Modeling the Progression of Placental Transport from Early- to Late-Stage Pregnancy by Tuning Trophoblast Differentiation and Vascularization

The early-stage placental barrier is characterized by a lack of fetal circulation and by a thick trophoblastic barrier, whereas the later-stage placenta consists of vascularized chorionic villi encased in a thin, differentiated trophoblast layer, ideal for nutrient transport. In this work, predictive models of early- and late-stage placental transport are created using blastocyst-derived placental stem cells (PSCs) by modulating PSC differentiation and model vascularization. PSC differentiation results in a thinner, fused trophoblast layer, as well as an increase in human chorionic gonadotropin secretion, barrier permeability, and secretion of certain inflammatory cytokines, which are consistent with in vivo findings. Further, gene expression confirms this shift toward a differentiated trophoblast subtype. Vascularization results in a molecule type- and size-dependent change in dextran and insulin permeability. These results demonstrate that trophoblast differentiation and vascularization have critical effects on placental barrier permeability and that this model can be used as a predictive measure to assess fetal toxicity of xenobiotic substances at different stages of pregnancy.

Limited Impact of Murine Placental MDR1 on Fetal Exposure of Certain Drugs Explained by Bypass Transfer Between Adjacent Syncytiotrophoblast Layers

Purpose

Multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1) is located at the interface between two syncytiotrophoblast layers in rodent placenta, and may influence fetal drug distribution. Here, we quantitatively compare the functional impact per single MDR1 molecule of MDR1 at the placental barrier and blood-brain barrier in mice.

Methods

MDR1A and MDR1B proteins were quantified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Paclitaxel or digoxin was continuously administered to pregnant Mdr1a^−/−/Mdr1b^−/− or wild-type mice, and the drug concentrations in the maternal and fetal plasma and maternal brain were quantified by LC-MS/MS.

Results

MDR1A and MDR1B proteins are expressed in the membrane of mouse placental labyrinth, and total MDR1 at the placental barrier amounts to about 30% of that at the blood-brain barrier. The fetal-to-maternal plasma concentration ratio of digoxin was only marginally affected in Mdr1a^−/−/Mdr1b^−/− mice, while that of paclitaxel showed a several-fold increase. No such difference between the two drugs was found in the maternal brain distribution. The impact per single MDR1 molecule on the fetal distribution of digoxin was calculated to be much lower than that on the brain distribution, but this was not the case for paclitaxel. Our pharmacokinetic model indicates that the impact of placental MDR1 is inversely correlated to the ratio of permeability through gap junctions connecting the two syncytiotrophoblast layers to passive diffusion permeability.

Conclusion

Our findings indicate that murine placental MDR1 has a minimal influence on the fetal concentration of certain substrates, such as digoxin, due to bypass transfer, probably via connexin26 gap junctions.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11095-022-03165-6.

Single nuclei RNA-seq of mouse placental labyrinth development

The placenta is the interface between mother and fetus in all eutherian species. However, our understanding of this essential organ remains incomplete. A substantial challenge has been the syncytial cells of the placenta, which have made dissociation and independent evaluation of the different cell types of this organ difficult. Here, we address questions concerning the ontogeny, specification, and function of the cell types of a representative hemochorial placenta by performing single nuclei RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) at multiple stages of mouse embryonic development focusing on the exchange interface, the labyrinth. Timepoints extended from progenitor-driven expansion through terminal differentiation. Analysis by snRNA-seq identified transcript profiles and inferred functions, cell trajectories, signaling interactions, and transcriptional drivers of all but the most highly polyploid cell types of the placenta. These data profile placental development at an unprecedented resolution, provide insights into differentiation and function across time, and provide a resource for future study.

Is pregnancy an immunological contributor to severe or controlled COVID-19 disease?

Since its emergence in Wuhan as a novel coronavirus disease, it has taken only a few months since January 2020 for it to be recognized as a widespread COVID‐19 pandemic which has contributed to global health devastation. As pointed out by health experts, it is a once in a century pandemic of our times. Clinical observations so far indicate that the older population and immune compromised individuals, particularly in African American and Hispanic/Latino communities, are at much higher risk for infection with this novel coronavirus. In this regard, pregnancy offers an altered immunity scenario which may allow severe COVID‐19 disease. The literature is so far highly conflicting on this issue. This review will offer a conceptual basis for severe or controlled disease and address trepidations for pregnant women associated with COVID‐19 pandemic, particularly in the comparative context of clinical consequences of other coronaviruses such as SARS and MERS. We will highlight the possible consequences of COVID‐19 on the general health of pregnant women as well as its possible effects at the maternal‐fetal interface. For the placenta‐related pathology, we will focus our discussion on the temporal expression of ACE2 throughout gestation for possible propagation of SARS‐CoV‐2 in the placenta in infected women and ensuing consequences.

Uptake of Cerium Dioxide Nanoparticles and Impact on Viability, Differentiation and Functions of Primary Trophoblast Cells from Human Placenta

The human placenta is at the interface between maternal and fetal circulations, and is crucial for fetal development. The nanoparticles of cerium dioxide (CeO₂ NPs) from air pollution are an unevaluated risk during pregnancy. Assessing the consequences of placenta exposure to CeO₂ NPs could contribute to a better understanding of NPs’ effect on the development and functions of the placenta and pregnancy outcome. We used primary villous cytotrophoblasts purified from term human placenta, with a wide range of CeO₂ NPs concentrations (0.1–101 μg/cm²) and exposure time (24–72 h), to assess trophoblast uptake, toxicity and impact on trophoblast differentiation and endocrine function. We have shown the capacity of both cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts to internalize CeO₂ NPs. CeO₂ NPs affected trophoblast metabolic activity in a dose and time dependency, induced caspase activation and a LDH release in the absence of oxidative stress. CeO₂ NPs decreased the fusion capacity of cytotrophoblasts to form a syncytiotrophoblast and disturbed secretion of the pregnancy hormones hCG, hPL, PlGF, P4 and E2, in accordance with NPs concentration. This is the first study on the impact of CeO₂ NPs using human primary trophoblasts that decrypts their toxicity and impact on placental formation and functions.