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Meiling JB, Gandhi Mehta RK, Baute Penry V, Cartwright MS, McGhee MB. Ultra high-frequency ultrasound of fascicles in the ulnar and radial nerves. Muscle Nerve 2024. [PMID: 38708872 DOI: 10.1002/mus.28097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION/AIMS Ultra high-frequency ultrasound (UHFUS) has been demonstrated to allow easy visualization and quantification of median and digital nerve fascicles; however, there is a lack of normative data for other upper limb nerves. The purpose of this study was to use UHFUS to establish normative reference values and ranges for fascicle count and density within selected upper extremity nerves. METHODS Twenty-one healthy volunteers underwent sonographic examination of the ulnar, superficial branch of the radial, and radial nerves on one upper limb using UHFUS with a 48 MHz linear transducer. The number of fascicles in each peripheral nerve and fascicle density were assessed. RESULTS The mean fascicle number and fascicle density for each of the measured nerves was ulnar nerve at the wrist 11.7 and 2.0, ulnar nerve at the elbow 9.2 and 1.1, superficial branch of the radial nerve 7.3 and 2.5, and radial nerve at the spiral groove 4.2 and 0.8. A single significant association was observed between CSA and fascicle number in the ulnar nerve at the wrist (p = .023, r = 0.66). Neither fascicle number nor density could be predicted by age, sex, height, weight, or body mass index. DISCUSSION UHFUS may help to establish a baseline of normative data on upper limb nerves that are not frequently biopsied due to their mixed motor and sensory functions and has the potential for increased understanding of nerve fascicular anatomy to improve diagnostic accuracy of focal nerve lesions, particularly those with selective fascicular involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Meiling
- Department of Neurology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rachana K Gandhi Mehta
- Department of Neurology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Vanessa Baute Penry
- Department of Neurology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael S Cartwright
- Department of Neurology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Marisa Barclay McGhee
- Department of Neurology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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Weisberg ZS, Wolf JM. Radial Nerve Palsy in the Setting of Humeral Shaft Fracture. J Hand Surg Am 2024:S0363-5023(24)00146-1. [PMID: 38713112 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2024.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
The upper limb has a complex anatomy comprised of many nerve and vascular structures, making humeral shaft fractures extremely important. Injury to the humeral shaft commonly occurs due to trauma and affects younger male or older female patients. The radial nerve travels along the spiral groove of the humerus, placing it at an increased risk of damage in humeral shaft fractures. If injured, there are a variety of classifications of radial nerve injury, different indications for exploration, and treatment methods that orthopedic surgeons have available in treating these injuries. This review aims to discuss the etiology of humeral shaft fracture-associated radial nerve palsy, tools for diagnosis, and treatment.
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Orellana KJ, Buttrick E, Belardo ZE, Schmieg S, Pehnke M, Shah AS. Natural history of neonatal radial nerve palsy. J Hand Surg Eur Vol 2024; 49:596-600. [PMID: 37882682 DOI: 10.1177/17531934231208587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Orellana
- University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Edinburg, TX, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Eliza Buttrick
- Department of Orthopaedics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zoe E Belardo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sandra Schmieg
- Department of Orthopaedics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Meagan Pehnke
- Department of Orthopaedics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Apurva S Shah
- Department of Orthopaedics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Bertelli JA, Rojas-Neira J, Prieto Garzon AC, Levaro F. A Fresh Cadaver Study on the Innervation of Brachioradialis and Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus Muscles. J Hand Surg Am 2024; 49:230-236. [PMID: 38149959 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2023.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Distal nerve transfers have revolutionized peripheral nerve surgery by allowing the transfer of healthy motor nerves to paralyzed ones without causing additional morbidity. Radial nerve branches to the brachialis (Ba), brachioradialis (Br), and extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL) muscles have not been investigated in fresh cadavers. METHODS The radial nerve and its branches were dissected in 34 upper limbs from 17 fresh cadavers. Measurements were taken to determine the number, origin, length, and diameter of the branches. Myelinated fiber counts were obtained through histological analysis. RESULTS The first branch of the radial nerve at the elbow was to the Ba muscle, followed by the branches to the Br and ECRL muscles. The Ba and Br muscles consistently received single innervation. The ECRL muscle showed varying innervation patterns, with one, two, or three branches. The branches to the Br muscles originated from the anterior side of the radial nerve, whereas the branches to the Ba and ECRL muscles originated from the posterior side. The average myelinated fiber counts favored the nerve to Br muscle over that to the ECRL muscle, with counts of 542 versus 350 and 568 versus 302 observed in hematoxylin and eosin and neurofilament staining, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This study provides detailed anatomical insights into the motor branches of the radial nerve to the Ba, Br, and ECRL muscles. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Understanding the anatomy of the radial nerve branches at the elbow is of utmost importance when devising a reconstructive strategy for upper limb paralysis. These findings can guide surgeons in selecting appropriate donor or recipient nerves for nerve transfer in cases of high tetraplegia and lower-type brachial plexus injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayme A Bertelli
- Department of Surgery, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil; Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Governador Celso Ramos Hospital, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
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Bertelli JA, Goklani MS, Hill E. Anatomy of Profunda Brachial Artery in the Axilla and Its Relationship With the Radial Nerve: Fresh-Cadaver Anatomical Study and Clinical Observations. J Hand Surg Am 2024; 49:278.e1-278.e7. [PMID: 35965142 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2022.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Dissection of the radial nerve in the axilla and upper portion of and posterior aspect of arm may be necessary for brachial plexus reconstruction, in axillary nerve paralysis, and in radial nerve injuries. The radial nerve is in intimate contact with the profunda brachial artery (PBA). The authors sought to describe the relationship of the PBA with the radial nerve. METHODS We dissected the PBA and the radial nerve bilaterally in 20 upper limbs from 10 fresh cadavers after subclavian artery injection with green latex. We studied the relationship of the PBA with the radial nerve, its branching patterns, and its diameters. In addition, we performed surgery on 5 patients with brachial plexus, radial, or axillary nerve injury in whom we dissected the PBA. RESULTS The PBA was present in all dissections, originating from the brachial artery (n = 19 specimens) close to the latissimus dorsi tendon or from the subscapular artery (n = 1 specimen). In 15 dissections, the PBA bifurcated into an anterior (AB) and a posterior (PB) branch. In one dissection, the AB was absent. The AB traveled toward the triceps medial head. The PB flanked the radial nerve posteriorly and traveled around the humerus, with the radial nerve passing between the medial and the lateral head of the triceps. The AB and PB were longer than the PBA and measured on average 53 mm (SD ± 33 mm) and 39 mm (SD ± 26 mm), respectively. Intraoperatively, the radial nerve could be exposed in the upper arm by pulling the triceps medial head anteriorly together with the AB. The PB was lateral to the radial nerve in the posterior arm approach. CONCLUSIONS In the upper arm, the radial nerve was not flanked by a single branch as postulated in anatomical textbooks but by 2 branches resulting from the bifurcation of the PBA. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Awareness of PBA anatomy is essential during radial nerve dissection from the anterior or posterior arm approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayme A Bertelli
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Governador Celso Ramos Hospital, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
| | - Mayur Sureshlal Goklani
- Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery Superspeciality Clinic. Jalna Road, Aurangadab, Maharashtra, India
| | - Elspeth Hill
- Washington University, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Saint Louis, MO
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Patterson JMM, Medina MA, Yang A, Mackinnon SE. Posterior Interosseous Nerve Compression in the Forearm, AKA Radial Tunnel Syndrome: A Clinical Diagnosis. Hand (N Y) 2024; 19:228-235. [PMID: 36082441 PMCID: PMC10953526 DOI: 10.1177/15589447221122822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Posterior interosseous nerve (PIN) compression in the forearm without motor paralysis is a challenging clinical diagnosis. This retrospective study evaluated the clinical assessment, diagnostic studies, and outcomes following surgical decompression of the PIN in the forearm. METHODS This study reviewed 182 patients' medical charts following PIN decompression between 2000 and 2020 by a single surgeon. After exclusion of combined nerve entrapments, polyneuropathy, motor palsy, or lateral epicondylitis, the study included 14 patients. Data collected included: clinical presentation and pain drawings, provocative testing, functional outcomes, and Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) scores. RESULTS There were 15 PIN decompressions (14 patients, mean follow-up = 11.9 months). Clinical presentation included pain (n = 14) (proximal dorsal forearm, n = 14; distal forearm over radial sensory nerve, n = 3) and positive clinical tests (sensory collapse test over the radial tunnel, n = 8; pain with forearm pronation and compression over the radial tunnel, n = 10; Tinel sign, n = 5). Postoperatively, there were significant improvements in Visual Analog Scale pain scores (6.7 to 3.3, P = .0006), quality-of-life scores (74.7 to 32.7, P = .0001), and DASH scores (46.3 to 33.6, P = .02). CONCLUSIONS The PIN compression in the forearm without motor paralysis is a clinical diagnosis supported by pain drawings, pain quality, and provocative tests. Patients with persistent, therapy-resistant dorsal forearm pain should be evaluated for PIN compression. Surgical decompression provides statistically significant quantifiable improvement in pain and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alexander Yang
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Albert-Lucena D, Navarro-Santana MJ, López-de-Uralde-Villanueva I, Díaz-Arribas MJ, Valera-Calero JA, Fernández-de-Las-Peñas C, Plaza-Manzano G. Immediate effects of percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in patients with lateral elbow pain. Physiother Theory Pract 2023:1-12. [PMID: 38146921 DOI: 10.1080/09593985.2023.2296063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ultrasound guided-percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation appears to be effective in the treatment of chronic musculoskeletal pain. OBJECTIVE To investigate the immediate effects of one session of percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on the radial nerve in patients with lateral elbow pain. METHODS A randomized clinical trial was conducted. Sixty patients with chronic lateral elbow pain were allocated into real-percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (n = 30) or sham-percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (n = 30) where the patients received one-single session of the real or sham percutaneous stimulation on the radial nerve, respectively. Pressure pain thresholds, pain intensity, pain-free grip strength, and the self-perceived improvement were evaluated after the intervention. RESULTS Significant differences between groups for pain intensity (-11.55, 95% CI -21.79 to -1.30, p < .028), but not for pressure pain threshold or pain-free grip strength, were found. Patients receiving real-percutaneous stimulation had significant improvement in pain-free grip strength on the treated side. The proportion of individuals reporting moderate to large self-perceived improvement (≥4) was significantly higher (p = .026) after real-percutaneous stimulation than after sham-percutaneous stimulation. CONCLUSION A single session of real-percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation targeting the radial nerve in subjects with lateral elbow pain decreased pain intensity between groups and increased pain-free grip strength on the treated side but not between groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Albert-Lucena
- Department of Radiology, Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Nursery, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcos José Navarro-Santana
- Department of Radiology, Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Nursery, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Grupo InPhysio, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Calle del Profesor Martín Lagos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ibai López-de-Uralde-Villanueva
- Department of Radiology, Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Nursery, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Grupo InPhysio, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Calle del Profesor Martín Lagos, Madrid, Spain
| | - María José Díaz-Arribas
- Department of Radiology, Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Nursery, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Grupo InPhysio, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Calle del Profesor Martín Lagos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Valera-Calero
- Department of Radiology, Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Nursery, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Grupo InPhysio, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Calle del Profesor Martín Lagos, Madrid, Spain
| | - César Fernández-de-Las-Peñas
- Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Spain
- Cátedra Institucional en Docencia, Clínica e Investigación en Fisioterapia: Terapia Manual, Punción Seca y Ejercicio Terapéutico, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Spain
| | - Gustavo Plaza-Manzano
- Department of Radiology, Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Nursery, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Grupo InPhysio, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Calle del Profesor Martín Lagos, Madrid, Spain
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Guidotti M, Beaurieux C, Marionnaud P, Bonnet-Brilhault F, Wardak C, Latinus M. Skin type and nerve effects on cortical tactile processing: a somatosensory evoked potentials study. J Neurophysiol 2023; 130:547-556. [PMID: 37492898 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00444.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) studies typically characterize short-latency components following median nerve stimulations of the wrist. However, these studies rarely considered 1) skin type (glabrous/hairy) at the stimulation site, 2) nerve being stimulated, and 3) middle-latency (>30 ms) components. Our aim was to investigate middle-latency SEPs following simple mechanical stimulation of two skin types innervated by two different nerves. Eighteen adults received 400 mechanical stimulations over four territories of the right hand (two nerves: radial/median; two skin types: hairy/glabrous skin) while their EEG was recorded. Four middle-latency components were identified: P50, N80, N130, and P200. As expected, significantly shorter latencies and larger amplitudes were found over the contralateral hemisphere for all components. A skin type effect was found for the N80; glabrous skin stimulations induced larger amplitude than hairy skin stimulations. Regarding nerve effects, median stimulations induced larger P50 and N80. Latency of the N80 was longer after median nerve stimulation compared with radial nerve stimulation. This study showed that skin type and stimulated nerve influence middle-latency SEPs, highlighting the importance of considering these parameters in future studies. These modulations could reflect differences in cutaneous receptors and somatotopy. Middle-latency SEPs can be used to evaluate the different steps of tactile information cortical processing. Modulation of SEP components before 100 ms possibly reflects somatotopy and differential processing in primary somatosensory cortex.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The current paper highlights the influences of stimulated skin type (glabrous/hairy) and nerve (median/radial) on cortical somatosensory evoked potentials. Mechanical stimulations were applied over four territories of the right hand in 18 adults. Four middle-latency components were identified: P50, N80, N130, and P200. A larger N80 was found after glabrous skin stimulations than after hairy skin ones, regardless of the nerve being stimulated. P50 and N80 were larger after median than radial nerve stimulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Guidotti
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, France
- EXcellence Center in Autism and neurodevelopmental disorders-Tours Centre Universitaire de Pédopsychiatrie, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
- Centre Hospitalier du Chinonais, Saint-Benoît-la-Forêt, France
| | | | | | - Frédérique Bonnet-Brilhault
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, France
- EXcellence Center in Autism and neurodevelopmental disorders-Tours Centre Universitaire de Pédopsychiatrie, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Claire Wardak
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, France
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Phan D, Ton NTM, Bui THK, Tran HNA, Truong VT. Ancient Schwannoma of the Radial Nerve: A Case Report. Cureus 2023; 15:e42920. [PMID: 37664249 PMCID: PMC10474966 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.42920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ancient schwannoma is a very rare subtype of schwannoma. In this report, a case of ancient schwannoma in the upper extremity is reported. A 40-year-old man presented with a slowly growing tumor in the right forearm. He underwent surgery to remove the tumor. Investigation revealed an ancient schwannoma originated from the right radius. Careful preoperative imaging evaluation is important for correct preoperative diagnosis and surgical strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duy Phan
- Neurosurgery, Vinmec Healthcare System, Ho Chi Minh, VNM
| | - Nu Tra My Ton
- Radiology, Vinmec Healthcare System, Ho Chi Minh, VNM
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Cancela-Cilleruelo I, Rodríguez-Jiménez J, Fernández-de-las-Peñas C, Cleland JA, Arias-Buría JL. Pressure Pain Hypersensitivity and Ultrasound Changes in the Radial Nerve in Patients with Unilateral Lateral Epicondylalgia: A Case-Control Study. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2488. [PMID: 37568851 PMCID: PMC10417200 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13152488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Some authors have proposed the potential role of the radial nerve in lateral epicondylalgia. The aims of this study were to investigate the presence of pressure pain hyperalgesia and nerve swelling (increased cross-sectional area) assessed with ultrasound imaging on the radial nerve in people with lateral epicondylalgia, and to investigate if an association exists between pressure pain sensitivity and cross-sectional area. A total of 37 patients with lateral epicondylalgia (43% women, age: 45.5 ± 9.5 years) and 37 age- and sex-matched pain-free controls were recruited for participation. Pressure pain thresholds (PPTs) were assessed bilaterally on the radial nerve at the spiral groove, the arcade of Frohse, and the anatomic snuffbox in a blinded design. Further, the cross-sectional area of the radial nerve at the spiral groove and antecubital fossa was also assessed. The results demonstrated lower PPTs on the radial nerve of the affected side in individuals with lateral epicondylalgia as compared with the unaffected side (p < 0.01) and with both sides in healthy controls (p < 0.001). Additionally, the cross-sectional area of the radial nerve on the affected side in patients was higher compared with the unaffected side (p < 0.01) and both sides in healthy controls (p < 0.001). The cross-sectional area of the radial nerve at the spiral groove was negatively associated with PPTs over the radial nerve at the spiral groove (r = -0.496, p = 0.002) and positively associated with function (r = 0.325, p = 0.045). Our findings revealed generalized pressure pain hyperalgesia and also nerve swelling of the radial nerve in people with lateral epicondylalgia, suggesting the presence of a widespread sensitization of nerve tissues in this population. The radial nerve could represent a potential peripheral drive to initial and maintain altered pain processing in lateral epicondylalgia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Cancela-Cilleruelo
- Escuela Internacional de Doctorado, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28922 Alcorcón, Spain;
- Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28922 Alcorcón, Spain; (J.R.-J.); (J.L.A.-B.)
| | - Jorge Rodríguez-Jiménez
- Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28922 Alcorcón, Spain; (J.R.-J.); (J.L.A.-B.)
| | - César Fernández-de-las-Peñas
- Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28922 Alcorcón, Spain; (J.R.-J.); (J.L.A.-B.)
| | - Joshua A. Cleland
- Doctor of Physical Therapy Program, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA;
| | - José L. Arias-Buría
- Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28922 Alcorcón, Spain; (J.R.-J.); (J.L.A.-B.)
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Park HB, Ryou CH, Kim KH, Kim DH. Ultrasonographic Evaluation of the Optimal Needle Position in the Supinator Muscle. J Clin Neurol 2023; 19:376-380. [PMID: 37417434 DOI: 10.3988/jcn.2022.0206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Investigating the supinator muscle (SUP) is important for diagnosing radial neuropathy or cervical radiculopathy in needle electromyography (EMG). However, different authors have proposed several locations for needle EMG placement in the SUP. This study aimed to determine the optimal needle insertion position for examining the SUP via needle EMG under ultrasonographic guidance. METHODS This study included 16 male (32 upper limbs) and 15 females (30 upper limbs). In the supine position, the line connecting the midpoint of the dorsal wrist to the upper margin of the radial head (RH) (RH_WRIST line) was measured while the forearm was pronated. Under ultrasonographic guidance, the thickness of the SUP was measured at 1-cm intervals from the RH to 4 cm along the RH_WRIST line. Moreover, the horizontal distance (HD) from the RH_WRIST line to the posterior interosseous nerve (PIN) and the distance from the RH to the point where the RH_WRIST line and the PIN intersected (VD_PIN_CROSS) were measured. RESULTS VD_PIN_CROSS was 51.25±7.0 mm (mean±SD). The muscle was the thickest at 3 cm (5.6±0.8 mm) and 4 cm (5.4±1.0 mm) from the RH. The distances from the PIN to these points were 14.1±3.9 mm and 9.0±4.3 mm, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the optimal needle placement is at 3 cm from the RH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Bum Park
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Korea
| | - Chae Hyeon Ryou
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Korea
| | - Ki Hoon Kim
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Korea
| | - Dong Hwee Kim
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Korea.
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Lukins TR, Low JP, Campbell AK, Winder MJ. Primary non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the superficial branch of the radial nerve: illustrative case. J Neurosurg Case Lessons 2023; 5:CASE22370. [PMID: 37039289 PMCID: PMC10550537 DOI: 10.3171/case22370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lesions of the peripheral nervous system are many and varied. They range from benign to malignant, and determining risk can be challenging. Primary lymphoma of the peripheral nerve (PLPN) is a rare and malignant pathology. When recognized early, appropriate therapy can be delivered. The authors performed a systematic review of PLPNs and present the first case of a PLPN involving the superficial branch of the radial nerve. OBSERVATIONS The authors present the clinical presentation and radiological features of a rare case of primary non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the superficial branch of the radial nerve. Following gross-total resection, the patient received adjuvant chemotherapy and was free of disease at the last follow-up. LESSONS With astute observation, less common and sinister peripheral nerve lesions can be recognized at an early stage and tend to be associated with a relatively short history of peripheral sensorimotor deficits and subtle radiographic changes. In such a setting, consideration should be given to performing a biopsy rather than gross-total resection, indeed sparing the parent nerve and facilitating diagnosis. Definitive treatment for PLPN is chemotherapy with the addition of radiotherapy in some circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R. Lukins
- Departments of Neurosurgery and
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; and
| | - Julia P. Low
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; and
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, SydPath, St. Vincent’s Hospital, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ashlea K. Campbell
- Haematology, St. Vincent’s Hospital, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
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13
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Steenbeek ED, Pondaag W, Tannemaat MR, Van Zwet EW, Malessy MJA, Groen JL. Optimal timing of needle electromyography to diagnose lesion severity in traumatic radial nerve injury. Muscle Nerve 2023; 67:314-319. [PMID: 36625338 DOI: 10.1002/mus.27787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION/AIMS In patients with traumatic radial nerve injury (RNI), the chance of spontaneous recovery must be balanced against the benefits of early surgical reconstruction. We aimed to explore the time-specific value of needle electromyography (NEMG) to diagnose nerve lesion severity. METHODS In this retrospective diagnostic accuracy study at Leiden Nerve Center, patients at least 12 years of age with RNI caused by fractures or fracture treatment were included. The sensitivity and specificity of the patients' first NEMG examination were assessed, stratified by the timing after the nerve injury. The absence of motor unit potentials (MUPs) in muscles distal to the nerve lesion was considered a positive test result. Lesion severity was dichotomized to moderate injury (spontaneous Medical Research Council grade ≥3 recovery) or severe injury (poor spontaneous recovery or surgical confirmation of a mainly neurotmetic lesion). RESULTS Ninety-five patients were included in our study. The sensitivity of NEMG to detect severe RNI was 75.0% (3 of 4) in the fourth, 66.7% (2 of 3) in the fifth, and 66.7% (2 of 3) in the sixth month after the nerve injury. The specificity in the first to the sixth month was 0.0% (0 of 1), 50.0% (2 of 4), 77.3% (17 of 22), 95.5% (21 of 22), 95.8% (23 of 24), and 100.0% (12 of 12), respectively. DISCUSSION The specificity of NEMG is higher than 95% and therefore clinically relevant from the fourth month after the nerve injury onward. Absence of MUPs at this time can be considered an indication to plan nerve exploration. Moreover, the presence of MUPs on NEMG does not completely exclude the necessity for surgical reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esli D Steenbeek
- Leiden Nerve Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Willem Pondaag
- Leiden Nerve Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn R Tannemaat
- Leiden Nerve Center, Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Erik W Van Zwet
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn J A Malessy
- Leiden Nerve Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Justus L Groen
- Leiden Nerve Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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14
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Bordachar D, Mendoza C, Lassaga I, Intelangelo L. Muscle responses during radial nerve-biased upper limb neurodynamic test in asymptomatic individuals: a cross-sectional study. J Man Manip Ther 2023; 31:105-112. [PMID: 35708965 PMCID: PMC10013554 DOI: 10.1080/10669817.2022.2085849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This laboratory cross-sectional study aimed at explore the muscle response (MR) of the upper trapezius, infraspinatus, biceps brachii and extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) during the radial nerve-biased upper limb neurodynamic test (RN-ULNT) in healthy participants. Myoelectric activity was stage-by-stage recorded during two sequencing variants of the RN-ULNT: S1, in which elbow extension was the last movement; and S2, in which wrist flexion was the last movement. Final elbow and wrist joint angle and sensory response (SR) in five zones (Z1-Z5) were also registered. MR was qualitatively categorized as 'absent' (No-MR), 'true' (TMR) or 'uneven' (UMR). In both sequences, significant increases in muscle activity occurred mostly during shoulder abduction and elbow extension (p ≤ 0.009). Also, elbow extension but not wrist flexion increased the activity of the ECRB muscle (p ≤ 0.009). S2 showed significantly higher upper trapezius (p = 0.04) and biceps brachii (p = 0.036) muscle activity during wrist flexion, and higher report of SR in Z1 and Z4 (p < 0.001) compared to S1. Only the ECRB muscle showed significant differences in the MR type between S1 and S2 (TMR, p = 0.016; UMR, = 0,012). Our results may be useful in the assessment of upper limb musculoskeletal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Bordachar
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit (UIM), University Center for Assistance, Teaching and Research (CUADI), University of Gran Rosario (UGR), Rosario, Argentina
| | - Cristian Mendoza
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit (UIM), University Center for Assistance, Teaching and Research (CUADI), University of Gran Rosario (UGR), Rosario, Argentina
| | - Ignacio Lassaga
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit (UIM), University Center for Assistance, Teaching and Research (CUADI), University of Gran Rosario (UGR), Rosario, Argentina
| | - Leonardo Intelangelo
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit (UIM), University Center for Assistance, Teaching and Research (CUADI), University of Gran Rosario (UGR), Rosario, Argentina
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15
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Temporin K, Miyoshi Y, Miyamura S, Oura K, Shimada K. Risk of nerve injury during elbow arthroscopy: ultrasonographic evaluation of preoperative patients. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2023; 32:486-491. [PMID: 36529383 DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To clarify the real risk of nerve injury during elbow arthroscopy, the distances of the radial and median nerves to the elbow joint were investigated using ultrasonography in patients who underwent surgery. METHODS A total of 35 patients who underwent arthroscopic surgery of the elbow were investigated. The distances of the nerves to the capsule and bony landmarks were measured using ultrasonography. The radial nerve distances were measured at the capitellum, joint space, radial head, and radial neck levels. The median nerve distances were measured at the trochlear, joint space, and coronoid process levels. The patients were divided into 2 groups: nine patients in the hydrarthrosis (HA) group and 26 patients in the non-hydrarthrosis (non-HA) group. HA was defined as the intra-articular effusion on magnetic resonance imaging scans. RESULTS The radial nerve ran closer to the capsule at the radial neck level in the HA group than in the non-HA group (2.0 mm vs. 5.9 mm, P < .01). In the non-HA group, the radial nerve ran closer to the radial head than in the HA group (6.3 mm vs. 8.5 mm, P = .01). The median nerve ran closer to the capsule at the trochlear level in the HA group than in the non-HA group (5.2 mm vs. 8.8 mm, P < .01). Nerves at a distance of ≤2 mm from the capsule were found in 7 patients at the radial neck of the radial nerve and in 2 patients at the trochlear region of the median nerve in the HA group. In the non-HA group, they were found in 3 patients at the radial head and in 1 patient at the joint space of the radial nerve. CONCLUSIONS The dangerous locations for nerve injury during elbow arthroscopy vary according to hydrarthrosis, and this risk should be recognized during arthroscopic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko Temporin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Japan Community Healthcare Organization Osaka Hospital, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Yuji Miyoshi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Japan Community Healthcare Organization Osaka Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Miyamura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Keiichiro Oura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Daini Osaka Police Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kozo Shimada
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Japan Community Healthcare Organization Osaka Hospital, Osaka, Japan
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Palumbo F, Yamamoto M, Hirata H. Multiple tendon transfer for a case of radial nerve palsy in hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsy. Nagoya J Med Sci 2023; 85:204-210. [PMID: 36923620 PMCID: PMC10009638 DOI: 10.18999/nagjms.85.1.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsy (HNPP) is a rare autosomal dominant disease characterized by focal, recurrent, demyelinating peripheral neuropathies. It is caused by deletions of the gene encoding for peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22) on chromosome 17. While it may range widely, the most common clinical presentation is an acute, focal mononeuropathy with numbness or muscle weakness after trauma or compression. Diagnostic tools include electrophysiological studies, genetic tests and nerve biopsies. There is no standard surgical or pharmacological treatment. The course of the disease is usually benign, with spontaneous improvement after most episodes of peripheral nerve palsy. HNPP is best managed by early detection, preventative measures, and subsequent treatment of symptoms. According to the medical literature, operative treatment was undertaken in few cases and limited to decompression of the nerve at the classic entrapment sites of the carpal or cubital tunnels. We present a case of multiple tendon transfer (pronator teres to extensor carpi radialis brevis and flexor carpi radialis to extensor digitorum communis) with a two-year follow-up in a 24-year-old woman with HNPP who was affected by irreversible radial nerve palsy, and conclude with a review of the medical literature related to the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Palumbo
- Department of Hand Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Michiro Yamamoto
- Department of Hand Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Hirata
- Department of Hand Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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17
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Westrup AM, Prather KY, Zhao X, Stephens ME, Jea AH. Transfer of extensor carpi radialis brevis branch of radial nerve to anterior interosseous nerve for lower trunk brachial plexopathy after motor vehicle accident. Neurosurg Focus Video 2023; 8:V11. [PMID: 36628091 PMCID: PMC9815233 DOI: 10.3171/2022.10.focvid2287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The patient is a 15-year-old male who sustained injury to his right lower brachial plexus (C8-T1) in a motor vehicle accident. Six months after the injury, the patient still had persistent hand weakness and wished to regain function in his first and second digits. Transfer of the extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) branch of the radial nerve to the anterior interosseous nerve (AIN) was performed to restore motor function. The patient did well after the surgery, although it may take 12-24 months for benefits to fully manifest. Pertinent surgical anatomy and techniques are highlighted in this video demonstration. The video can be found here: https://stream.cadmore.media/rr10.3171/2022.10.FOCVID2287.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison M. Westrup
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Kiana Y. Prather
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Xiaochun Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Mark E. Stephens
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Andrew H. Jea
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
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Sadat Mohamadi Jahromi L, Emad M, Niakan A, Reza Farpour H. Traumatic injury to the axillary nerve associated with paralysis of triceps brachii: A case report. Turk J Phys Med Rehabil 2022; 68:550-4. [PMID: 36589354 DOI: 10.5606/tftrd.2022.10266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although many textbooks reported the innervation of three heads of the triceps muscle with the radial nerve, some studies showed the axillary nerve supply to this muscle. Herein, we report a 21-year-old male patients with a traumatic injury to the axillary nerve associated with paralysis of his triceps muscle. Based on the electrophysiological findings, it could be reasonable to conclude that the main branch innervating all heads of the triceps muscle originated from the axillary nerve. It is vital to look for concomitant paralysis of the triceps in patients with an axillary nerve injury in terms of surgical management, prognosis, and nerve repair.
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19
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Hamdaoui J, Elkamch H, Gharib N, El Mazouz S, Abbassi A, Hafidi J. Schwannoma of the radial nerve: a case report. Pan Afr Med J 2022; 43:139. [PMID: 36762153 PMCID: PMC9898769 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2022.43.139.37453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Schwannomas are the most common benign tumors of the peripheral nerves, but represents only 5%-8% of all soft tissue tumors. Their diagnosis is usually delayed due to their slow growth and the nervous adaptation to their increased volume. Ultrasound sonography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images usually ease the diagnosis. Correct enucleation offers very good postoperative outcomes and avoids recurrences. We report an unusual case of schwannoma of the radial nerve (RN) that remained asymptomatic for one year and a half, and treated well, had good outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihane Hamdaoui
- Plastic Surgery Department, Ibn Sina University Hospital of Rabat, Rabat, Morocco,Corresponding author: Jihane Hamdaoui, Plastic Surgery Department, Ibn Sina University Hospital of Rabat, Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Hind Elkamch
- Plastic Surgery Department, Ibn Sina University Hospital of Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Noureddine Gharib
- Plastic Surgery Department, Ibn Sina University Hospital of Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Samir El Mazouz
- Plastic Surgery Department, Ibn Sina University Hospital of Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Abdellah Abbassi
- Plastic Surgery Department, Ibn Sina University Hospital of Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Jawad Hafidi
- Plastic Surgery Department, Ibn Sina University Hospital of Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
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20
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Ziaziaris WA, Ahadi MS, Gill AJ, Ledgard JP. The Anatomy of Nerve Transfers Used in Tetraplegic Hand Reconstruction. J Hand Surg Am 2022; 47:1121.e1-1121.e6. [PMID: 34702629 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the anatomy of nerve transfers used to reconstruct wrist extension, hand opening, and hand closing in tetraplegic patients. METHODS Nerve transfers were completed on 18 paired cadaveric upper limbs. The overlap of donor and recipient nerves was measured, as well as the distance to the target muscle. Axons were counted in each nerve and branch, with the axon percentage calculated by dividing the donor nerve count by that of the recipient. RESULTS Transfers with overlap of the donor and recipient nerve were from the radial nerve branch to extensor carpi radialis brevis to anterior interosseous nerve (AIN) and from the branch(es) to supinator to posterior interosseous nerve. The extensor carpi radialis brevis to AIN had the shortest distance to the target, with the branch to brachialis to AIN being the longest. The nerve transfers for wrist extension had the highest axon percentage. Of the transfers for hand closing, the brachialis to AIN had the highest axon percentage, and the branch to brachioradialis to AIN had the lowest. CONCLUSIONS The anatomical features of nerve transfers used in tetraplegic hand reconstruction are variable. Differences may help explain clinical outcomes. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study demonstrates which nerve transfers may be anatomically favorable for restoring hand function in tetraplegic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Ziaziaris
- Department of Hand Surgery and Peripheral Nerve Surgery, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mahsa S Ahadi
- University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Cancer Diagnosis and Pathology Group, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anthony J Gill
- University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Cancer Diagnosis and Pathology Group, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
| | - James P Ledgard
- Department of Hand Surgery and Peripheral Nerve Surgery, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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21
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Gatskiy AA, Tretyak IB, Tsymbaliuk VI, Tsymbaliuk YV. Nerve transfers in a patient with asymmetrical neurological deficit following traumatic cervical spinal cord injury: simultaneous bilateral restoration of pinch grip and elbow extension. Illustrative case. J Neurosurg Case Lessons 2022; 4:CASE22301. [PMID: 36193034 PMCID: PMC9552560 DOI: 10.3171/case22301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical spinal cord injury (CSCI) causes severe motor deficit in upper extremities. The mixed segmental CSCI pattern is reflected in the combination of time-sensitive (TS) and non-TS myotomes in the upper extremities. Nerve transfers (NTs) restore upper extremity function yet remain TS procedures. A combination of neurological, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and electromyography (EMG) studies allows the identification of TS and non-TS myotomes in the upper extremities. OBSERVATIONS Nineteen months after NTs, flexor pollicis longus (FPL) and deep flexor of the index finger (FDP2) recovered to M4 (right UE), FPL recovered to M3 and FDP2 to M2 (left EU). The long head of the triceps brachii muscle recovered to M4 bilaterally. The Capabilities of Upper Extremity Questionnaire (CUE-Q) score for unilateral arm functionality increased by 44% (right) and 112.5% (left) and for bilateral arm functionality by 400%; the CUE-Q score for unilateral hand and finger function increased by 283% (right) and 166% (left). LESSONS The combination of neurological, MRI, and EMG studies before surgery and data obtained during surgery provides reliable information on the CSCI pattern, specifically the availability of motor donor nerves. Simultaneous bilateral restoration is required in the event of CSCI and significantly improves the unilateral and bilateral function of the UEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A. Gatskiy
- Restorative Neurosurgery Department, Romodanov Neurosurgery Institute of NAMS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Ihor B. Tretyak
- Restorative Neurosurgery Department, Romodanov Neurosurgery Institute of NAMS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | | | - Yaroslav V. Tsymbaliuk
- Group of Chronic Pain Treatment, Romodanov Neurosurgery Institute of NAMS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
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Herma T, Slezak J, Baca V, Kachlik D. Duplicated superficial branch of the radial nerve and brachioradialis muscle belly: prevalence and significance. Folia Morphol (Warsz) 2022; 82:558-561. [PMID: 35818808 DOI: 10.5603/fm.a2022.0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The superficial branch of the radial nerve (SBRN) is a sensory nerve innervating the dorsoradial part of the hand. It originates in the cubital fossa, runs under the belly of the brachioradialis muscle (BM), emerges from underneath in the distal third of the forearm and continues in the subcutaneous tissue towards the hand. There exist several anatomical variations of its branching and course, including a rare variation of its duplication combined with a duplication of the brachioradialis muscle belly. The aim of this study was to find out the prevalence of this variation on a sample of cadaveric human bodies which has not been reported yet. MATERIALS AND METHODS We have carefully dissected 208 cadaveric upper limbs (Central European population). All cases of limbs containing the variation of a double SBRN and/or a double BM belly were measured and documented. RESULTS We have identified 2 cases of a double SBRN combined with a double BM belly (0.96%). Both were present in the right forearm of a male donor and in both cases the nerve was impinged by muscle bundles connecting the 2 muscle bellies together. Moreover, we have encountered 1 case of a double SBRN without a double BM belly (0.48%), i.e. the total prevalence of a double SBRN was 1.44%. CONCLUSIONS The duplicated SBRN with the duplicated BM is a relatively rare anatomical variation that might cause complications while performing various surgical procedures in the forearm, moreover it might be a rare cause of Wartenberg's syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Herma
- Department of Anatomy, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Slezak
- Department of Anatomy, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Anatomy, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - V Baca
- Department of Health Care Studies, College of Polytechnics Jihlava, Czech Republic
| | - D Kachlik
- Department of Anatomy, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
- Department of Health Care Studies, College of Polytechnics Jihlava, Czech Republic.
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23
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Benes M, Kachlik D, Belbl M, Havlikova S, Kunc V, Whitley A, Kaiser R, Kunc V. A meta-analysis on the anatomical variability of the brachial plexus: Part III - Branching of the infraclavicular part. Ann Anat 2022; 244:151976. [PMID: 35787441 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2022.151976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The anatomy of the brachial plexus has been a subject of interest to many researchers over time resulting in an inconsistent amount of data. Previously, our team had published two evidence-based studies on the anatomical variations involving the brachial plexus, therefore the aim of this study was to analyze the findings regarding the infraclavicular part of the brachial plexus with the use of meta-analytic techniques to complete the comprehensive series. MATERIAL AND METHODS Major scientific databases were extensively searched to compile anatomical studies investigating the morphology of the infraclavicular part of the brachial plexus. Extracted data were classified based on our proposed classification system and subsequently analyzed with the use of random effects meta-analysis to state the pooled prevalence estimates of the distinct variation patterns. RESULTS A total of 75 studies (4772 upper limbs) were selected for the meta-analysis. The branches of the lateral cord, including the lateral pectoral nerve and musculocutaneous nerve, resembled their usual origin in 76.8% (95% CI 50-96%) and 98.8% (95% CI 98-100%), respectively. The medial pectoral nerve, medial brachial cutaneous nerves, medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve and ulnar nerve emerging from the medial cord were observed originating from their usual origins in 90.9% (95% CI 68-100%), 90.7% (95% CI 73-100%), 87.9% (95% CI 67-99%) and 97.7% (95% CI 94-100%), respectively. Lastly, nerves branching from the posterior cord, including the superior and inferior subscapular nerves, thoracodorsal nerve, axillary nerve and radial nerve, originated as per textbook description in 90.7% (95% CI 80-98%), 76.1% (95% CI 61-89%), 90.1% (95% CI 84-95%), 79.8% (95% CI 68-90%) and 99.0% (95% CI 96-100%), respectively. Moreover, the usual origin of the median nerve from the lateral and medial cord via the corresponding roots was encountered in 89.7% (95% CI 84-95%) of cases. CONCLUSIONS The nerves originating from the infraclavicular part of the brachial plexus exhibit a wide spectrum of possible origins. However, the usual patterns were significantly the most common types present in more than three quarters of cases. Especially clinicians might profit from the enhanced understanding of the brachial plexus anatomy presented herein, since we offer a strong guide for handling the anatomically challenging pathologies in this specific area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Benes
- Department of Anatomy, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Plzenska 130/221, 150 06 Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - David Kachlik
- Department of Anatomy, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Plzenska 130/221, 150 06 Prague 5, Czech Republic; Department of Health Care Studies, College of Polytechnics, Tolsteho 16, 586 01 Jihlava, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Belbl
- Department of Anatomy, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Plzenska 130/221, 150 06 Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Sarlota Havlikova
- Department of Anatomy, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Plzenska 130/221, 150 06 Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Kunc
- Department of Computer Science, Czech Technical University, Karlovo namesti 13, 121 35 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Adam Whitley
- Department of Anatomy, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Plzenska 130/221, 150 06 Prague 5, Czech Republic; Department of Surgery, University Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Srobarova 50, 100 34 Prague 10, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Kaiser
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neurooncology, Military University Hospital, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, U vojenske nemocnice 1200, 169 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Kunc
- Department of Anatomy, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Plzenska 130/221, 150 06 Prague 5, Czech Republic; Clinic of Trauma Surgery, Masaryk Hospital, Socialni pece 3316/12A, 400 11 Usti nad Labem, Czech Republic.
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24
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Harinesan N, Wijesinghe R, Hayes M, Triplett JD. Cryolipolysis-associated radial mononeuropathy. Muscle Nerve 2022; 66:E6-E8. [PMID: 35621077 DOI: 10.1002/mus.27646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nimalan Harinesan
- Neurology and Neurophysiology Department, Concord Hospital, Concord, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Rajiv Wijesinghe
- Neurology and Neurophysiology Department, Concord Hospital, Concord, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Michael Hayes
- Neurology and Neurophysiology Department, Concord Hospital, Concord, New Hampshire, USA
| | - James D Triplett
- Neurology and Neurophysiology Department, Concord Hospital, Concord, New Hampshire, USA
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Hemmi S, Kurokawa K, Nagai T, Asano A, Murakami T, Mihara M, Sunada Y. A novel method to measure sensory nerve conduction of the posterior antebrachial cutaneous nerve. Muscle Nerve 2022; 66:202-206. [PMID: 35616546 DOI: 10.1002/mus.27645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION/AIMS Posterior antebrachial cutaneous (PABC) nerve conduction studies could be useful for distinguishing PABC neuropathy from C7 radiculopathy. In the conventional method using an antidromic method, the sensory nerve action potential (SNAP) is sometimes followed by a large volume-conducted motor potential. In this report we describe a reliable nerve conduction study using an orthodromic method for recording SNAPs of the PABC nerve. METHODS Thirty-six healthy volunteers participated in this study. PABC SNAPs were recorded by placing a surface-active electrode 2 cm anterior to the lateral epicondyle. The PABC nerve was stimulated 10 cm distal to the active recording electrode along a line from the recording point to the mid-dorsum of the wrist, midway between the radial and ulnar styloid processes. We also performed PABC nerve conduction studies using an antidromic method and compared the findings. RESULTS PABC SNAPs were recorded bilaterally from all subjects. The mean peak-to-peak amplitude for SNAPs was 13.4 ± 4.8 μV. Mean maximum conduction velocity was 62.7 ± 3.9 m/s and mean negative peak conduction velocity was 51.2 ± 2.6 m/s. The mean side-to-side difference in amplitude was 22.1 ± 16.0%. The mean amplitude of SNAPs obtained by our method was 48.9% higher than that of SNAPs obtained by the conventional method (13.4 vs 9.0 μV; P < .001). In contrast to the conventional method, our method enabled SNAPs to be recorded without a volume-conducted motor potential. DISCUSSION The higher mean amplitude of SNAPs with our method enables them to be obtained easily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoji Hemmi
- Department of Neurology, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Katsumi Kurokawa
- Department of Neurology, Kawasaki Medical School General Medical Center, Okayama, Japan
| | - Taiji Nagai
- Department of Neurology, Okayama Kyokuto Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Akio Asano
- Central Laboratory, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | | | - Masahito Mihara
- Department of Neurology, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Sunada
- Department of Neurology, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
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Becciolini M, Raspanti A, De Scisciolo G, Riegler G. Radial nerve palsy: If in doubt, use ultrasound. J Clin Ultrasound 2022; 50:561-563. [PMID: 35089605 DOI: 10.1002/jcu.23150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sonographic demonstration of radial nerve compression by a strict permanent suture, with intra-operative correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Becciolini
- Department of Ultrasound, Misericordia di Pistoia, Pistoia, Italy
- Department of Ultrasound, Scuola Siumb di Ecografia Muscolo-Scheletrica, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Raspanti
- SOC Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Ospedale Santa Maria Annunziata, Azienda USL Toscana Centro, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Georg Riegler
- Department of Ultrasound, PUC - Private Ultrasound Center Graz, Lassnitzhoehe, Austria
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Maniglio M, Zaidenberg EE, Martinez EF, Zaidenberg CR. The anatomy of the anconeus nerve redefined. J Hand Surg Eur Vol 2022; 47:410-414. [PMID: 34878946 DOI: 10.1177/17531934211061437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The anconeus nerve is the longest branch of the radial nerve and suitable as a donor for the neurotization of the axillary nerve. The aim of this study was to map its topographical course with reference to palpable, anatomical landmarks. The anconeus nerve was followed in 15 cadaveric specimens from its origin to its entry to the anconeus. It runs between the lateral and the medial head of the triceps before entering the medial head and running intramuscularly further distal. Exiting the muscle, it lies on the periosteum and the articular capsule of the elbow, before entering the anconeus muscle. Two types of anconeus nerve in relation to branches innervating triceps were found: nine nerves also innervated the lateral triceps head, while the other six only contributed two branches to its innervation. The course of the anconeus nerve is important for harvesting as a donor nerve and to protect the nerve in surgical elbow approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Maniglio
- Department of Plastic and Hand surgery, CHUV - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Ezequiel F Martinez
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, CABA Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Belón-Pérez P, Calderón-Díez L, Sánchez-Sánchez JL, Robles-García M, Plaza-Manzano G, Fernández-de-las-Peñas C. Cadaveric and Ultrasound Validation of Percutaneous Electrolysis Approaches at the Arcade of Frohse: A Potential Treatment for Radial Tunnel Syndrome. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:ijerph19042476. [PMID: 35206659 PMCID: PMC8872469 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19042476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Entrapment of the radial nerve at the arcade of Frohse could contribute to symptoms in patients with lateral epicondylalgia or radial tunnel syndrome. Our aim was to determine the validity of applying percutaneous electrolysis, targeting the supinator muscle at the Frohse’s arcade with ultrasound imaging and in a Thiel-embalmed cadaver model (not ultrasound-guiding). Percutaneous electrolysis targeting the supinator muscle was conducted in five healthy volunteers (ultrasound study) and three Thiel-embalmed cadaver forearms. Two approaches, one with the forearm supinated and other with the forearm pronated were conducted. The needle was inserted until the tip reached the interphase of both bellies of the supinator muscle. Accurate needle penetration of the supinator muscle was observed in 100% in both US-imaging and cadaveric studies. No neurovascular bundle of the radial-nerve deep branch was pierced in any insertion. The distance from the tip of the needle to the neurovascular bundle was 15.3 ± 0.6 mm with the forearm supinated, and 11.2 ± 0.6 mm with the forearm pronated. The results of the current study support that percutaneous electrolysis can properly target the supinator muscle with either the forearm in supination or in pronation. In fact, penetration of the neurovascular bundle was not observed in any approach when percutaneous needling electrolysis was performed by an experienced clinician.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Belón-Pérez
- Department of Physical Therapy, Real Madrid C.F., 28055 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Laura Calderón-Díez
- Department of Physical Therapy, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain; (L.C.-D.); (J.L.S.-S.)
| | - José Luis Sánchez-Sánchez
- Department of Physical Therapy, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain; (L.C.-D.); (J.L.S.-S.)
| | - Miguel Robles-García
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain;
| | - Gustavo Plaza-Manzano
- Department of Radiology, Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - César Fernández-de-las-Peñas
- Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), 28922 Alcorcón, Spain
- Cátedra Institucional en Docencia, Clínica e Investigación en Fisioterapia: Terapia Manual, Punción Seca y Ejercicio Terapéutico, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28922 Alcorcón, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-91-488-88-84
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Kim VE, Shtok AV, Saltykova VG. [Diagnosis and treatment of paralysis following intrafascicular peripheral nerve torsion: two clinical observations and a literature review]. Zh Vopr Neirokhir Im N N Burdenko 2022; 86:74-80. [PMID: 35170279 DOI: 10.17116/neiro20228601174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intrafascicular nerve torsion is a rare and poorly studied type of nerve compression. This disease can be assigned to compression-induced neuropathies, but it has a distinctive feature. It is a spontaneous intrafascicular compression following internal local spiral deformation and compression of the nerve outside routine tunnels due to its torsion around its own axis. Understanding the pathogenesis of such spiral compression is essential in diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of these patients. OBJECTIVE To assess the effectiveness of various diagnostic techniques, the possibility and effectiveness of surgical treatment of patients with spiral intrafascicular nerve deformation. MATERIAL AND METHODS The authors report 2 patients (45-year-old man and 38-year-old woman) who were examined for progressive radial neuropathy of unknown etiology. Ultrasound of the radial nerve and electroneuromyography were performed. These data made it possible to diagnose nerve lesion in both cases. These findings justified external and internal radial nerve decompression. RESULTS Ultrasound was valuable to establish localization and cause of radial nerve lesion (local hourglass-shaped deformation). Electroneuromyography confirmed conduction disturbances along the altered segment of radial nerve in both patients. Intraoperatively, intrafascicular nerve torsion as a cause of functional disorders was confirmed in both cases. Both patients required external and internal nerve decompression with restoration of linear orientation of the nerve and its fixation within the epineurium. Positive effect was noted immediately after surgery. Control survey after 3 and 6 months revealed significant regression of symptoms (increase in muscle strength and motion amplitude) and high satisfaction with treatment outcomes. CONCLUSION Clinical manifestations of intrafascicular radial nerve torsion imitate typical compression-induced neuropathy. However, this lesion is characterized by another unclear pathogenesis, localization far from natural tunnels, typical ultrasound and intraoperative patterns. Surgical treatment has certain features, and its effectiveness depends on surgical technique and ranges from 60% to 90%.
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Affiliation(s)
- V E Kim
- Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education, Moscow, Russia
| | - A V Shtok
- Burdenko Neurosurgical Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - V G Saltykova
- Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education, Moscow, Russia
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Rubio DA, Pacheco A, Abrilla A. Measurement of the Radial Nerve Danger Zone in Filipino Adults: A Cadaveric Study. Malays Orthop J 2021; 15:45-51. [PMID: 34966494 PMCID: PMC8667237 DOI: 10.5704/moj.2111.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The radial nerve danger zone (RNDZ) is an important anatomic consideration to anticipate or prevent injury in trauma assessment or surgical fixation. No published estimate currently exists for Filipinos. In this study, we sought to provide a local estimate and explore potential predictors of this anatomic region in Filipino adult cadavers. Materials and methods Posterior dissection to expose and measure the radial nerve, from the lateral epicondyle to the lateral intermuscular septum, was performed in 60 upper limbs from 30 formalin-preserved cadavers in the laboratory of the Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila. Univariate and multivariate linear regression modelling was performed with RNDZ as the dependent variable and age, sex, height and humeral length as potential independent variables individually and in combinations. Results The mean radial nerve length from the lateral epicondyle to the lateral intermuscular septum was estimated at 10.6 cm (95% confidence interval: 10.3 cm, 10.9cm). Height and humeral length were statistically significant univariate predictors in female cadavers, while only height was significant in male cadavers. In addition, all multivariate regression models were statistically significant and accounted for more than 57% of the variability in female RNDZ estimates. In comparison, only models that included height and age were statistically significant predictors of RNDZ and accounted for at most 22% of the variability of the estimate in males. Conclusion The estimated length of the radial nerve danger zone generated in this study should be strongly considered over other published estimates in surgical fixation procedures performed in adult Filipinos.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Rubio
- Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - A Pacheco
- Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - A Abrilla
- College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
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Mauti E, Robinson LR. Radial motor nerve conduction studies recorded from triceps brachii and extensor carpi radialis longus: Techniques and reference values. Muscle Nerve 2021; 65:337-340. [PMID: 34862799 DOI: 10.1002/mus.27470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION/AIMS Optimal timing of nerve transfer surgery in cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) depends upon the integrity of lower motor neurons (LMNs) in recipient nerves, which is best predicted by compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitude. There are no established techniques for obtaining the CMAP in two recipient muscles: triceps brachii and extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL). This study aimed to develop recording techniques for radial motor studies to triceps and ECRL, and to determine reference values for CMAP amplitudes in healthy volunteers. METHODS This was a prospective observational study of healthy adults aged 18 years and older. Motor nerve conduction studies were performed, stimulating the radial nerve in the axilla, over the axillary pulse at the pectoralis major insertion. Recording was from triceps (long head) and ECRL. CMAP amplitude, area, latency, and stimulus intensity were recorded. Reference values (RV) were calculated for CMAP amplitudes using a value 2 standard deviations below the mean. Cube root or logarithmic transformations were used to correct for non-normal distributions. RESULTS Twenty-five healthy subjects participated. Triceps mean CMAP amplitude was 15.5 mV (SD 4.19), with an RV of 8.1 mV. ECRL mean CMAP amplitude was 11.5 mV (SD 3.54), with an RV of 6.2 mV. CMAP amplitude at ECRL was 75% (95% confidence interval 50%-100%) of that at triceps. DISCUSSION We describe a technique for recording radial motor NCS from triceps and ECRL. Knowledge of normal CMAP amplitudes will help identify LMN injury in patients with cervical SCI being considered for nerve transfers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Mauti
- Division of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lawrence R Robinson
- Division of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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32
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Becciolini M, Pivec C, Raspanti A, Riegler G. Ultrasound of the Radial Nerve: A Pictorial Review. J Ultrasound Med 2021; 40:2751-2771. [PMID: 33629784 DOI: 10.1002/jum.15664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This pictorial review focuses on the ultrasound (US) appearance of the normal and pathological radial nerve (RN) and its branches and provides tips with which to locate them and avoid misinterpretation of normal findings. A wide range of our pathological cases are reviewed and presented to help in familiarizing the reader with common and uncommon clinical scenarios that affect the RN and its main branches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Becciolini
- Misericordia di Pistoia, Pistoia, Italy
- Scuola Siumb di Ecografia Muscolo-Scheletrica, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Raspanti
- SOC Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Ospedale Santa Maria Annunziata, Azienda USL Toscana Centro, Florence, Italy
| | - Georg Riegler
- PUC - Private Ultrasound Center Graz, Lassnitzhoehe, Austria
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Georgiev GP, Landzhov B, Olewnik Ł, Zielinska N, Kartelov Y, Dimitrova IN, Tubbs RS. Unusual sensory innervation of the dorsal hand and why we should bear this variation in mind. Folia Morphol (Warsz) 2021; 82:194-197. [PMID: 34845715 DOI: 10.5603/fm.a2021.0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Detailed knowledge of the anatomy and different variations of the superficial branch of the radial nerve could be of great importance not only to anatomists but also to clinicians. A predominant radial nerve supply to the dorsum of the hand is rare. Herein, we present an unusual case of unilateral sensory innervation of the dorsal hand found during routine anatomical dissection of a 72-year-old at death male Caucasian cadaver. We also present a brief discussion of the reported variation and emphasize its potential clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Georgiev
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University Hospital Queen Giovanna - ISUL, Medical University of Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - B Landzhov
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ł Olewnik
- Department of Anatomical Dissection and Donation, Chair of Anatomy and Histology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | - N Zielinska
- Department of Anatomical Dissection and Donation, Chair of Anatomy and Histology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | - Y Kartelov
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - I N Dimitrova
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital 'Prof. Al. Tschirkov', Medical University of Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - R S Tubbs
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George's University, Grenada, West Indies.,Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States.,Department of Neurology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States.,Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, and Ochsner Neuroscience Institute, Ochsner Health System, New Orleans, LA, United States
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Kim W, Kang SH, An JY. Posterior Interosseous Fascicular Constriction Within the Radial Nerve in a Diabetic Patient With Bilateral Neuralgic Amyotrophy: A Case Report. Front Neurol 2021; 12:701571. [PMID: 34566846 PMCID: PMC8457354 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.701571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Neuralgic amyotrophy (NA) is an acute, monophasic, painful inflammatory dysimmune focal, or multifocal mononeuropathy. The lesion in NA is not always restricted to the brachial plexus but also involves individual nerves or branches. The prognosis of NA is less favorable than previously assumed, but the reasons for poor recovery remain unknown. Nerve constriction may be one of the causes of poor prognosis in NA. Case Presentation: Herein, we described a 54-year-old male with a history of type 2 diabetes in whom bilateral neuralgic amyotrophy developed with constriction of the posterior interosseous fascicle within the radial nerve. The patient experienced sudden-onset severe pain in both shoulders followed, 2 days later, by weakness in bilateral shoulders and the left forearm extensors over the subsequent month. The left forearm extensors were more severely affected than both shoulder girdle muscles. He noted a 7-kg weight loss for 1 month before pain onset. After diagnosing diabetic NA based on the clinical symptoms, imaging, and electrophysiological studies, treatment with systemic steroids improved pain and weakness in both shoulder muscles. Weakness in the left forearm extensors persisted after 1 month of steroid treatment. Follow-up ultrasound revealed constriction of the posterior interosseous fascicle within the main trunk of the left radial nerve at the elbow. Surgical exploration at 6 months after onset identified fascicle constriction, for which neurolysis was performed. Weakness in the extensors of the wrist and fingers did not improve during the 16-month follow-up. Conclusion: A single constriction of the fascicle within a peripheral nerve may often be under-recognized if NA presents with variable degrees of weakness in bilateral upper limbs. Furthermore, fascicular constriction without edema of the parent nerve may be easily missed on the initial ultrasound. A lack of early recognition of nerve constriction and delay in surgical intervention can result in unfavorable outcomes. The physician should consider the possibility of the fascicular constriction when evaluating patients suspected of brachial NA with significant weakness in the distal upper limb compared to the proximal weakness or weakness of the distal upper limb that does not improve over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woojun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soo Hwan Kang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, College of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae Young An
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
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Fernández-de-las-Peñas C, López-de-Celis C, Rodríguez-Sanz J, Hidalgo-García C, Donnelly JM, Cedeño-Bermúdez SA, Pérez-Bellmunt A. Is Dry Needling of the Supinator a Safe Procedure? A Potential Treatment for Lateral Epicondylalgia or Radial Tunnel Syndrome. A Cadaveric Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:ijerph18179162. [PMID: 34501752 PMCID: PMC8430708 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18179162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The supinator muscle is involved in two pain conditions of the forearm and wrist: lateral epicondylalgia and radial tunnel syndrome. Its close anatomical relationship with the radial nerve at the arcade of Frohse encourages research on dry needling approaches. Our aim was to determine if a solid filiform needle safely penetrates the supinator muscle during the clinical application of dry needling. Needle insertion of the supinator muscle was conducted in ten cryopreserved forearm specimens with a 30 × 0.32 mm filiform needle. With the forearm pronated, the needle was inserted perpendicular into the skin at the dorsal aspect of the forearm at a point located 4cm distal to the lateral epicondyle. The needle was advanced to a depth judged to be in the supinator muscle. Safety was assessed by measuring the distance from the needle to the surrounding neurovascular bundles of the radial nerve. Accurate needle penetration of the supinator muscle was observed in 100% of the forearms (needle penetration:16.4 ± 2.7 mm 95% CI 14.5 mm to 18.3 mm). No neurovascular bundle of the radial nerve was pierced in any of the specimen’s forearms. The distances from the tip of the needle were 7.8 ± 2.9 mm (95% CI 5.7 mm to 9.8 mm) to the deep branch of the radial nerve and 8.6 ± 4.3 mm (95% CI 5.5 mm to 11.7 mm) to the superficial branch of the radial nerve. The results from this cadaveric study support the assumption that needling of the supinator muscle can be accurately and safely conducted by an experienced clinician.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Fernández-de-las-Peñas
- Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), 28922 Alcorcón, Spain
- Cátedra Institucional en Docencia, Clínica e Investigación en Fisioterapia: Terapia Manual, Punción Seca y Ejercicio Terapéutico, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28922 Alcorcón, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-91-488-88-84
| | - Carlos López-de-Celis
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC-Barcelona), C/Josep Trueta s/n, Sant Cugat del Vallès, 08017 Barcelona, Spain; (C.L.-d.-C.); (J.R.-S.); (S.A.C.-B.); (A.P.-B.)
- ACTIUM Functional Anatomy Group, 08195 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jacobo Rodríguez-Sanz
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC-Barcelona), C/Josep Trueta s/n, Sant Cugat del Vallès, 08017 Barcelona, Spain; (C.L.-d.-C.); (J.R.-S.); (S.A.C.-B.); (A.P.-B.)
- ACTIUM Functional Anatomy Group, 08195 Barcelona, Spain
| | - César Hidalgo-García
- Unidad de Investigación en Fisioterapia, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50001 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Joseph M. Donnelly
- Department of Physical Therapy, Miami Campus, University of Saint Augustine for Health Sciences, Coral Gables, FL 33134, USA;
| | - Simón A Cedeño-Bermúdez
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC-Barcelona), C/Josep Trueta s/n, Sant Cugat del Vallès, 08017 Barcelona, Spain; (C.L.-d.-C.); (J.R.-S.); (S.A.C.-B.); (A.P.-B.)
- ACTIUM Functional Anatomy Group, 08195 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Pérez-Bellmunt
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC-Barcelona), C/Josep Trueta s/n, Sant Cugat del Vallès, 08017 Barcelona, Spain; (C.L.-d.-C.); (J.R.-S.); (S.A.C.-B.); (A.P.-B.)
- ACTIUM Functional Anatomy Group, 08195 Barcelona, Spain
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Sun J, Chen L, Hu S, Song J, Wu J, Gu Y. Morphological basis of radial nerve dysfunction in newborns differs from that of no radial nerve dysfunction in adults in C5-C6-C7 injuries to the brachial plexus: a cadaveric study. Br J Neurosurg 2021; 35:643-649. [PMID: 34259110 DOI: 10.1080/02688697.2021.1947980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Injuries to the upper and middle trunks of brachial plexus result in dysfunction of radial nerves in newborns but do not in adults. We hypothesized that the radial nerve had a lower proportion of myelinated nerve fibers (MNFs) from the lower trunk in newborns than in adults, and in newborns those MNFs were less developed than MNFs in the radial nerve from the middle and upper trunks. METHODS We dissected bilateral brachial plexus of six newborn and six adult cadavers. The radial nerve and its fascicles were separated proximally to posterior divisions of the upper, middle and lower trunks, and fascicles of the radial nerve were harvested from three trunks to calculate respective percentage of MNFs accounting for the total number of MNFs in the radial nerve. We determined diameters of axons and g-ratios of MNFs in the radial nerve from three trunks. RESULTS Compared with adults, the percentage of MNFs in the radial nerve from the lower trunk was lower (p < 0.05), from the middle trunk higher (p < 0.05) and from the upper trunk similar (p > 0.05) in newborns, though MNF counts from three trunks were higher in newborns, respectively (p < 0.01, all). In newborns, MNFs in the radial nerve from the lower trunk had smaller axonal diameters and higher g-ratios than those from the middle and upper trunks (p < 0.017, all), while in adults there were no such differences. CONCLUSIONS Lower proportion of MNFs in the radial nerve from the lower trunk in newborns than in adults, and in newborns immaturity of MNFs from the lower trunk relative to MNFs from the middle and upper trunks may be the major morphological basis of difference in clinical appearances of radial nerve palsy caused by injuries to C5-C6-C7 between newborns and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Sun
- Department of Hand Surgery, Huashan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Hand Reconstruction, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Peripheral Nerve and Microsurgery, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Hand Surgery, Huashan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Hand Reconstruction, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Peripheral Nerve and Microsurgery, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaonan Hu
- Department of Hand Surgery, Huashan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Hand Reconstruction, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Peripheral Nerve and Microsurgery, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Song
- Department of Hand Surgery, Huashan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Hand Reconstruction, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Peripheral Nerve and Microsurgery, Shanghai, China
| | - Jixin Wu
- Department of Hand Surgery, Huashan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Hand Reconstruction, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Peripheral Nerve and Microsurgery, Shanghai, China
| | - Yudong Gu
- Department of Hand Surgery, Huashan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Hand Reconstruction, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Peripheral Nerve and Microsurgery, Shanghai, China
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Singh KP, Goindi AS, Gupta K. Reference values for the cross-sectional area of normal radial nerve at two levels using high-resolution ultrasonography. J Ultrason 2021; 21:e112-e126. [PMID: 34258036 PMCID: PMC8264814 DOI: 10.15557/jou.2021.0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim of the study High-resolution ultrasound is less often used to evaluate the radial nerves. The radial nerve is often involved in entrapment syndromes. The aim of the study is to establish the reference values for the cross-sectional area of the normal radial nerve on high-resolution ultrasonography, and to identify relationships between the cross-sectional area and the subject’s age, gender, height, weight, body mass index, and hand dominance. Material and methods The study was conducted on 200 subjects of both sexes, between 18 and 75 years of age, who did not have history of peripheral neuropathy or trauma to the upper limb. High-resolution real-time sonographic examination of the radial nerves was performed in both arms at two different levels. Level 1 was taken just proximal to the nerve bifurcation, and level 2 just after the nerve exits the spiral grove. Results The mean cross-sectional area measured at level 2 (4.3 ± 0.4 mm2) was greater than that measured at level 1 (2.3 ± 0.3 mm2). No significant relationship was seen with age and hand dominance (p >0.05), but the cross-sectional area values at above mentioned levels were larger in males than in females (p <0.05). In addition, the cross-sectional areas of the radial nerves showed a positive correlation with height, weight, and body mass index (p <0.05). Conclusion The established ultrasonographic reference values along with basic clinical data will aid in the diagnosis, response to treatment, and prognostic evaluation of peripheral neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kamlesh Gupta
- Radiodiagnosis, SGRD University of Health Sciences, India
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De-la-Cruz-Torres B, Abuín-Porras V, Navarro-Flores E, Calvo-Lobo C, Romero-Morales C. Ultrasound-Guided Percutaneous Neuromodulation in Patients with Chronic Lateral Epicondylalgia: A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:4877. [PMID: 34063673 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim was to analyze effects of a percutaneous neuromodulation (PNM) treatment on the radial nerve, regarding pain, functionality, electrophysiologic excitability, and morphology, in patients with chronic lateral epicondylalgia (LE). METHODS Twenty-four patients with chronic unilateral elbow pain were recruited for this preliminary study and were divided into two groups: control (n = 12) and PNM group (n = 12). The subjects in the PNM group received percutaneous peripheral neurostimulation with an acupuncture needle that was located next to the nerve with ultrasound guidance. Pain using a numerical rating scale (NRS), functional ability using patient-rated tennis elbow evaluation (PRTEE), radial nerve cross-sectional area measured by ultrasound, and chronaxie and accommodation index (AI) measured by the strength-duration curve were evaluated. RESULTS Both groups showed no differences in the baseline measurements (all p = 0.001). However, at the end of the treatment, there were significant differences between groups since only the PNM group significantly improved their values compared to their baseline values: level of pain and cross-sectional area (CSA) values showed a significant decrease while the PRTEE scores showed a significant improvement. Then, regarding AI, the PNM group showed significant improvement for the electrophysiologic nerve excitability pattern, reporting normal function in all radial nerves after treatment (p = 0.001). However, chronaxie values always reported similar values with no differences between groups (p >0.05); Conclusion: Ultrasound-PNM technique may be an interesting therapeutic tool for the treatment of chronic LE due to the improvement in the level of pain, functionality, nerve morphology, and excitability in this population.
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Catena N, Gennaro GLD, Jester A, Martínez-Alvarez S, Pontén E, Soldado F, Steiger C, Choong J, Zarantonello P, Farr S. Current concepts in diagnosis and management of common upper limb nerve injuries in children. J Child Orthop 2021; 15:89-96. [PMID: 34040654 PMCID: PMC8138792 DOI: 10.1302/1863-2548.15.200203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries (PNI) of the upper limb are a common event in the paediatric population, following both fractures and soft tissues injuries. Open injuries should in theory be easier to identify and the repair of injured structures performed as soon as possible in order to obtain a satisfying outcome. Conversely, due to the reduced compliance of younger children during clinical assessment, the diagnosis of a closed nerve injury may sometimes be delayed. As the compliance of patients is influenced by pain, anxiety and stress, the execution of the clinical manoeuvres intended to identify a loss of motor function or sensibility, can be impaired. Although the majority of PNI are neuroapraxias resulting in spontaneous recovery, there are open questions regarding certain aspects of closed PNI, e.g. when to ask for electrophysiological exams, when and how long to wait for a spontaneous recovery and when a surgical approach becomes mandatory. The aim of the article is therefore to analyse the main aspects of the different closed PNI of the upper limb in order to provide recommendations for timely and correct management, and to determine differences in the PNI treatment between children and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunzio Catena
- Hand Surgery and Microsurgery Unit – Pediatric Orthopedic and Traumatology Unit – Azienda Ospedaliera SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, Alessandria, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Jester
- Hand and Upper Limb Service, Department of Plastic Surgery – Birmingham Womes’s and Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Eva Pontén
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery – Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Francisco Soldado
- International Pediatric Hand Surgery and Microsurgery Institute – Barcelona Childrens Hospital HM Nens – HM Hospitales, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christina Steiger
- Pediatric Orthopedic Division – Geneva Children’s Hospital, Geneve, Switzerland
| | - Jiahui Choong
- Hand and Upper Limb Service, Department of Plastic Surgery – Birmingham Womes’s and Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Paola Zarantonello
- Pediatric Orthopedic and Traumatology Unit – IRCCS Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sebastian Farr
- Orthopedic Hospital Speising, Department of Pediatric Orthopedics and Foot and Ankle Surgery, Vienna, Austria,Correspondence should be sent to Sebastian Farr (EPOS Upper Limb Group Chair), Orthopedic Hospital Speising, Department of Pediatric Orthopedics and Foot and Ankle Surgery, Vienna, Austria. E-mail:
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Gandhi Mehta RK, Caress JB, Rudnick SR, Bonkovsky HL. Porphyric neuropathy. Muscle Nerve 2021; 64:140-152. [PMID: 33786855 DOI: 10.1002/mus.27232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Acute hepatic porphyrias are inherited metabolic disorders that may present with polyneuropathy, which if not diagnosed early can lead to quadriparesis, respiratory weakness, and death. Porphyric neuropathy is an acute to subacute motor predominant axonal neuropathy with a predilection for the upper extremities and usually preceded by a predominantly parasympathetic autonomic neuropathy. The rapid progression and associated dysautonomia mimic Guillain-Barré syndrome but are distinguished by the absence of cerebrospinal fluid albuminocytologic dissociation, progression beyond 4 wk, and associated abdominal pain. Spot urine test to assess the porphyrin precursors delta-aminolevulinic acid and porphobilinogen can provide a timely diagnosis during an acute attack. Timely treatment with intravenous heme, carbohydrate loading, and avoidance of porphyrinogenic medications can prevent further neurological morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James B Caress
- Department of Neurology, Wake Forest Baptist Health, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sean R Rudnick
- Section on Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest Baptist health, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Herbert L Bonkovsky
- Section on Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest Baptist health, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
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Kwon YH, An H, Kim DH. Optimal recording electrode placement for radial motor nerve conduction study using extensor indicis muscle: Cadaver and electrophysiological studies. Muscle Nerve 2021; 63:924-927. [PMID: 33724497 DOI: 10.1002/mus.27231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION/AIMS The aim of this study was to determine the optimal combination of active (E1) and reference (E2) recording electrode placements for the radial motor nerve conduction study recording over the extensor indicis muscle using surface electrodes. METHODS Thirty-six upper limbs from 18 fresh frozen cadavers were dissected to determine the midpoint of the extensor indicis muscle. Radial nerve conduction study was performed in 112 arms of 56 healthy subjects. Six combinations of three E1 and two E2 sites were studied. The stimulation site was 8 cm proximal to the E1 electrode. RESULTS The optimal combination of placement sites for the E1 and E2 electrodes to provide the largest amplitude is E1 electrode at the distal 1/4 point of the forearm length and E2 electrode at the extensor indicis tendon point in the wrist. DISCUSSION Optimal recording electrode placement may increase the accuracy and reproducibility of radial motor nerve conduction studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Ha Kwon
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyonggin An
- Department of Biostatistics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hwee Kim
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Fisse AL, Katsanos AH, Gold R, Pitarokoili K, Krogias C. Cross-sectional area reference values for peripheral nerve ultrasound in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis-Part I: Upper extremity nerves. Eur J Neurol 2021; 28:1684-1691. [PMID: 33527596 DOI: 10.1111/ene.14759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Measurement of the cross-sectional area (CSA) of peripheral nerves using ultrasound is useful in the evaluation of focal lesions like entrapment syndromes and inflammatory polyneuropathies. Here, a systematic review and meta-analysis of published CSA reference values for upper extremity nerves was performed. METHODS Available to date nerve ultrasound studies on healthy adults were included and a meta-analysis for CSA was provided of the following nerves: median nerve at the wrist, forearm, upper arm; ulnar nerve at the Guyon's canal, forearm, elbow, upper arm; radial nerve at the upper arm. Regression and correlation analyses for age, gender, height, weight, geographic continents and publication year are reported. RESULTS Seventy-four studies with 4186 healthy volunteers (mean age 42.7 years) and 18,226 examined nerve sites were included. The calculated mean pooled CSA of the median nerve at the wrist was 8.3 mm2 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 7.9-8.7, n = 4071), at the forearm 6.4 mm2 (95% CI 5.9-6.9, n = 3021), at the upper arm 8.3 mm2 (95% CI 7.5-9.0, n = 1388), of the ulnar nerve at the Guyon's canal 4.1 mm2 (95% CI 3.6-4.6, n = 1688), at the forearm 5.2 mm2 (95% CI 4.8-5.7, n = 1983), at the elbow 5.9 mm2 (95% CI 5.4-6.5, n = 2551), at the upper arm 6.6 mm2 (95% CI 5.1-6.1, n = 1737) and of the radial nerve 5.1 mm2 (95% CI 4.0-6.2, n = 1787). Substantial heterogeneity across studies (I2 > 50%) was found only for the radial nerve. Subgroup analysis revealed a positive effect of age for the median nerve at the wrist and for height and weight for different sites of the ulnar nerve. CONCLUSION The first meta-analysis on CSA reference values for the upper extremities with no or only low heterogeneity of reported CSA values in most nerve sites is provided. Our data facilitate the goal of an international standardized evaluation protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lena Fisse
- Department of Neurology, St Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Immunmediated Neuropathies Biobank (INHIBIT), Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Aristeidis H Katsanos
- Division of Neurology, McMaster University/Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Ralf Gold
- Department of Neurology, St Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Immunmediated Neuropathies Biobank (INHIBIT), Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Kalliopi Pitarokoili
- Department of Neurology, St Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Immunmediated Neuropathies Biobank (INHIBIT), Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Christos Krogias
- Department of Neurology, St Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Park JK, Choi SM, Kang SW, Kim KJ, Min KT. Three-dimensional measurement of the course of the radial nerve at the posterior humeral shaft: An in vivo anatomical study. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong) 2021; 28:2309499020930828. [PMID: 32627674 DOI: 10.1177/2309499020930828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Iatrogenic radial nerve injury caused by surgical exposure of the humerus is a serious complication. We aimed to describe the course of the radial nerve at the posterior humeral shaft using a three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction technique by utilizing computed tomography (CT) images of living subjects. We hypothesized that the course of the radial nerve in the posterior aspect of the humeral shaft would be reliably established using this technique and the measurements would have satisfactory intraobserver/interobserver reliabilities. METHODS This in vivo anatomical study utilized 652 upper extremity CT angiography images from 326 patients. A 3D modeling of the humerus and radial nerve was performed. We evaluated the segment of the radial nerve that lays directly on the posterior aspect of the humeral shaft and measured its proximal point, mid, and distal points. The shortest distances from the olecranon fossa to these points were defined as R1, R2, and R3, respectively. The relationships between these parameters and humeral length (HL) and transcondylar length (TL) were evaluated, and the intraobserver/interobserver reliabilities of these parameters were measured. RESULTS The HL was 293.6 mm, and TL was 58.64 mm on average. The R1 measured 159.2 (range 127.1-198.2) mm, R2 was 136.6 (105.7-182.5), and R3 was 112.8 (76.8-150.0) mm on average (p < .001). The intraobserver/interobserver reliabilities ranged from 0.90 to 0.98. CONCLUSION The course of the radial nerve at the posterior aspect of the humeral shaft can be reliably established using the 3D reconstruction technique, and all measurements had excellent intraobserver/interobserver reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Kang Park
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Seung-Myung Choi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Korea.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Konkuk University Chungju Hospital, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Chungju, Korea.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Sang-Woo Kang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Kook-Jong Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Tae Min
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Korea
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Wei KC, Chiu YH, Wu CH, Liang HW, Wang TG. Ultrasound guidance may have advantages over landmark-based guidance for some nerve conduction studies. Muscle Nerve 2021; 63:472-476. [PMID: 33399235 DOI: 10.1002/mus.27165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Precise placement of stimulating and recording electrodes is vital when performing nerve conduction studies (NCSs). In this study, we aimed to determine whether ultrasonography (US) was more precise in localizing the superficial radial nerve (SRN), dorsal ulnar cutaneous nerve (DUCN), ulnar nerve (UN) crossing the cubital tunnel, and radial nerve (RN) crossing the spiral groove (SG) compared to conventional techniques. METHODS Thirty healthy young subjects (15 male) were recruited. Each subject underwent both landmark-based and US-guided NCS. Onset latencies and amplitudes of compound motor action potentials (CMAPs) and sensory nerve action potentials (SNAPs), and stimulation levels (ie, intensity × duration) required to obtain maximal CMAP amplitudes were compared between the two techniques. RESULTS The mean CMAP amplitudes of the UN above the cubital tunnel (9.55 ± 1.96 vs 8.96 ± 1.94 mV, P = .030), UN below the cubital tunnel (10.11 ± 2.07 vs 9.37 ± 1.95 mV, P < .001), and RN below the SG (5.21 ± 1.56 vs 4.34 ± 1.03 mV, P < .001) were significantly greater using US-guided NCSs compared to landmark-based NCSs. The mean onset latency of the DUCN was significantly shorter using US-guided NCSs (1.49 ± 0.15 vs 1.57 ± 0.14 ms, P = .020). The required stimulation level in the UN and RN was significantly lower using US-guided NCSs. CONCLUSIONS When performing NCSs, US guidance provides a more precise localization of the stimulator and electrodes for the DUCN, UN, and RN, while providing comparable localization for the SRN, compared to landmark-based techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Chang Wei
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsiang Chiu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chueh-Hung Wu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Wen Liang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tyng-Guey Wang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Kim MG, Hong EA, Nam YS, Lee JI. Anatomy of the nerves to the teres minor and the long head of the triceps brachii for electromyography. Muscle Nerve 2020; 63:405-412. [PMID: 33210297 DOI: 10.1002/mus.27122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the branching pattern and topographic anatomy of the nerves to the teres minor (Tm) and the long head of the triceps brachii (LHT) in relation to reference lines extending between surface landmarks, to identify the innervation patterns of, and the optimal needle placement points within, the Tm and the LHT. METHODS The anatomical courses of the nerves to the Tm and the LHT were investigated in 37 upper limbs of fresh-frozen cadavers. Distances from the acromion to nerve penetration points, and crossing points of reference lines with the Tm and LHT were measured in 27 cadaveric upper limbs. RESULTS The Tm was innervated by the axillary nerve in all specimens in three patterns, and the LHT was innervated exclusively by the radial nerve. Our dissection and measurements indicate that the midpoint of the reference line from the acromion to the inferior angle of the scapula is the optimal needle insertion point for the Tm. The target point for the LHT appears to be the one-third point of the reference line from the acromion to the medial epicondyle, or the two-thirds point of the reference line from the acromion to the axillary fold. CONCLUSIONS We investigated the branching pattern of the nerves to the Tm and the LHT and propose optimal needle placement points for electromyography of the Tm and LHT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mee-Gang Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ah Hong
- Department of Anatomy, Institute for Applied Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Seok Nam
- Department of Anatomy, Institute for Applied Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong In Lee
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Karabeg R. New Functional Evaluation Scheme - Modality of the Results of Forearm Tendon Transfers Evaluation in Cases of Irreparable Radial Nerve Injury. Med Arch 2020; 74:119-125. [PMID: 32577053 PMCID: PMC7296399 DOI: 10.5455/medarh.2020.74.119-125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction There are several evaluation schemes for the results of tendon transfers in case of radial nerve paralysis, and the most logical and commonly used are evaluation schemes that use the range of active joint movements to evaluate the results. Aim Present an original evaluation scheme for tendon transfer results based on functional wrist and fingers joint movements. The aim of the article is to present the advantages of our own Functional scheme in comparison with other schemes, its simplicity and applicability in the evaluation of all clinical cases of different postoperative outcome of the variables being evaluated, and to present the ease of comparison of the achieved results with other authors who would possibly use our scheme because it minimizes the subjective error of the examiner. The secondary aim is to compare the results of flexor carpi radialis (FCR) vs. flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU) tendon transfers (TT). Methods The study was conducted as clinical and retrospective. The study included 60 patients with isolated radial nerve palsy operated by two tendon transfer surgical methods (FCR and FCU) over a 10-year period. The evaluation of the results was performed by using Zachary, Neimann-Pertecke, Tajima evaluation schemes, our own Functional Evaluation Scheme as well as subjective patient evaluation. Results The time elapsed from injury to surgery ranged from 105 to 956 days in case of FCR tendon transfer and from 109 to 712 days in cases of FCU tendon transfer. The overall average age of patients is 36.71 years. A statistically significant difference in values with t -test based on the Functional Evaluation Scheme was found in the variables of ulnar deviation (p=0.000731), extension of the MP fingers joints II-V (p=0.04610) and extension of the MP of the thumb joint (p=0.0475). Evaluation of the total results with t-test (p=0.007532) and with U-test (p=0,00433) showed statistically better FCR tendon transfer results. A statistically significant difference in value measured by the t-test was found in the evaluation of the overall results (p=0.022) with Zachary and Neumann-Pertecke schemes and by the Tajima evaluation Scheme (p=0.042) in favor of better FCR tendon transfer results. With a use of Functional Evaluation Scheme, it is possible to evaluate all the results unlike most available schemes. Conclusion The functional evaluation scheme is based on the functional joint movements evaluated and incorporating radial and ulnar deviation of the wrist (RD and UD), extension of the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint and flexion of the intephalangeal (IP)joint of the thumb in the final evaluation becomes completely original. A functional evaluation scheme is simply applicable for the evaluation of all clinical cases of different postoperative outcome of the variables being evaluated. FCR tendon transfer achieves better results than FCU TT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reuf Karabeg
- Private Surgical Clinic "Karabeg" Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Abstract
Background A number of treatments for lateral epicondylitis of the elbow have been described. We have developed a strategy for the treatment of this condition. Methods We diagnosed lateral epicondylitis of the elbow in 86 patients. Conservative treatment resulted in resolution in 71 patients. Surgery was required in the remaining 15 patients. If the posterior branch of the posterior cutaneous nerve of the forearm showed a positive response to local anesthesia (block test), we performed denervation surgery on the posterior branch of the posterior cutaneous nerve of the forearm. Patients were asked to rate the degree of pain and sensory disturbance using a visual analog scale; the 11-item version of the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand measure; and the Patient-Rated Elbow Evaluation. Results A positive response to the block test was seen in 10 elbows (67%). After denervation surgery, pain relief was seen in 9 of 10 elbows (90%). The mean follow-up period was 30.4 months. At final follow-up, the average scores on the visual analog scale, 11-item version of the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand, and Patient-Rated Elbow Evaluation were 4.3 mm, 10.45 points, and 5.9 points, respectively. In the early period after denervation surgery, sensory disturbance was observed in 9 cases (90%). Conclusion Our strategy of denervation surgery for lateral epicondylitis of the elbow was effective for pain relief among patients showing a positive response to the block test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Satake
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Honma
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Yasushi Naganuma
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Junichiro Shibuya
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Michiaki Takagi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
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48
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Sawyer FK, Stefanik JJ, Lufler RS. The Branching and Innervation Pattern of the Radial Nerve in the Forearm: Clarifying the Literature and Understanding Variations and Their Clinical Implications. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:E366. [PMID: 32498404 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10060366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study attempted to clarify the innervation pattern of the muscles of the distal arm and posterior forearm through cadaveric dissection. METHODS Thirty-five cadavers were dissected to expose the radial nerve in the forearm. Each muscular branch of the nerve was identified and their length and distance along the nerve were recorded. These values were used to determine the typical branching and motor entry orders. RESULTS The typical branching order was brachialis, brachioradialis, extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis, supinator, extensor digitorum, extensor carpi ulnaris, abductor pollicis longus, extensor digiti minimi, extensor pollicis brevis, extensor pollicis longus and extensor indicis. Notably, the radial nerve often innervated brachialis (60%), and its superficial branch often innervated extensor carpi radialis brevis (25.7%). CONCLUSIONS The radial nerve exhibits significant variability in the posterior forearm. However, there is enough consistency to identify an archetypal pattern and order of innervation. These findings may also need to be considered when planning surgical approaches to the distal arm, elbow and proximal forearm to prevent an undue loss of motor function. The review of the literature yielded multiple studies employing inconsistent metrics and terminology to define order or innervation.
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49
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Su DCJ, Chang KV, Lam SKH. Shear Wave Elastography to Guide Perineural Hydrodissection: Two Case Reports. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:diagnostics10060348. [PMID: 32481511 PMCID: PMC7344597 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10060348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Radial nerve palsy is not uncommon after humeral shaft fractures. Ultrasound-guided hydrodissection is an emerging treatment for nerve entrapment. Two cases of radial nerve injury after humeral shaft fractures with plate fixation are presented. Shear wave elastography was used to identify hardened scars surrounding the nerve, causing entrapment. These areas were marked on the skin as targets for ultrasound-guided hydrodissection. Each patient experienced full recovery of their radial nerve function. Shear wave elastography may be used to precisely identify sites of neural entrapment by scar tissue and accurately guide perineural hydrodissection, particularly in complex postoperative cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Chiung-Jui Su
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan 710, Taiwan;
| | - Ke-Vin Chang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University Hospital, Bei-Hu Branch, Taipei 108, Taiwan;
| | - Stanley K. H. Lam
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin 999077, Hong Kong
- Correspondence:
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50
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Jones MR, Novitch MB, Sen S, Hernandez N, De Haan JB, Budish RA, Bailey CH, Ragusa J, Thakur P, Orhurhu V, Urits I, Cornett EM, Kaye AD. Upper extremity regional anesthesia techniques: A comprehensive review for clinical anesthesiologists. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2020; 34:e13-e29. [PMID: 32334792 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpa.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Surgeries and chronic pain states of the upper extremity are quite common and pose unique challenges for the clinical anesthesiology and pain specialists. Most innervation of the upper extremity involves the brachial plexus. The four most common brachial plexus blocks performed in clinical setting include the interscalene, supraclavicular, infraclavicular, and axillary brachial plexus blocks. These blocks are most commonly performed with the use of ultrasound-guided techniques, whereby analgesia is achieved by anesthetizing the brachial plexus at different levels such as the roots, divisions, cords, and branches. Additional regional anesthetic techniques for upper extremity surgery include wrist, intercostobrachial, and digital nerve blocks, which are most frequently performed using landmark anatomical techniques. This review provides a comprehensive summary of each of these blocks including anatomy, best practice techniques, and potential complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Jones
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Matthew B Novitch
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Washington Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Sudipta Sen
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas - McGovern Medical School, Houston, Tx, USA.
| | - Nadia Hernandez
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas - McGovern Medical School, Houston, Tx, USA.
| | - Johanna Blair De Haan
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas - McGovern Medical School, Houston, Tx, USA.
| | | | - Christopher H Bailey
- Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 5777 E. Mayo Blvd., Phoenix, AZ, 85054, USA.
| | - Joseph Ragusa
- Department of Anesthesiology, LSU Health Sciences Center, Room 656, 1542 Tulane Ave., New Orleans, LA, USA.
| | - Pankaj Thakur
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ochsner-LSU Health Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA.
| | - Vwaire Orhurhu
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Ivan Urits
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Elyse M Cornett
- Department of Anesthesiology, LSU Health Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA.
| | - Alan David Kaye
- Department of Anesthesiology, LSU Health Sciences Center, Room 656, 1542 Tulane Ave., New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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