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Kavitha R, Latifah O, Ahmed OH, Charles PW, Susilawati K. Potential of Rejected Sago Starch as a Coating Material for Urea Encapsulation. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15081863. [PMID: 37112010 PMCID: PMC10146585 DOI: 10.3390/polym15081863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Increases in food production to meet global food requirements lead to an increase in the demand for nitrogen (N) fertilizers, especially urea, for soil productivity, crop yield, and food security improvement. To achieve a high yield of food crops, the excessive use of urea has resulted in low urea-N use efficiency and environmental pollution. One promising alternative to increase urea-N use efficiency, improve soil N availability, and lessen the potential environmental effects of the excessive use of urea is to encapsulate urea granules with appropriate coating materials to synchronize the N release with crop assimilation. Chemical additives, such as sulfur-based coatings, mineral-based coatings, and several polymers with different action principles, have been explored and used for coating the urea granule. However, their high material cost, limited resources, and adverse effects on the soil ecosystem limit the widespread application of urea coated with these materials. This paper documents a review of issues related to the materials used for urea coating and the potential of natural polymers, such as rejected sago starch, as a coating material for urea encapsulation. The aim of the review is to unravel an understanding of the potential of rejected sago starch as a coating material for the slow release of N from urea. Rejected sago starch from sago flour processing is a natural polymer that could be used to coat urea because the starch enables a gradual, water-driven mechanism of N release from the urea-polymer interface to the polymer-soil interface. The advantages of rejected sago starch for urea encapsulation over other polymers are that rejected sago starch is one of the most abundant polysaccharide polymers, the cheapest biopolymer, and is fully biodegradable, renewable, and environmentally friendly. This review provides information on the potential of rejected sago starch as a coating material, the advantages of using rejected sago starch as coating material over other polymer materials, a simple coating method, and the mechanisms of N release from urea coated with rejected sago starch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajan Kavitha
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agricultural Science and Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Bintulu Sarawak Campus, Bintulu 97008, Malaysia
| | - Omar Latifah
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agricultural Science and Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Bintulu Sarawak Campus, Bintulu 97008, Malaysia
- Institute of Ecosystem Science Borneo, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Bintulu Sarawak Campus, Bintulu 97008, Malaysia
| | - Osumanu Haruna Ahmed
- Faculty of Agriculture, University Sultan Sharif Ali Brunei, Kampus Sinaut, Km 33, Jalan Tutong, Kampung Sinaut, Tutong TB1741, Brunei
| | - Primus Walter Charles
- Department of Science and Technology, Faculty of Humanities, Management and Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Bintulu Sarawak Campus, Bintulu 97008, Malaysia
| | - Kasim Susilawati
- Department of Land Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
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Xie J, Yang Y, Gao B, Wan Y, Li YC, Cheng D, Xiao T, Li K, Fu Y, Xu J, Zhao Q, Zhang Y, Tang Y, Yao Y, Wang Z, Liu L. Magnetic-Sensitive Nanoparticle Self-Assembled Superhydrophobic Biopolymer-Coated Slow-Release Fertilizer: Fabrication, Enhanced Performance, and Mechanism. ACS Nano 2019; 13:3320-3333. [PMID: 30817124 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b09197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Although commercialized slow-release fertilizers coated with petrochemical polymers have revolutionarily promoted agricultural production, more research should be devoted to developing superhydrophobic biopolymer coatings with superb slow-release ability from sustainable and ecofriendly biomaterials. To inform the development of the superhydrophobic biopolymer-coated slow-release fertilizers (SBSF), the slow-release mechanism of SBSF needs to be clarified. Here, the SBSF with superior slow-release performance, water tolerance, and good feasibility for large-scale production was self-assembly fabricated using a simple, solvent-free process. The superhydrophobic surfaces of SBSF with uniformly dispersed Fe3O4 superhydrophobic magnetic-sensitive nanoparticles (SMNs) were self-assembly constructed with the spontaneous migration of Fe3O4 SMNs toward the outermost surface of the liquid coating materials ( i.e., pig fat based polyol and polymethylene polyphenylene isocyanate in a mass ratio 1.2:1) in a magnetic field during the reaction-curing process. The results revealed that SBSF showed longer slow-release longevity (more than 100 days) than those of unmodified biopolymer-coated slow-release fertilizers and excellent durable properties under various external environment conditions. The governing slow-release mechanism of SBSF was clarified by directly observing the atmosphere cushion on the superhydrophobic biopolymer coating using the synchrotron radiation-based X-ray phase-contrast imaging technique. Liquid water only contacts the top of the bulges of the solid surface (10.9%), and air pockets are trapped underneath the liquid (89.1%). The atmosphere cushion allows the slow diffusion of water vapor into the internal urea core of SBSF, which can decrease the nutrient release and enhance the slow-release ability. This self-assembly synthesis of SBSF through the magnetic interaction provides a strategy to fabricate not only ecofriendly biobased slow-release fertilizers but also other superhydrophobic materials for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiazhuo Xie
- National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, National Engineering & Technology Research Center for Slow and Controlled-release Fertilizers, College of Resources and Environment , Shandong Agricultural University , Taian , Shandong 271018 , China
| | - Yuechao Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, National Engineering & Technology Research Center for Slow and Controlled-release Fertilizers, College of Resources and Environment , Shandong Agricultural University , Taian , Shandong 271018 , China
- Department of Soil and Water Science, Tropical Research and Education Center, IFAS , University of Florida , Homestead , Florida 33031 , United States
| | - Bin Gao
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32611-0570 , United States
| | - Yongshan Wan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, National Engineering & Technology Research Center for Slow and Controlled-release Fertilizers, College of Resources and Environment , Shandong Agricultural University , Taian , Shandong 271018 , China
| | - Yuncong C Li
- Department of Soil and Water Science, Tropical Research and Education Center, IFAS , University of Florida , Homestead , Florida 33031 , United States
| | - Dongdong Cheng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, National Engineering & Technology Research Center for Slow and Controlled-release Fertilizers, College of Resources and Environment , Shandong Agricultural University , Taian , Shandong 271018 , China
| | - Tiqiao Xiao
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201800 , China
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility/Zhangjiang Laboratory , Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201210 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Ke Li
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201800 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Yanan Fu
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201800 , China
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility/Zhangjiang Laboratory , Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201210 , China
| | - Jing Xu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science , Shandong Agricultural University , Taian , Shandong 271018 , China
| | - Qinghua Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science , Shandong Agricultural University , Taian , Shandong 271018 , China
| | - Yanfei Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science , Shandong Agricultural University , Taian , Shandong 271018 , China
| | - Yafu Tang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, National Engineering & Technology Research Center for Slow and Controlled-release Fertilizers, College of Resources and Environment , Shandong Agricultural University , Taian , Shandong 271018 , China
| | - Yuanyuan Yao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, National Engineering & Technology Research Center for Slow and Controlled-release Fertilizers, College of Resources and Environment , Shandong Agricultural University , Taian , Shandong 271018 , China
| | - Zhonghua Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, National Engineering & Technology Research Center for Slow and Controlled-release Fertilizers, College of Resources and Environment , Shandong Agricultural University , Taian , Shandong 271018 , China
| | - Lu Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, National Engineering & Technology Research Center for Slow and Controlled-release Fertilizers, College of Resources and Environment , Shandong Agricultural University , Taian , Shandong 271018 , China
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