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Philip Guerieri
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Wenbo Zhou
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Chuan Huang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Michael R Zachariah
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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